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PubMed1997

Substance use patterns among homeless migrants and nonmigrants in Chicago.

This paper uses data abstracted from 465 client records randomly selected from the current files of a downtown medical clinic in Chicago, Illinois to examine substance use among 85 immigrant and 380 nonimmigrant homeless and "at-risk" homeless adults. Immigrants to the United States reported lower levels of current cigarette, alcohol, and drug use compared to nonimmigrants in the sample. Immigrants were also less likely to report potential substance user treatment needs. Immigrants, however, did not differ from nonimmigrants in the reported quantity or frequency of cigarette and alcohol use. Drug use among homeless immigrants was also higher than estimates of misuse in the general population. The literally homeless in the sample reported higher levels of substance use compared to "at-risk" homeless. The literally homeless were also more likely to report higher levels of consumption and were more likely to have potential substance user treatment needs. The role of stress in the etiology of substance misuse among homeless immigrants and nonimmigrants is discussed. Implications for the treatment of these diverse populations are also addressed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Influence of migrants on regional variations of stomach and colon cancer mortality in the Western United States.

In order to examine the impact of migrants on regional variations in stomach and colon cancer, standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated for the total, nonmigrant (born and dying in same state), and migrant (born out of state) White residents of each of the 11 western states in the United States (US). The SMRs were derived from the National Center for Health Statistics' Mortality Detail Files for 1979-1981 and the 1980 Census Public Use Microdata 5-Percent Sample tapes. Migrants in the western US accounted for 79% of all stomach and colon cancer deaths. There was no consistent relationship between the SMRs of migrants and nonmigrants, with the migrant SMRs being higher in some states and lower in others. As a consequence of this differential impact, and their substantial numbers, migrants obscured the underlying regional patterns of mortality risk observed in the nonmigrants. The states of high or low risk were more contiguous in the analysis based on nonmigrants than the total population, and the interstate ranges in mortality were greater for nonmigrants. In areas with high in-migration, mortality atlases based on the total population may give an inaccurate portrayal of regional mortality risks, and spurious correlations may arise between the distributions of diseases and environmental characteristics of the regions. Regional mortality patterns of nonmigrants may more precisely reflect the factors which are influencing these cancers and thus provide a greater potential in providing clues to their aetiologies.

Colonic Neoplasms↗
PubMed1985

Longitudinal analysis of the relationship between blood pressure and migration: the Tokelau Island Migrant Study.

The Pacific atoll population of Tokelau has been followed since 1968 to assess the health consequences of migration to a western society. The blood pressure of a cohort of 532 adults who were still living in Tokelau in 1976 (nonmigrants) are compared with those of a cohort of 280 adults who had migrated to New Zealand (migrants). Significant differences between migrants and nonmigrants were detected in the rates of change of both systolic and diastolic pressures in men, and in the rates of change of diastolic pressures in women. The age-, body mass, and blood pressure-corrected rates of change were greater in migrants than in nonmigrants, and greater in men than in women. Blood pressures tend to rise 1 mmHg/year faster among male migrants than among male nonmigrants, and about 0.4 mmHg/year faster among female migrants than among female nonmigrants. These findings have clear implications for the health of migrants.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

The effect of transendothelial migration on eosinophil function.

In bronchial asthma, eosinophils found in the airways have an enhanced inflammatory capacity. We hypothesized that, at least in part, changes in functional phenotype are due to the effect of transendothelial migration. To model in vivo eosinophil trafficking to the lung, we cultured human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell (HPMEC) monolayers on Transwell filters. The HPMECs were activated with interleukin (IL)-1beta to increase cell expression of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and, hence, eosinophil transmigration. Peripheral blood eosinophils from allergic patients were added to HPMEC-covered Transwell filters and incubated for 3 h at 37 degrees C. The eosinophils were collected from below (migrated cells) and above (nonmigrated cells) the HPMEC monolayer to determine surface receptor expression, in vitro survival, and oxidative burst. Eosinophils never exposed to HPMECs were used as controls. Eosinophil cell surface expression of CD69, human leukocyte-associated antigen-DR (HLA-DR), and CD54 (ICAM-1) was significantly increased after transendothelial migration through IL-1beta-treated HPMECs compared with control cells (CD69: P<0.0005; HLA-DR and CD54: P<0.05) and nonmigrated eosinophils (CD69 and HLA-DR: P<0.05). Moreover, the percent in vitro survival (48 h) of migrated eosinophils was also significantly greater (P<0.0001 by trypan blue exclusion, P< 0.05 by flow cytometry) than that of control or nonmigrated eosinophils. Prolonged survival of migrated eosinophils was inhibited by addition of anti-granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) antibodies (P<0.05) to the 48-h survival culture, suggesting that autocrine production of GM-CSF was, at least partially, responsible for increased eosinophil survival. Although GM-CSF protein was not measurable in survival culture supernates, GM-CSF messenger RNA (mRNA) was expressed in both nonmigrated and migrated eosinophils but not in control cells. Similarly, the eosinophils' oxidative burst induced by platelet-activating factor, formylmethionyl leucylphenylalanine, or phorbol myristate acetate was equally, and significantly, increased in both nonmigrated and migrated eosinophils (P<0.05 versus control). Therefore, whereas exposure of eosinophils to cytokine-activated HPMECs can increase surface receptor expression, in vitro survival, GM-CSF mRNA, and the respiratory burst, transendothelial migration can further potentiate receptor expression and survival in migrated cells. These results suggest that the process of transendothelial migration selectively participates in determining the eventual phenotype of airway eosinophils.

Antibodies↗
PubMed2001

Symptoms of asthma, bronchial responsiveness and atopy in immigrants and emigrants in Europe. European Community Respiratory Health Survey.

Migration studies on asthma may provide information on its environmental causes. The European Community Respiratory Health Survey has potential advantages due to the number of countries involved, standardized collection of information, assessment of directionality of migration, and availability of physiological data on bronchial responsiveness and atopy. Prevalence rates of symptoms associated with asthma were compared for immigrants, emigrants and nonmigrants living in centres mostly in western Europe. Similar analyses were carried out for bronchial responsiveness (provocative concentration causing a 20% fall in forced expiratory volume in one second and slope) and atopy. Medication and use of health services were also explored. Overall, 1,678 (8.6%) of 19,516 participants were immigrants in the 18 countries participating in the study, of whom 581 were emigrants from one of the participating countries. Rates of asthma symptoms were higher in immigrants (odds ratio (OR): 1.21, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.00-1.51) and emigrants (OR: 1.31, 95% CI: 0.96-1.51) compared to nonmigrants after controlling for area, sex, age and smoking status. However, bronchial responsiveness and atopy were equally distributed between immigrants, emigrants and nonmigrants. Use of health services was observed to be similar in migrants and nonmigrants with asthma. In the European Community Respiratory Health Survey, migrants reported more asthma symptoms, but had similar bronchial responsiveness, atopy, and use of health services when compared with the nonmigrant population.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Neolactoglycosphingolipids, potential mediators of corneal epithelial cell migration.

Cell migration is a fundamental process of wound repair in biological systems. In an attempt to identify plasma membrane glycoconjugates which mediate cell migration, migrating and nonmigrating rabbit corneal epithelia were analyzed for reactivity with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for unsubstituted N-acetyl-lactosamine (mAb 1B2), Le(x) (mAbs 7A and MMA), and sialyl Le(x) (mAb CSLEX1) carbohydrate chains of neolactoglycoconjugates. Immunohistochemical analysis indicated that regardless of whether the epithelia analyzed were from corneas of animals in vivo, corneas in organ culture, or cells in tissue culture, migrating cells stained intensely with mAb 1B2, whereas nonmigrating cells either did not stain or stained only weakly. mAbs MMA and 7A stained migrating epithelium as well as basal and middle cell layers of normal, nonmigrating epithelium. mAb CSLEX1 did not stain wounded corneas but stained the superficial cell layer of normal corneal epithelium. Biochemical analyses by TLC immunostaining revealed the presence of three mAb 1B2-reactive glycosphingolipids (GSL), neolactotetraosyl-(nLc4, paragloboside), neolactohexaosyl- (nLc6), and neolacto-octaosylceramide (nLc8) in migrating epithelia. In contrast, nonmigrating epithelia contained only trace amounts of these glycolipids. Exogenous addition of nLc4, but not various other GSLs including a Le(x)-GSL (SSEA-1), stimulated re-epithelialization of wounds in an experimental model of corneal epithelial wound healing. Moreover, re-epithelialization of wounds was significantly inhibited by mAb 1B2 but not by mAb MMA. The data suggest that neolacto-GSLs of corneal epithelium may be among the molecules which mediate healing of corneal epithelial wounds by influencing cell migration.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Comparative description of migrant farmworkers versus other students attending rural south Texas schools: substance use, work, and injuries.

CONTEXT: Little is known about substance use, work characteristics, and injuries of youth from migrant farmworker families. Some evidence suggests that migrant youth may be at greater risk for substance use and work-related injuries than nonmigrant youth. PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to compare substance use, employment, and injury data from migrant and nonmigrant youth residing in rural South Texas. METHODS: Anonymous cross-sectional survey data were collected from 7,302 middle and 3,565 high school students during a regular class. Classification as a migrant student occurred if the student responded positively to: "Does your family move around the state or nation to pick fruits or vegetables for work?" RESULTS: About 5% of South Texas middle and high school students reported belonging to a migrant family. Compared to nonmigrant students, migrant youth were more likely to report frequent substance use. Youth belonging to migrant families were less likely to work for pay on weekends but more likely to work for pay on weekday mornings before school. These youth were also more likely to have ever been injured while working than nonmigrant students. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate a need for additional interventions in this most vulnerable rural population. Specifically, targeted educational programs to enhance the occupational safety and health of migrant youth, further research into effective substance abuse treatment and prevention programs in rural areas, and enhancement of child labor laws are recommended.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed2000

DDRT-PCR: use of agarose gels for detection of amplified products.

The present study focuses on the detection of differentially expressed genes in migrating (healing) and nonmigrating (normal) corneal epithelium on agarose gel using a modified procedure of differential display reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (DDRT-PCR). Rabbit corneal epithelial organ cultures were used to obtain nonmigrating and migrating samples. RNA was extracted using Trizol LS reagent. PCR was modified in order to allow detection of amplified products on 3% agarose gel with ethidium bromide staining. Products were also resolved on 6% denaturing polyacrylamide-urea gels and observed by silver staining. Agarose gels showed two prominent bands that were heavily expressed in the 458 bp and 587 bp region of the nonmigrating samples. In addition light bands were visible in the region corresponding to 234 bp and 450 bp. In the migrating samples, two light bands were visible in the region of 267 bp and 300 bp. Eight amplicons, six in the nonmigrating corneal epithelial sample and two in the migrating corneal epithelial samples, were also found to be differentially expressed when products were run on 6% denaturing polyacrylamide-urea gels. Thus, DDRT-PCR products can be detected on agarose gels and prove very helpful and economical in the initial studies of DDRT-PCR.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Cell surface glycoproteins of corneal epithelium.

PURPOSE: To identify those plasma membrane glycoproteins of corneal epithelial cells that are synthesized in a higher amount or are downregulated during cell migration. METHODS: Primary cell cultures of rabbit corneal epithelium were used. Sialic acid and terminal galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine residues of plasma membrane glycoproteins of migrating and nonmigrating corneal epithelial cells were labeled using two well-characterized cell surface carbohydrate labeling techniques. The labeled glycoproteins were extracted in phosphate-buffered saline containing nonionic detergents and various protease inhibitors, and then they were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorography. RESULTS: At least 12 to 13 radiolabeled components (molecular weight, 240 kd to 21 kd) were detected in the fluorographs of both sialic acid and galactose-labeled cells. Regardless of the labeling technique used, one sialoglycoprotein (GP1, 240 kd) was found in a higher amount in the extracts of nonmigrating cells than in migrating cells, and another glycoprotein (GP12, 28 kd) was present in a higher amount in migrating than in nonmigrating cells. Furthermore, one sialoglycoprotein (GP13, 21 kd) was detected only in migrating cells, and two glycoproteins (GP10, 42 kd; GP11, 32 kd) with terminal galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine residues were present in a higher amount in migrating than in nonmigrating cells. CONCLUSIONS: This study has demonstrated that during corneal epithelial cell migration, the level of one membrane glycoprotein is markedly reduced, and the levels of four membrane glycoproteins are elevated. Further characterization of these glycoproteins should contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms that modulate corneal epithelial sheet migration and wound healing.

Acetylgalactosamine↗
PubMed1983

The economics of the "to and fro" migrant: some welfare-theoretical considerations.

The effects of international "to and fro" migration on the economic welfare of the migrants and the nonmigrants in the host and home countries are examined. A "to and fro" migrant is defined as a worker who changes residence from origin to destination without any systematic tendency to remain in any of the two permanently. The study is based on the theoretical framework developed by Krauss. The results indicate that "(to and fro) emigration from a source country to a recipient country increases the economic welfare of the migrants and the nonmigrants residing in the host country, but it tends to decrease the welfare of the nonmigrants residing in the source country. In general, the migration also tends to be pareto optimal from a world point of view."

Demography↗