Attachment to soft objects: its relationship with attachment to the mother and with thumbsucking.
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Child, Preschool↗
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A new measure for an important construct: the attachment and object relations inventory.
This article describes the development of the Attachment and Object Relations Inventory (AORI). The AORI, a dimensional measure based on factor structure, was developed in response to the psychometric problems typical to attachment style measures that are categorical in nature. Test-retest reliability and internal consistency were high. A factor analysis of the 75 AORI items confirmed the existence of at least 6 factors and explained approximately 50% of the item variance. Convergent and discriminant validity of the AORI was supported through appropriate relationships with measures of depression, anxiety, and personality, and other measures of attachment and object relations.
Journal Article↗
Predisposition to depression: the role of attachment.
OBJECTIVE: To examine the hypothesis that adverse early relational experiences causing activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis during critical early stages of development can predispose depression [corrected]. Patients thus affected are likely to manifest insecure patterns of attachment in close relationships and are vulnerable to depression after adverse life events. METHOD: The literature pertaining to sensitization of the HPA axis in early life and the neurobiology of attachment is examined. RESULTS: Adverse early relational experiences can result in activation of the HPA axis, causing sensitization of depression pathways in the brain. Secure attachment acts as a buffer against HPA activation in response to stress. Infants with insecure attachment lack this buffering effect and may be predisposed to depression and other psychiatric disorders in response to psychosocial stressors. CONCLUSIONS: There is a patient group predisposed to depression on the basis of adverse early life experience. In these cases, the neurobiology of attachment offers a means of integrating findings concerning sensitization of the HPA axis in infancy, the effects of early life experience on brain development, and predisposition to depression and other psychiatric disorders. These findings have important implications for the development of interventions aimed at prevention and treatment for this patient group.
Child↗
Attachment behaviour, object relations and the dynamic-economic points of view. Critical review of Bowlby's Attachment and loss.
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Animals↗
A neurobiological basis of social attachment.
OBJECTIVE: Although an inability to form normal social attachments characterizes many forms of psychopathology, there has been little study of the neural basis of social bond formation. The primary purpose of this article is to describe a novel approach to the neurobiology of attachment. METHOD: The author reviews animal research on two closely related neuropeptides, oxytocin and vasopressin, implicated in the central mediation of attachment behaviors. These neuropeptides appear to be important for the initiation of pair bonds and parental behaviors as well as the infant's response to social separation. RESULTS: Both cellular and molecular studies have begun to reveal the mechanisms by which oxytocin and vasopressin neural pathways are regulated, leading to a preliminary understanding of how these hormones act within the brain to influence complex social behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: Although their function in the human brain has yet to be demonstrated, the available evidence suggests that oxytocin and vasopressin may prove to be important in the pathophysiology of clinical disorders, such as autism, characterized by an inability to form normal social attachments.
Animals↗
[Post diameter optimal design of over dentures attachment].
OBJECTIVE: The effect of the post diameter design of over dentures attachment on the strss distribution of pulpless dentine was investigated in this study. METHODS: The optimal post diameter design was computed with a finite element method and analyzed with graphic method. RESULTS: The changes between the dentine stress value and the post diameter was parabola relationship. The optimal diameter of attachment post was 1.55 mm for this study model. The dentine thickness which retained above apical foramen 4 mm was 0.83 mm. CONCLUSION: This investigation provides a series of valuable parameters for making a post diameter optimal design of over dentures attachment.
Denture Design↗
[Clinical study of masticatory efficiency of removable partial denture with SJ-1 type bolt attachment].
OBJECTIVE: Measurement and analysis of patients wearing dentures with SJ-1 type bolt attachments. METHODS: Select sixteen patients with free end edentulous spaces, restore with removable dentures using SJ-1 type bolt attachments,measure the masticatory efficiency using light-absorption method,and compare them with those of normal occlusion and traditional removable partial dentures. RESULTS: (1)One week after the dentures delivered,the average absorption value of these sixteen patients was 0.876,three weeks later 0.859,one month later 0.985. There was no significant difference among them. (2)Compared with those of normal occlusion, P>0.05,no significant difference;with those wearing traditional dentures, P<0.01,high significant difference. CONCLUSION: The matiscatory efficiency of the patients wearing dentures with SJ-1 type bolt attachments was much better than those of tradition al removable partial dentures.
English Abstract↗
Early versus delayed initiation of breastfeeding.
EDITORIAL NOTE: This review has been withdrawn because it is out of date. The topic will be covered by a new review, 'The effect of the timing of feedings on the establishment of breastfeeding', the protocol for which is currently being prepared. BACKGROUND: It has been suggested that the timing of a baby's first breastfeed may influence breastfeeding duration and emotional attachment. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this review was to assess the effects of breastfeeding soon after birth (within 30 minutes) compared to being breastfed later (between 4 to 8 hours after delivery) on the duration of breastfeeding and the mother/infant relationship. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group trials register. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised and quasi-randomised trials comparing early skin contact and breastfeeding with late skin contact and breastfeeding in women intending to breastfeed their healthy term infant. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Data were extracted by two reviewers. MAIN RESULTS: Three studies involving 209 women were included. Compared with late contact and breastfeeding, early contact and breastfeeding was associated with greater communication between mother and infants in a two minute observation period (odds ratio 0.14, 95% confidence interval 0.03 to 0.61). There was no difference detected for numbers of women breastfeeding after birth (odds ratio for 12 weeks after birth 0.73, 95% confidence interval 0.34 to 1.54). REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: No differences were found between early and delayed contact in regard to breastfeeding duration. Early contact was associated with greater communication between mothers and infants.
Breast Feeding↗
Hormonal and behavioral attachment responses in infant guinea pigs.
Infant guinea pigs, 11/12 and 18/19 days of age, exhibited high rates of vocalizing and increases in plasma concentrations of cortisol when separated from their mothers for 30 min in a novel environment (unfamiliar cage in an unfamiliar room). Levels of vocalizations and plasma cortisol were significantly reduced when the pup was exposed to the novel environment with its own conscious or anesthetized mother, but not when it was exposed with an unfamiliar anesthetized lactating female. Pups spent equivalent amounts of time in physical contact with their own conscious mother, their own anesthetized mother and an unfamiliar anesthetized lactating female. Unexpectedly, when the unfamiliar cage was placed in an environmental chamber during separation, pups showed negligible increases in vocalizations and plasma cortisol levels, even when administered footshock just prior to exposure. These findings demonstrate that guinea pig pups exhibit adrenocorticoid as well as behavioral responses to maternal separation, provide further evidence for the existence of filial attachment in this species, and document an unexpected role of the test environment in determining responses during maternal separation. The guinea pig may afford a rodent model for examining the effects of attachment-object separation on the activity of the pituitary-adrenal system.
Age Factors↗
Multimodal homesickness prevention in boys spending 2 weeks at a residential summer camp.
Homesickness is the distress or impairment caused by an actual or anticipated separation from home. It is characterized by preoccupying thoughts of home and attachment objects. In its severe form, homesickness is subjectively distressing and has clinically significant cognitive, emotional, and behavioral sequelae. This study provided 75 boys who ranged in age from 8 to 16 years and who were 1st-year campers at an overnight summer camp with an inexpensive, multimodal homesickness prevention package. Results suggest that combining environmental information, psychoeducation, social support, explicit coping instruction, caregiver education, practice time away from home, and surrogate caregiver training can reduce homesickness and associated behavior problems. These data support the theory that novelty reduction, attitudinal shifts, preseparation coping enhancement, and supportive social environments diminish the negative emotional intensity of homesickness.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Intrinsic and extrinsic factors affect infant responses to maternal separation.
Responses of individuals to the loss of a primary attachment object may be quite variable. In humans, it has been suggested that only about 25% of bereavements result in substantial psychological or medical morbidity (Hamburg et al. 1975). In nonhuman primates, which are used to model responses to separation and loss, a similar estimate of about 25% has also been obtained (McKinney 1985). In addition, there are wide-ranging species differences in vulnerability with regard to the nature and severity of the response to maternal separation and/or loss. All of these findings suggest that there are important processes, intrinsic and/or extrinsic to the individual, that contribute to the probability that a loss will produce a major behavioral or physiological response. We have been systematically examining some of the factors that may account for a portion of this variability in two species of macaques (bonnet monkeys Macaca radiata; and pigtail monkeys, M. nemestrina).
Animals↗
[The measurement of retentive forces in mandibular complete overdenture with Magfit magnetic attachments].
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the in vivo retentive forces of mandibular complete overdenture with Magfit attachments, as well as the relation between the location of magnetic attachments and the retentive forces of the denture. METHODS: 5 patients were selected and treated with mandibular complete overdentures retained by Magfit EX600 and MD800 attachments. A strainometer was used to measure the retentive forces in anterior, central and posterior parts of the overdenture before and after magnets were set. The vertical and anterior-upper 60 degrees retentive forces of the overdenture were measured one month later. RESULTS: The retentive forces of the overdentures after setting magnets were significantly greater than that before magnets were set (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in retentive forces between the different parts (P > 0.05). The retentive force in vertical direction was greater than that in anterior-upper 60 degrees direction (P < 0.025). CONCLUSION: Magnetic attachments can significantly improve the retention of mandibular complete overdenture. The location of magnetic attachments greatly influences the retentive force of the overdenture.
Aged↗
Bridging the gap between attachment and object relations theories: a study of the transition to motherhood.
An empirical study of the relations between assessments of adult attachment styles and object representations was performed in the context of first-time mothers' emotional ties to their unborn babies. We assumed that, while conceptualizations of attachment behaviour and internal working models grasp the early basic patterns of interpersonal relationships and affect regulation, object representations indicate current transformations of these patterns in an individual's internal world. Participants were a sample of 120 women in the third trimester of their first pregnancy. Participants' representations of their own mothers were found to fully mediate the association between internal working models and antenatal ties to their babies. Similarities and differences between theoretical conceptualizations and empirical operationalizations of attachment and object relations theories are discussed.
Adult↗
[Complete overdenture retained with implants and bar-clip attachments].
OBJECTIVE: To sum up and evaluate the applied experience and applied effects of implants and bar-clip attachments in complete overdenture. METHODS: Bar-clip attachments were used as a super structure of implant to manufacture complete overdenture in three designs: mucosa, implant-mucosa, and implant supporting way. The retentive force of the overdenture was measured with measuring instrument of retentive force of prosthesis. RESULTS: All three designs could obtain good retentive effect, specially implant-mucosa supporting and implant supporting designs, which were of more better stability and supporting effect; 2-3 nelon clips could supply 10-15 N retentive force to the overdenture. CONCLUSION: The complete overdenture retained with implant and bar-clips attachments is a very effective way for restoration of endtulous patients, which should be applied more popularly.
Dental Implants↗
Evaluation of stable retentive properties of overdenture attachments.
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate fatigue of stud (ERA Overdenture (orange and white), Locator Root (pink) and OP anchor # 4) and magnetic (Magfit EX600W) attachments by measuring maximum retentive force. To compare retentive force of overdenture attachments after their reach stable retention. To determine minimum number of cycles required to reach stable retention. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Three specimens of each type of attachment were used. Micromaterial testing machine (MMT-250NB-10, Shimadzu Co., Tokyo, Japan) with a sensor interface PCD-320 and software package PCD-30A (Kyowa Electronic Instruments Co., Tokyo, Japan) was used to performe 2000 insertion-removal cycles with 50 mm/min cross head speed. Maximum retentive force was measured initially and after each 40 cycles. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: paired-samples t-test, one-way ANOVA and Scheffe post-hoc tests (P<0.05). RESULTS: Before and after fatigue simulation statistically significant differences existed among the five types of attachments. Decrease of retention was characteristic for all attachments except OP. After fatigue LRP was most retentive. Magnetic attachments preserved maximum amount of retention measured at the baseline (98%). EO and EW attachments have preserved only 25% and 37% of initial retention respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Due to fatigue overdenture attachments gradually loose their retention. Stud attachments are more susceptible to fatigue than magnets. Eight hundred cycles are required to achieve relatively stable retention of overdenture attachments.
Dental Abutments↗
[Modification of titanium surface with calcium and phosphorus ions using micro-arc oxidation and its effect on osteoblast attachment].
OBJECTIVE: To study the method for modifying titanium surface with calcium and phosphorus ions using micro-arc oxidation technique and observe osteoblast attachment to the modified surface. METHODS: TA(2) titanium discs were treated with micro-arc oxidation in electrolyte solution containing Ca(2+) and PO(4)(3-). The influence of Ca(2+) and PO(4)(3-) concentrations in the solution and the electrical parameters of the micro-arc oxidization on the content of calcium and phosphorus ions incorporated into the surface of titanium was investigated using energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. Scanning electron microscopy was employed for morphological observation of the ceramic coating on the metal surface. The binding strength of ceramic coating with titanium was tested by shear bonding experiment. MC-3T3-E1 osteoblast-like cells were then cultured on the treated surface of titanium discs to investigate the influence of the ceramic coating on osteoblast attachment. RESULTS: Micro-arc oxidation treatment produced a layer of porous TiO(2) coating on the surface of titanium discs, with the average pore size of 2 to 10 mum. EDX analysis revealed that the ceramic coating contained Ca and P elements, whose content had close correlation with Ca(2+) and PO(4)(3-) concentrations in the electrolyte solution and voltage, duty cycle and frequency of micro-arc oxidation. The average bonding strength of the ceramic coating with titanium was 22+/-3 MPa, and TiO(2) coating promoted attachment and spread of osteoblast-like cells on the metal surface as demonstrated by cell culture. CONCLUSIONS: Porous TiO(2) coating can be constructed on the surface of titanium using micro-arc oxidation, and Ca(2+) and PO(4)(3-) incorporated into the coating can improve the biocompatibility of titanium. The content of Ca(2+) and PO(4)(3-) in the coating can be modulated by adjusting the concentrations of Ca(2+) and PO(4)(3-) in the electrolyte solution and the electrical parameters of the micro-arc oxidation.
3T3 Cells↗
[Establishment of two-dimensional magnetic field finite element analysis model of cup-yoke-type magnetic attachment].
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to establish two-dimensional magnetic field finite element analysis model of cup-yoke-type magnetic attachment for optmizing the design of magnetic attachments. METHODS: Because the magnetic field of cup-yoke-type magnetic attachment is stable axial-symmetrical, the authors only analyzed two-dimensional magnetic field of 1/2 section. The Maxwell stress between magnet and keeper was integral analyzed using the finite element method, and the attractive force between magnetic attachments was obtained. RESULTS: Compared the value of calculated attractive force with that of examined, the authors found that the procedure veritably reflected influencing trend of variable factors on attractive force, and the value of former one was 10% less than the later one. CONCLUSION: This procedure can be used in magnetic field calculation of cup-yoke-type magnetic attachments.
Computer Simulation↗
Smoking in adolescence as a predictor of early loss of periodontal attachment.
OBJECTIVES: On the basis of information from studies of older adults, smoking is considered to be an important risk factor for periodontal disease. Examining periodontal loss of attachment among younger adults means a lower contribution from cumulative exposure to other environmental risk factors. The aim of this study was to examine the role of chronic exposure to cigarette smoking as a risk factor for greater prevalence and extent of periodontal loss of attachment among 26-year-old participants in a longstanding prospective cohort study. METHODS: Loss of attachment (LOA) was measured at three sites per tooth in two randomly selected contralateral quadrants (one upper, one lower). Cigarette smoking history was obtained at ages 15, 18, 21 and 26, and used to categorise participants as "never-smokers", "ever-smokers", "long-term smokers" or "very longterm smokers". RESULTS: Periodontal data were available for 914 Study members, among whom the prevalence of LOA of 4+mm was 19.4%. Among those who smoked at ages 15, 18, 21 and 26, it was 33.6%, and, after controlling for sex, selfcare and dental visiting, they were nearly three times as likely to have one or more sites with 4+mm LOA. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic exposure to smoking is a strong predictor of periodontal disease prevalence in young adults.
Adolescent↗