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PubMed1999

Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC): bloodwork requirements. Food and Nutrition Service, USDA. Final rule.

This final rule amends regulations governing the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) to allow State agencies the option to defer the collection of blood test data for up to 90 days after the date of certification, so long as the applicant is determined to have at least one qualifying nutrition risk factor at the time of certification. In addition, this final rule will expand the current regulatory standard of the maximum age of blood test data used to assess nutritional risk for WIC certification. Although blood tests may no longer be a mandatory part of each WIC applicant's certification intake process, such tests are still required for the purposes of assessing nutritional status, nutrition surveillance, providing nutrition education, further tailoring food packages to meet nutritional needs, and referring to appropriate health and social services in the community.

Blood Chemical Analysis↗
PubMed1987

School health promotion: child nutrition programs.

Since 1946, with the enactment of the National School Lunch Act, an important and integral part of the comprehensive school health program has been ensuring the nutritional needs of students are met. This article describes the history of the school nutrition program and how it has adapted to meet the needs of today's students. The modern menu is more healthful, foods are prepared with less salt, sugar, and fat, and nutrition education complements food choices. Through collaboration, nutrition education has been integrated into health education and the other elements of the total school health program to better meet students needs.

Child↗
PubMed1990

Do nutrition programs make a difference? The case of Brazil.

Four Brazilian food and nutrition programs operating during some part of 1974-86 are evaluated for their effectiveness in curing or preventing infant and child malnutrition, including low birth weight when pregnant women were beneficiaries. Two programs distributed free food to identified clients: traditional commercial foods in one case and specially formulated supplements in the other. The other two programs subsidized four or more basic foodstuffs: one experiment quantitatively restricted a subsidy to identified families, and the other was unrestricted and open to all families patronizing certain shops. The programs were more effective at curing than at preventing malnutrition, and more effective at increasing weight than height. Many beneficiaries, even when initially underweight, showed no change, and some deteriorated despite the food transfer. Results were better after than during the first year of life, when deterioration is most likely. Donation programs including medical and educational components proved more effective than pure subsidies, showing that while poverty may be the chief cause of malnutrition, the problem should be seen as poor health rather than simply low food consumption. Evaluation also shows that programs were inefficient in transferring benefits, and that clients were deterred from participating by the costs of obtaining the food and its poor quality and small volume. Longer participation improved results, but more frequent participation in a given interval did not necessarily do so.

Body Height↗
PubMed1984

The National Evaluation of School Nutrition Programs: data analysis methods.

An overview of the analytic methods used in the National Evaluation of School Nutrition Programs is provided. A path model is described that shows the hypothesized relationships between outcome and predictor variables. The outcome variables are participation in the School Nutrition Programs and the effects of participation on family food expenditures and student dietary intake and anthropometric measurements. Individual student participation in the programs is seen as the last of a series of participation decisions that include the school's decision to offer the program and the prices charged for meals. Selection of specific statistical and structural models to present these relationships are discussed. The decision to use ordinary least square estimates of impact rather than a modified two-stage least squares approach is explained.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1984

[A simple method for reviewing the curriculum of the Nutrition Program of the University of Costa Rica].

The article explains that, in drawing up and reviewing the Nutrition Program of the University of Costa Rica, it was viewed as important to determine the kind of professional to be produced. To find the answer, the methodology proposed in 1974 by Segall and associates for systematic course design was adopted. Based on the country's needs, two specific posts were described that should be filled with priority: Chief of a food service, and chief of the nutrition program in a health region. Professionals in each of those fields collaborated in defining the duties of each post and the skills, knowledge and attitudes required to enable a nutritionist to perform them well. The resulting list is distributed for each course and used as a basis for defining the aims of the Program and its courses.

Costa Rica↗
PubMed1979

The nutrition program for older Americans. Evaluation and recommendations.

A nutrition program for older Americans, funded under Title VII of the Older Americans Act of 1965, as amended, which served 547 persons over fifty-nine years of age, was evaluated. The results indicate the desirability of: (a) Employing dietitians to administer the program at regional, state, and area levels; (b) serving meals at least five days a week; and (c) including more than one-third of the Recommended Dietary Allowances in the meals served. Women, the socioeconomically disadvantaged, and the oldest senior citizens appeared to be helped the most by these programs. Analysis of blood samples indicated that emphasis on serving vitamin A- and ascorbic acid-rich fruits and vegetables and 3 oz. meat in each meal is warranted.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Volunteer labor contribution in nutrition programs for the elderly.

Using the productivity ratio, labor min/meal, this study analyzed the contribution of volunteer as well as paid staff in the congregate and home delivered meal services of eight nutrition programs for the elderly. A simple monitoring instrument was used to record volunteer and paid staff work activities. The contribution by volunteers was substantial and varied significantly among the centers and by number of meals served. Volunteer time was greater than paid staff time for the service and cleaning components of congregate service and for the transportation component of home delivered service. Understanding the volunteer contribution in elderly nutrition programs is important to program administrators as they make decisions for the provision of nutrition services to an expanding clientele with limited federal funding.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

An examination of demographic, socio-cultural, and health differences between congregate and home diners in a senior nutrition program.

Building upon prior research, this study investigates characteristics of participants in a senior nutrition program in Hillsborough County, Florida. The Senior Citizens Nutrition and Activities Program serves approximately 2,600 meals per day to county residents 60 years of age and over. In this study, a sample of 1,071 participants are surveyed for background characteristics, interpersonal relationships and emotional closeness, health and economic condition, emotional condition, and participation in the program. Crosstabular analyses are performed on the collected data with age, sex, and race controlled. The results indicate that the program is reaching its goals of promoting good health among the older population of Hillsborough County by providing nutritious meals and reducing social isolation, which often accompanies aging.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

Effect of a comprehensive nutritional program on the growth and ponderosity of infants.

One hundred eighty-two consecutive newborns from a university-based private practice were enrolled in a comprehensive nutritional program in an attempt to lower the incidence of ponderosity in the group. The program emphasized an individualized approach in which the feeding instructions given to parents varied with the growth pattern of their child. Whereas specific modalities of feeding, such as breast vs. bottle and early vs. late addition of baby foods, appeared not to modify growth, the group as a whole exhibited a trend to lower weight-for-length index (WLI) and less ponderosity than in previous published reports. We propose that the individualized nutritional program may have resulted in this improvement, and that such attention to detail will likely be more rewarding than an approach which emphasizes only general nutritional information to the group as a whole.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

A survey of parenteral nutrition programs.

A questionnaire on parenteral nutrition (PN) programs was sent to Canadian hospital pharmacy directors in a random sample of 100 hospitals. The intent was to obtain information about the existing status of PN committees, PN teams, PN pharmacists, and the environment in which they function. Sixty-seven of the 74 respondents had PN programs. PN protocols were approved in 85 percent of the hospitals; and PN committees existed in 60 percent of the hospitals. Ten hospitals had multidisciplinary PN teams, with pharmacists on each team. Most of the hospitals required routine standardized laboratory tests for PN patients; but only 34 percent of the hospitals had developed monitoring forms. Canadian pharmacists have made progress in the area of PN, however, there are still opportunities for pharmacist involvement in the clinical areas of PN therapy.

Canada↗
PubMed1989

Foodservice trends in the elderly nutrition program.

The foodservice delivery aspects of the federally-funded Elderly Nutrition Program (ENP) were examined via an original survey instrument sent to a random sample of nutrition projects nationally. In comparison to a similar survey conducted a decade ago, projects were more apt to rely on a combination of foodservice mechanisms including caterer contracts, on-site preparation, and use of central kitchens.

Aged↗
PubMed1980

Organization and operation of a home parenteral nutrition program with emphasis on the pharmacist's role.

A home parenteral nutrition program was organized at Mayo Clinic-Rochester Methodist Hospital in 1975. To date, 26 patients with chronic malnutrition usually due to either severe short bowel syndrome or extensive Crohn's disease have been trained in home parenteral nutrition for a total treatment period of 430 patient-months. Home parenteral nutrition is an attractive alternative for these patients in that it dramatically improves nutrition, promotes rehabilitation at home, and probably decreases long-term expenses. The numerous medical, psychosocial, and financial problems confronting patients on home parenteral nutrition are managed through a multispecialty team consisting of physicians, pharmacists, nurse, social worker, dietitian, physiatrist, psychiatrist, and business manager. The pharmacist is the person with whom the patient has the most contact during a 2-week training period. In addition to patient education, the pharmacist coordinates the transition to home care, offers in-service education on home parenteral nutrition to nurses and house officers, tests and evaluates the equipment, coauthors a training manual, and edits a quarterly newsletter to patients who are on home parenteral nutrition.

Crohn Disease↗
PubMed1978

Nutritional programming for the elderly.

It is impossible to talk about nutrition and the elderly without reviewing related factors such as program funding levels, income and purchasing power, education, medical implications, and resulting social costs.Although we have witnessed a tremendous increase in federal appropriations for Title VII programs, many senior citizens have not and will not benefit from nutrition programs. As the ratio of elderly citizens to total population increases, we may expect: (1) an increase in program budgets with a concomitant decrease in the proportion of senior citizens served; and (2) a regressed government attitude toward income-related support programs, causing decreased purchasing power, ineffective nutrition programs, and little relative improvement in the health of our elderly population.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Geographic targeting of nutrition programs can substantially affect the severity of stunting in Honduras.

The effect of nutrition intervention programs in developing countries is likely to vary with the degree to which the program can be successfully targeted at the most vulnerable. In Honduras, the existence of a recent census of the height of first-grade children makes it possible to assess a priori the effect of different targeting strategies, holding constant other features of a hypothetical program. We simulate a nutrition intervention with 20% national coverage and uniform gains of 0.5 Z-scores for all beneficiaries, with a number of different approaches to targeting. The VIIth National Census of First-Graders' Heights provides the baseline scenario and permits identification of priority departments, municipalities, schools and individuals, for a total of six alternative targeting mechanisms. Effect is assessed on the basis of changes in the prevalence of stunting (less than -2 Z-scores) and in two different measures of the severity of stunting adapted from the economics literature (the malnutrition gap and the quadratic malnutrition gap). We find that the simulated program has the potential to substantially improve the severity, but not the prevalence of stunting in Honduras. Household targeting with an imperfect indicator of vulnerability could reduce the malnutrition gap by >20% and the quadratic malnutrition gap by >30%, but would be very expensive to implement. "Broad stroke" geographic targeting could reduce the same measures by 15 and 20%, respectively, and would be much less expensive to implement. We conclude that geographic targeting has the potential to substantially enhance the effect of nutrition programs on the severity of stunting in Honduras.

Body Height↗
PubMed1978

School nutrition programs in perspective.

From a meager beginning with the passage in 1946 of the initial National School Lunch Act, school nutrition programs have grown until today they are "big business," employing some 350,000 persons in more than 89,000 units, and representing more than $1 billion in volume. As programs have expanded, the need for more professionalism in the field has been felt, and a number of educational and certifying programs have emerged. A new aspect, just being implemented as a result of 1977 legislation, is the nutrition education facet implicit in serving school meals. A driving force in meeting nutritional goals of school foodservice programs is the American School Food Service Association, an organization of some 67,000 members.

Child↗
PubMed1994

Working with professional athletes in the rink: the evolution of a nutrition program for an NHL team.

For many professional sports, nutrition is not recognized as an important component of the team's training program. The implementation of a nutrition program for one professional hockey team has had positive results. Players who had been unable to maintain their weight during the season can now maintain their weight and be prepared for the playoffs. Others have improved their endurance with proper fluid and carbohydrate replacement. Working with the entire time--coaching staff, trainers and players--has led to the success of this program.

Counseling↗
PubMed1981

Parenteral nutrition program in a major cancer center.

In this article, formulation ordering, manufacturing procedures, and the quality control techniques utilized by the parenteral nutrition program at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center are described. The cancer patient's metabolic status frequently changes; therefore, individualized prescriptions are used for all parenteral nutrition solutions. Due to the cancer patient's high risk of infection, related to disease-induced or iatrogenic immunosuppression, strict attention to aseptic procedures is required, including personnel wearing disposable gowns, head and shoe coverings, face masks, and surgical gloves. Specific emphasis has been placed on maximal cost effectiveness in manufacturing protocols. Preparation of solutions is, however, only one component of the role played by the pharmacists on the nutrition team. We describe the clinical responsibilities which are of paramount importance, since medications and other treatment modalities can markedly alter nutritional status and electrolyte balance. Monitoring the medications a patient receives and carefully watching a patient's laboratory results are important functions of the pharmacist. For the cancer patient, particular emphasis must be placed on nutritional and metabolic aberrations caused by antibiotics, corticosteroids, diuretics, antineoplastic agents, and narcotic analgesics. Radiation therapy can result in serious physiologic and nutritional effects. An innovative patient profile for monitoring a cancer patient receiving parenteral nutrition is introduced. The pharmacists are also involved in several teaching programs and a new outpatient program for administration of I.V. antibiotics to selected home total parenteral nutrition patients.

Cancer Care Facilities↗