Extensive occipital bone pneumatization presenting as an occipital mass.
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Humans↗
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Development of the basilar part of the occipital bone in normal human fetuses.
The present study aims to investigate the normal maturity and growth of the basilar part of the occipital bone evaluated radiographically and histochemically during the first half of prenatal life. The material consisted of cranial bases from 49 normal human fetuses and, in addition, three separate occipital bones deviscerated from normal fetuses. The normal development of the basilar part of the occipital bone was divided into five maturity stages (OB-I to OB-V). Microscopic investigation confirmed the macroscopic findings described. For each stage the ventro-dorsal dimension of the occipital bone component was measured (LEN). The stages of (OB-I to OB-V) were related to gestational age (AGE), crown-rump length (CRL), LEN, and to the length of the humeral bone (HL). Close accordance was registered between OB stages and length values of the basilar part of the occipital bone, LEN, and length of the humeral bone, HL. A highly significant positive correlation was found between LEN and the parameters AGE, CRL, and HL values (P < 0.001). Standards for normal development of the basilar part of the occipital bone are considered important for evaluation of the pathological prenatal development of the cranial base.
Gestational Age↗
Intracranial birth trauma in vaginal breech delivery: the continued importance of injury to the occipital bone.
Between 1966 and 1976, postmortem examinations revealed significant intracranial birth trauma in 17 infants delivered breech first and in ten infants delivered head first; separation of the squamous and lateral parts of the occipital bone (occipital osteodiastasis) was found in five of the infants who died after breech delivery. The finding of the lesions in these infants is attributed to the adoption, since 1971, of a postmortem technique involving dissection of the suboccipital region before opening the skull. Review of earlier necropsy reports suggests that the lesion was sometimes missed. Analysis of the fresh stillbirths and neonatal deaths occurring in the 477 vaginal breech deliveries at the Hammersmith Hospital (1966 to 1976) showed that all neonatal deaths in infants weighing more than 3000 g at birth associated with intracranial birth trauma: 2 out of 3 had occipital osteodiastasis which seems to be more common than is generally recognized and is only found with careful autopsy technique.
Adult↗
[Monostotic fibrous dysplasia of the occipital bone].
A case of monostotic fibrous dysplasia of the occipital bone in a 18-year-old female is described. She was admitted to our hospital with a hard, painless mass (5 x 5 cm) in the occipital region. Neurological examination and laboratory data revealed no abnormalities. Skull x-rays showed a radiolucent lesion with a sclerotic margin in the occipital bone. CT scan revealed an intradiploic multilocular mass separated by bone trabeculae. RI bone scan showed an abnormal uptake in this lesion. T1 and T2 MR image showed an abnormal low-intensity lesion in the occipital region. Operation was performed to verify the nature of the lesion, which was histologically confirmed to be an inactive fibrous dysplasia. Postoperative course was uneventful. Although its occurrence in the occipital bone is uncommon, fibrous dysplasia should be considered in the differential diagnosis of skull tumors.
Adolescent↗
Metric variation in the human occipital bone: forensic anthropological applications.
Sex and race variation of the occipital bone have been previously investigated, but particular examination of the effect of age and ancestry on sexual dimorphism has not been addressed. This paper examines morphological variation associated with sex and ancestry in the condylar region of the occipital bone and the effect of age and ancestry on the estimation of sex. Models previously published by Holland are also tested, and methodological problems are addressed. The results indicate that age does not have an effect on sexual dimorphism, but that whites exhibit greater, although not significantly, more sexual dimorphism than blacks. Significant sex and ancestry variation is present in the condylar region of the occipital bone, but neither sex nor ancestry could be estimated accurately using measurements of this anatomical region defined by Holland.
Adult↗
Embryogenesis of the human occipital bone.
From an original study of fetal specimens, the embryogenesis of the human occipital bone is described. The occipital bone in man is derived from cartilage, except for the interparietal segment which has a membranous origin. Normally there is no midline cerebellar fissure or synchondrosis.
Bone Development↗
The cluster of arachnoid diverticula in the occipital bone: report of two cases with literature review.
The authors report two cases of multicentric osteolytic lesions in the occipital bone without any history of head trauma. The excisional biopsy of the first case revealed that the lesion was multicentric but a continuous cavity with the subarachnoid space through various sizes of dural defect, and the cavities were covered by arachnoid lining. Together with the previously reported similar 5 cases, the characteristic common feature is multicentric osteolytic lesions in the occipital bone at advanced age without marginal sclerosis. "The cluster of arachnoid diverticula in the occipital bone (CADOB)" is probably the most appropriate term for these non-traumatic lesions with the following characteristics: elderly patients, occipital bone, midline, multiple, intact outer table, nonsclerotic margin and without history of trauma. Operation may not be indicated because of its non-progressive and benign nature.
Aged↗
The ossification of the membraneous part of the squamous occipital bone in man.
The membranous part of the squamous occipital bone, above the highest nuchal line, develops from two pairs of centres and an occasional third pair, pre-interparietal, which may develop anterior to the interparietal centres. Previously it was considered that the pre-interparietal bone is found at the lambda, anterior to the interparietal, which is also a common site for the formation of sutural bones. In this study, on the basis of anomalies observed in a large series of skulls, sutural bones at the lambda are differentiated from the bone developed from the pre-interparietal centres. A separate pre-interparietal bone is identified by its shape and position. It is present behind the lambda within the territory of the membranous occipital bone.
Cranial Sutures↗
Attachments of the ligamentum nuchae to cervical posterior spinal dura and the lateral part of the occipital bone.
OBJECTIVE: To describe previously unrecorded attachments of the ligamentum nuchae to the cervical posterior spinal dura, and to posterolateral parts of the occipital bone in an anatomical study, with particular reference to the deep aspects of the suboccipital triangle and upper cervical region. DESIGN: Dissections of 10 heads and necks from embalmed cadavers were made in the suboccipital and upper cervical region, either in whole specimens or in parasagitally sectioned specimens. RESULTS: In parasagittally sectioned material, continuity was observed between the ligamentum nuchae and the posterior cervical spinal dura as the latter passed deeply from the midline toward the dura, but only at the first and second cervical vertebral levels. The ligamentum nuchae also passed bilaterally on to the occipital bone as far as the sutures between the occipital bone and the temporal bones, approaching the inferior nuchal line superiorly. CONCLUSION: The present study is the first to describe the full morphology of the relationship between the ligamentum nuchae and the cervical posterior spinal dura and the lateral aspects of the occipital bone. This is of significance for understanding the biomechanics of the cervical spine, particularly rotational movements of the head in the sagittal or transverse planes. This may have implications in manipulative therapy for conditions as cervicogenic headache and for various degenerative disorders affecting the cervical spine.
Aged↗
Chondromyxoid fibroma of the mastoid invading the occipital bone.
We describe a case of chondromyxoid fibroma of the mastoid bone extending along the occipital bone in a 48-year-old man. The presence of this tumor was heralded solely by aural fullness caused by otitis media with effusion. The tumor arose from the mastoid cavity, eroding the entire petrous portion, and invading the foramen magnum and jugular foramen. The occurrence of this tumor is exceedingly rare, and, to our knowledge, this is only the second article in the literature that describes a chondromyxoid fibroma of the mastoid region. The clinical appearance of this tumor and its light- and electron-microscopic findings are presented with reference to other articles.
Chondroma↗
Studies on the occipital bone in Africa. IV. Components and correlations of occipital curvature in relation to cranial growth.
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Africa↗
Epidermoid tumor of the occipital bone.
Intradiploic epidermoid tumor of the occipital bone was presented. There were neither intracranial extensions nor neurologic deficits. The lesion started as a painless mass under the scalp. The total removal of the tumor was associated with a good prognosis.
Adult↗
Occipital bone graft for atlantoaxial fusion.
BACKGROUND: Instability of the atlantoaxial segment is frequently encountered in neurosurgical practice. Numerous fusion techniques have been employed at this level. Most commonly, arthrodesis is achieved through bone and wire techniques. We have employed the use of suboccipital bone in lieu of iliac crest autograft in order to avoid the significant morbidity associated with iliac crest graft harvest. METHODS: Twenty one patients suffering instability from various etiologies underwent C1-C2 fusion at our institution using occipital bone graft and wire fixation. A small craniectomy was performed near the foramen magnum, and the bone graft was notched and secured in place using wire fixation. Patients were placed in a Philadelphia or Aspen collar for 6-12 weeks postoperatively, and flexion/extension plain film of the cervical spine were used to evaluate fusion. RESULTS: Long term follow up was available on all patients (mean 32 months, range 12-48 months). Fusion was achieved in 81% of patients within 12 weeks. Specifically, 71% (5/7) of rheumatoid patients were successfully fused. All patients with traumatic C1-C2 instability were fused. No complications were associated with the harvest of the occipital bone. CONCLUSION: The results of fusion via this technique are comparable to other reported series of C1-C2 fusion. Additionally, the complications associated with iliac crest graft harvest were avoided by the use of occipital bone graft. Occipital bone appears to be a suitable bone graft substance for fusion of the C1-C2 level.
Arthritis, Rheumatoid↗
Giant intradiploic epidermoid cyst of the occipital bone.
A rare case of giant intradiploic epidermoid cyst of the occipital bone with large intracranial extension in the posterior fossa is described. The lesion was discovered when the patient presented with headache and subcutaneous swelling in the occipital region, in the absence of signs of neurological involvement. CT scan showed extensive destruction of the occipital bone, mainly of the inner table, up to the foramen magnum. On MRI the lesion was hypointense in T(1) and hyperintense in T(2)-weighted images; signal inhomogeneity was due to cellular debris and cholesterol crystals. The enhancing rim due to the thickened dura confirmed the extradural location. Complete removal of the cyst was easily accomplished despite its large size. We found only 3 documented cases in the literature of giant intradiploic infratentorial epidermoid cysts, none of which was studied by MRI. The radiological features and differential diagnosis are discussed.
Epidermal Cyst↗
[Benign chondroblastoma of the occipital bone. A case report].
Benign chondroblastoma is a rare bone tumor of immature cartilage cell derivation. This lesion classically occur at the ends of long bones in young persons. Chondroblastoma arising from the occipital bone is extremely rare. We report the case of a 16 year old girl with a benign condroblastoma in the occipital bone, and discuss the clinical, radiological and treatment aspects of this tumor.
Adolescent↗
Inheritance of occipital bone hypoplasia (Chiari type I malformation) in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels.
Occipital bone hypoplasia with foramen magnum obstruction and secondary syringomyelia (SM) is a common condition in the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel (CKCS) that is similar to human Chiari type I malformation. A worldwide family tree of more than 5,500 CKCSs spanning a maximum of 24 generations was established by obtaining pedigree information from 120 dogs diagnosed with SM secondary to occipital bone hypoplasia. The ongoing study showed 6 of 8 great grandparents of all affected dogs could be traced back to 2 female ancestors so that all 8 were descended from one or the other or both. The disease appears to be more severe and have an earlier onset with increased inbreeding, especially when breeding from affected dogs. The family tree of idiopathic epilepsy (IE) appears to be a different subset of the CKCS population, although some overlap was observed. Idiopathic epilepsy is more frequent in lines originating from whole-color dogs. Selection for coat color is believed to have influenced the development of both occipital hypoplasia with secondary SM and IE. In addition, breeding guidelines to reduce the incidence of mitral valve disease have placed further pressures on the gene pool.
Animals↗
Rotational vertebral artery occlusion from occipital bone anomaly: a rare cause of embolic stroke. Case report.
Vertebral artery (VA) occlusion by rotation of the head is uncommon, but can result from mechanical compression of the artery, trauma, or atlantoaxial instability. Occipital bone anomalies rarely cause rotational VA occlusion, and patients with nontraumatic intermittent occlusion of the VA usually present with compromised vertebrobasilar flow. A 34-year-old man suffered three embolic strokes in the vertebrobasilar system within 2 months. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated multiple infarcts in the vertebrobasilar territory. Angiography performed immediately after the third attack displayed an embolus in the right posterior cerebral artery. Radiographic and three-dimensional computerized tomography bone images exhibited an anomalous osseous process of the occipital bone projecting to the posterior arch of the atlas. Dynamic angiography indicated complete occlusion of the left VA between the osseous process and the posterior arch while the patient's head was turned to the right. Surgical decompression of the VA resulted in complete resolution of rotational occlusion of the artery. An occipital bone anomaly can cause rotational VA occlusion at the craniovertebral junction in patients who present with repeated embolic strokes resulting from injury to the arterial wall.
Adult↗
Thickness distribution of the occipital bone--a new approach based on CT-data of modern humans and OH 9 (H. ergaster).
A new approach for the analysis of cranial bone thickness is introduced. The study focuses on the occipital bone of modern humans and of a 1.25 Myr-old H. Ergaster/erectus specimen from Olduvai Gorge (OH 9). A semiautomatic algorithm detects a multitude of thicknesses from CT-data of the investigated bones. We find that every bone is characterized by its own distribution pattern of cranial thickness, which is then analyzed statistically. The results demonstrate that the thickness distribution of the occipital bone of OH 9 is within the normal range of the H. sapiens sample (which itself shows a remarkably high variance). This contributes to a further analysis of phyletic differences of hominid morphology by including distribution patterns of thickness combined with aspects of functional anatomy.
Algorithms↗