[Studies on the health articles in newspapers from the point of view of health education (author's transl)].
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Female↗
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[Studies on the health articles in newspapers (author's transl)].
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Humans↗
Media reports on disability: a binational comparison of types and causes of disability as reported in major newspapers.
PURPOSE: The study aimed to examine the way in which newspapers in two countries relate to problems of disability and people with disabilities. In particular, we looked at the way the extent, type and focus of newspaper articles in both countries varied with the type and cause of the disability under discussion. METHOD: A content analysis of over 400 newspaper articles collected over a 3 month period in Canada and Israel was carried out. RESULTS: The findings show that physical disabilities received the most media attention and positive treatment in both countries, followed by psychiatric disabilities and then developmental disabilities. Likewise, disabilities stemming from congenital problems were treated more positively. The Canadian press was somewhat more progressive than the Israeli press at naming individuals with disability, using appropriate labelling and focusing on somewhat more progressive issues. On the other hand, people with developmental disabilities received more favourable treatment in the Israeli press. CONCLUSIONS: The press has an important role in reflecting and shaping public attitudes. In many ways media coverage reinforces negative attitudes towards people with disabilities, particularly those with psychiatric and developmental disabilities. While there were some differences between the two countries, overall the results suggest that these tendencies, which have been observed in other countries as well, are not limited by national boundaries.
Attitude to Health↗
Communicating with environmental and health risk takers: an individual differences perspective.
This research explores the effects of different messages strategies in interaction with individual differences in risk taking. The data are from two field experiments (2 x 2 x 3 factorial design) with 506 adults. The message variables are risk targets, media formats, and information sources. Results indicate individual differences in concern and information seeking for Adventurous, Impulsive, and Rebellious risk takers. Rebellious risk taking is negatively associated with information seeking and impulsive risk taking is negatively associated with both concern, and information seeking. For the rebellious risk taker, a newspaper article with a state agency source caused higher levels of concern and information seeking about the risk than a newspaper article with the Surgeon General as the source. In contrast, for the impulsive risk taker, concern about the risk is greatest when the message is from a state agency source and in a brochure. What is a successful source and media strategy with one type of risk taker may have no effects or even negative effects with another type of risk taker.
Adult↗
[Drugs and health in the Brazilian press: an analysis of articles published in newspapers and magazines].
This article analyzes information recently published by the Brazilian press on the use of psychoactive drugs and its implications on health. A sample of 502 newspaper and magazine articles published in 1998 was researched using content analysis. The drugs most frequently featured in the headlines were tobacco (18.1%), coca-derived drugs (9.2%), marijuana (9.2%), alcoholic beverages (8.6%), and anabolic steroids (7.4%). Solvents were featured in only one article, although they are the most commonly used drug in Brazil, second only to alcohol and tobacco. These data indicate an imbalance between the journalistic approach and the epidemiological profile of psychoactive drug consumption in Brazil. Dependence was the most frequent consequence mentioned in the articles (46%), followed by violence (9.2%), withdrawal syndrome (8.0%), and AIDS (6.8%). The focus of the articles varied according to the drug in question. While articles on marijuana focused on its therapeutic use and legalization, those on cocaine-related issues discussed both the damage caused by consumption as well as various interventions (treatment and repression).
Adolescent↗
The new nutrition facts label in the print media: a content analysis.
A content analysis was conducted to evaluate the coverage of the new food labels in the print media from December 1, 1992, to August 30, 1993. We used newspaper, magazine, and health newsletter indexes to identify 59 newspaper articles, 16 magazine articles, and 7 health newsletter articles for examination. Articles were evaluated by four trained coders using a pretested coding form addressing 35 aspects of the nutrition label coverage. Twenty percent of articles were double-coded with at least 80% coder reliability. Analysis of the data indicated that health newsletters covered the topic in the most detail, followed by magazines and then newspapers. Ten of 59 (17%) newspaper articles named and defined the term percent daily value, whereas 6 of 7 (86%) health newsletter articles and 9 of 16 (56%) magazine articles provided this information. Analysis of quotes in the articles indicated that more than half of the quotes were from government and industry officials. In contrast, quotes from college and university faculty represented only 5% of total quotes and quotes from dietitians represented less than 8% of total quotes. Coders identified several errors resulting from oversimplification of complex concepts. These findings suggest that dietitians need to increase their exposure with the media and help the media translate complex nutrition labeling information to the public.
Food Labeling↗
Presenting features of meningococcal disease, public health messages and media publicity: are they consistent?
AIMS: To investigate whether the presenting features of meningococcal disease as promoted in public health awareness material and in the print media accurately reflect the clinical features in patients admitted to Auckland hospitals with meningococcal disease January 1998 to June 1999. METHODS: Hospital record, public health message and newspaper article review, with analysis by presenting feature, age group and disease complex. RESULTS: The most common presenting features were fever (95%), rash (65%), vomiting and nausea (64%), lethargy (62%), headache (44%), refusing food and drink (35%), irritability (33%), muscle ache and joint pains (27%) and stiff neck (26%). Public health messages gave appropriate emphasis to the key features, whereas newspaper articles under-emphasised these. The term 'meningitis' was used more frequently in newspapers (65%) than in public health messages (30%), despite meningitis alone presenting less frequently (38% of cases) than meningococcal septicaemia, and having a less serious prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: Presenting features currently noted in the Ministry of Health's health education resource material are appropriate. Public health specialists dealing with the media should ensure that appropriate messages are incorporated into media reports. A greater use of the term 'meningococcal disease' by both public health agencies and media would convey to the public the message that this disease has a spectrum of presenting features, with those of septicaemia more common, but also indicating an even greater need for urgency of action than with 'classical' meningitic features.
Adolescent↗
Forecasting for nursing policy: a news-based image approach.
A prototype of a news-based forecasting model was developed as an aid to policymaking in nursing and to assist in setting priorities for promoting an effective image of nursing. Newspaper articles about nursing were analyzed each month from 1978 to 1981. A model, constructed to show the effects of key nursing tissues on the image of nursing, was estimated using Ridge Regression to determine the direction and magnitude of the effect that each of the key issues had on the image of nursing. It was determined that newspaper articles that show nurses in clinical settings and articles that show nurses as playing a major role are the most important factors in projecting a positive image of nursing. The model was used to construct forecasts for the image of nursing from 1982 to 1984. The image of nursing was forecasted to improve over this period, primarily because of a projected increase in the number of articles that show nurses in this positive image.
Data Collection↗
Media coverage of chronic diseases in the Netherlands.
OBJECTIVE: Little is known about the quantity or quality of information on rheumatic diseases provided by the mass media. The aim of this study was to gain insight into the media coverage of rheumatic diseases compared with other chronic diseases in the Netherlands. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Newspaper articles, magazine articles, and medical television programs that appeared or were broadcast during a 1-year period, and contained information on rheumatic diseases, heart disease, cancer, chronic lung disease, or diabetes mellitus, were selected for content analysis. For each article and program, it was determined whether coverage concentrated on treatment, influence of lifestyle, scientific progress, or disease consequences. It was also determined whether professional experts and patients were featured. RESULTS: Nine hundred seventeen newspaper articles, 304 magazine articles, and 163 medical programs were found. Most dealt with cancer (43%) and heart disease (37%). The amount of media attention given to each of the five disease categories was found to correspond with mortality but not with prevalence. The contents of the articles and programs differed significantly according to disease topic. The main focus in rheumatic diseases was on patients' experiences, as well as regular and alternative medications. In heart disease and cancer, the main focus was on professional medical viewpoints, operations, and mortality, whereas in chronic lung disease and diabetes it was on treatments in the context of regular medications, scientific progress, and incurability. The influence of lifestyle on the disease process was mentioned most often in connection with diabetes, rheumatic disease, and chronic lung disease. CONCLUSIONS: The amount of attention a disease category received from the media depended on its fatality rates and not on its prevalence. Heart disease and cancer were portrayed as being more serious than the more lingering diseases. Surprisingly, the proportion of articles and programs that included the influence of lifestyle in their coverage was lowest for cancer and heart disease. More frequent and more accurate coverage of chronic diseases, especially rheumatic diseases, is needed if their image is to be brought into line with their importance for and impact on the community.
Chronic Disease↗
A low-cost approach to public health education using multimedia packages.
The effect of health education programmes depends on the number of people exposed to the messages, as well as the method and style in which the information is transmitted. We conducted a pilot project to encourage healthier lifestyles by presenting culturally sensitive information using a variety of media. Material intended to provoke discussion was shared with a range of audiences in Barbados and Montserrat in the West Indies by a series of lecture discussions, which were videorecorded for local television and sound recorded for local radio. The lecture was also disseminated by newspaper articles, a special magazine and by publication on the Internet. The aim of the project was to achieve maximum effect for minimum effort, thus making optimum use of resources. The feedback obtained at the lecture discussions and in response to the radio broadcasts and newspaper articles provided a needs assessment on which to base a definitive programme, and confirmed that radio and television are the most effective media for health education.
Barbados↗
Effectiveness, costs, and cost-effectiveness of recruitment strategies for a mammographic screening program to detect breast cancer.
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Since effective and affordable recruitment methods are essential for the widespread implementation of mammographic screening for detection of breast cancer, we studied the effectiveness, the costs, and the cost-effectiveness of various recruitment strategies in the population targeted by a pilot Australian program that offered free mammography screening between 1988 and 1990. METHODS: We evaluated three public recruitment strategies--local newspaper articles, community promotion, and promotion to physicians--and five personal strategies--invitation letters with or without specified appointment times, either alone or with a follow-up letter, or telephone call to nonattenders. The effectiveness of public recruitment strategies was estimated from monthly attendance rates by Poisson regression analysis, while the probability of attendance in response to personal strategies was calculated using logistic regression analysis. Costs were determined by resource usage studies. The cost-effectiveness ratios for personal strategies were determined using decision analysis. RESULTS: The costs in 1988-1989 Australian dollars per woman recruited were $22 for local newspaper articles and $106 for community promotion. No detectable increase in attendance resulted from promotion to physicians. When the cost of reserving an appointment was considered, the most cost-effective personal recruitment strategy was an invitation letter without a specified appointment time, followed by a second letter to nonattenders. This strategy recruited 35.6% of women in the sample targeted and cost $10.52 per attendee. In comparison, the most effective personal recruitment strategy was a letter with a specified appointment time followed by a second letter to nonattenders, which recruited 44.1% of women at an average cost of $19.99 and a marginal cost of $59.71 per additional attendee. CONCLUSIONS: Personal recruitment strategies were more cost-effective than public strategies. The most cost-effective personal strategy was an invitation letter without a specified appointment time, followed by a second letter to nonattenders.
Australia↗
Are drinkers interested in inexpensive approaches to reduce their alcohol use?
This study examined whether adult drinkers would be willing to receive self-help and other minimal contact aids designed to help them drink more moderately. A total of 316 adults eighteen years of age and older residing in two adjacent communities in northwest Arkansas participated in a mail survey. Drinkers most frequently requested newspaper articles on how to drink more moderately (20.7%), followed by television and radio programs (15.5%). Over one-fourth (26.2%) of adult alcohol users reported an interest in receiving one or more of the aids to limit drinking. Heavier drinkers were more likely than lighter drinkers to be interested in television and radio programs, contests and cash awards, and newspaper articles aimed at helping them to drink more moderately (p's less than or equal to .01). Drinkers who were interested in receiving one or more self-help alcohol aids reported higher levels of alcohol consumption, and greater motivation to limit their alcohol use (p's less than or equal to .01). These data suggest that a considerable number of alcohol users would like to receive inexpensive aids to help them to drink more moderately.
Alcohol Drinking↗
Evaluation of the promotional materials used during the measles mass immunization campaign in Ontario and British Columbia.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the promotional materials used during measles mass immunization campaign. DESIGN: A telephone survey was conducted among parents of targeted children in Ontario and British Columbia (BC). RESULTS: The leaflet distributed at school was considered to be the most useful source of information for 79% and 69% of the parents of school-aged children in Ontario and BC, respectively. Newspaper articles (27%) and information obtained through public health nurses (24%) were the most appreciated sources of information for the parents of preschoolers only. There was a notable increase in the proportion of parents who considered measles immunization important as well as those who had concerns about measles immunization at the time of the interview compared with the period before the mass campaign. CONCLUSION: The leaflet distributed at school (for parents of school-aged children) and newspaper articles and information obtained from public health nurses (for the parents of preschoolers only) were found to be the most useful sources of information.
Attitude to Health↗
Coverage by Japanese newspapers of oral health messages on the prevention of dental caries.
The purpose of this study was to estimate the coverage and quality of information on dental caries prevention in Japanese newspapers. Newspaper articles were searched using database during 10 years from 1993 to 2002. From five major newspapers, 440 articles concerning dental caries prevention were selected and used for analysis. The number of caries prevention articles was related to National Oral Health Week, which was held in June of each year, and the introduction of new policy or government statements on oral health issues. Major sources of articles came from manufacturing companies (29.3%), staff of universities (27.7%), and other dental specialists (20.2%). Caries prevention articles appeared frequently in the health columns (35.7%) followed by news articles (20.0%) and business columns (17.7%). Dietary control (47.5%) was the most frequently described preventive method. Plaque control was referred to in 40.9% of articles, and information about improvement of host factors was provided in 40.0%. Among them, fluoride information was included in 30.0%. Clearly wrong information against evidence based were found in 24 articles. It is important that newspapers provide accurate information with a supportive evidence base. Dental professionals in Japan should be aware of the importance of media advocacy in order to provide appropriate oral health information to the public.
Cariostatic Agents↗
Ethnicity, genetics, and breast cancer: media portrayal of disease identities.
OBJECTIVE: To describe, compare, and analyze how the risk of breast cancer is framed in newspapers directed towards an ethnic minority population (Jewish) with higher risk of inherited breast cancer compared with newspaper coverage for the general population (Anglo-Canadian) without this risk. DESIGN: This investigation utilized a mixed methods (quantitative and qualitative) approach. The design emphasized a content analysis conducted on ethnically specific and non-ethnic newspaper articles. RESULTS: It is noteworthy that the 'Jewish' newspapers devote a substantially larger proportion of articles on breast cancer to genetic risk as the key risk factor for this disease. Articles in the Jewish newspapers tend to link being a Jewish woman with being at risk for a diagnosis of breast cancer. This ethnic 'identity' is reinforced through the repeated association of Jewish heritage and genetic breast cancer risk at the exclusion of other known risk factors. This isolated genetic link to breast cancer is not a message that is replicated within the provincial newsprint articles. CONCLUSIONS: These findings assist in the facilitation of prevention and treatment of those with or at risk of breast cancer. The health policy implications of this portrayal as well as suggestions for change are considered.
Breast Neoplasms↗
Preemption in tobacco control. Review of an emerging public health problem.
OBJECTIVE: To describe the nature, extent, and public health significance of state legislation that preempts the local regulation of tobacco. DATA SOURCES: A computerized database of local tobacco control ordinances, state tobacco control laws, preemption bills introduced during the 1996 state legislative session, articles obtained through a MEDLINE search (1984-1996) using the key word "preemption" or identified from bibliographies of these articles, public opinion surveys, and newspaper articles. STUDY SELECTION: All identified data sources were used. DATA EXTRACTION: Content analyses of preemption bills and state laws were conducted independently by multiple observers. DATA SYNTHESIS: There has been a striking increase in the adoption of local tobacco control ordinances during the past decade; by the end of 1995, approximately 1006 communities had enacted a local tobacco control ordinance. In response, the tobacco industry has advanced legislation in 29 states that preempts local authority to regulate tobacco. During the 1996 state legislative session alone, 26 bills containing preemption were introduced, and 2 were enacted. Emerging trends in the tobacco industry's strategy to advance preemption laws include (1) amending legitimate tobacco control bills to preempt local tobacco regulation, (2) using the Synar amendment as a vehicle to advance preemption, and (3) promoting "superpreemption" bills that eliminate all local control of tobacco policy. CONCLUSIONS: Preemption of local tobacco regulation is an important tobacco industry strategy that undermines the public's health. Preventing the enactment of new preemption laws and repealing existing ones should become a public health priority.
Commerce↗
Tobacco in the news: an analysis of newspaper coverage of tobacco issues in Australia, 2001.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the extent and nature of newspaper coverage of tobacco related issues in Australia in 2001. DESIGN: Content analysis of newspaper articles. SUBJECTS: All articles (n=1188) at least seven lines long and containing at least one paragraph focused on tobacco in all major Australian national and State capital city newspapers (n=12) in 2001. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Number of articles, month of publication, State in which newspaper published, prominence of article, type of article, article theme, and slant of article relative to tobacco control objectives. RESULTS: The number of tobacco articles varied considerably in different months over the course of the year, from a low of 51 in December to a peak of 180 in May. The most frequent theme was secondhand smoke issues (30% of articles), with the second most dominant theme related to education, prevention, and cessation programmes and services (20%). Events that were covered were predominantly positive for tobacco control: 62% of articles were related to events that were positive, compared with 21% that were negative for tobacco control objectives. Excluding news articles, the opinions expressed by the authors of articles were also mainly positive (61%) rather than negative (22%) for tobacco control objectives. The amount of coverage of and population exposure to tobacco focused articles showed considerable variation across different Australian States, with Victoria having the highest frequency and rate of articles and the most media impressions per capita throughout 2001. CONCLUSIONS: : Coverage of events and opinions related to tobacco in Australian newspapers in 2001 was generally positive for tobacco control objectives. Given that over 2 million individuals (out of a population of 19 million) were potentially exposed to tobacco related newspaper articles per day in Australia, this represents good news for tobacco control advocates. The variation in news coverage in different States and at different times in the year, however, illustrates how a combination of local events and advocacy efforts may at times combine to make tobacco more newsworthy. Understanding which tobacco issues are most likely to be covered and the nature of the coverage about them provides valuable feedback for tobacco control advocates and is a useful gauge of actual events as well as the tobacco related agendas promoted by the press.
Attitude to Health↗
[Comparison of the literature on medical accidents from a medical database and articles in daily newspapers in Japan].
PURPOSE: We analyzed the frequency and content of journal reports on medical accidents over the past 15 years, and compared these findings with related articles in daily newspapers as a means of assessing medical professionals' awareness of current public opinion reflected in daily newspaper coverage. METHODS: A search of medical accident reports was conducted using CD-ROM versions of the medical literature database Japana Centra Revuo Medicina (1987-2001), with the key words "medical accident" and "medical error." The numbers of medical accident articles in newspapers and medical lawsuits were taken as indicators of public opinion. Relationships were investigated using correlation and time series analyses. RESULTS: 1) The total number of reports on medical accidents (including medical errors; hereinafter, medical accident reports) in the database was 2,858, equaling 0.78 medical accident reports for each 1,000 reports in the CD-ROM database. 2) The number of medical accident reports was 174 in 1987, gradually increasing to 333 in 2000 and 618 in 2001. 3) The proportion of the reports from the nursing field increased from 8.9% (1989) to 31.7% (1999). In contrast, the proportion concerning the medical field decreased from 68.8% to 50.2%. 4) The number of medical accident articles in two newspapers was investigated. The yearly trends were similar in both of these newspapers, showing an increase in 1999 and a peak in 2000. 5) A review of Supreme Court records revealed that the number of medical lawsuits each year increased gradually from 352 in 1990 to 805 in 2001. 6) There were significant correlations between the number of medical accident reports and the numbers of newspaper articles or medical lawsuits. A time series analysis of these trends showed that the trend in number of medical accident reports was closely linked with those for numbers of newspaper articles and medical lawsuits, with a time lag. CONCLUSION: Research trends in papers on medical accidents from a database of scientific papers were found to correspond with trend curves for medical lawsuits and articles on medical accidents in daily newspapers. It was thus demonstrated that awareness of medical accidents among medical professionals reflects social emphasis.
Databases, Factual↗