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PubMed1985

Apolipoprotein E associated with astrocytic glia of the central nervous system and with nonmyelinating glia of the peripheral nervous system.

The plasma protein apolipoprotein (apo) E is an important determinant of lipid transport and metabolism in mammals. In the present study, immunocytochemistry has been used to identify apo E in specific cells of the central and peripheral nervous systems of the rat. Light microscopic examination revealed that all astrocytes, including specialized astrocytic cells (Bergmann glia of the cerebellum, tanycytes of the third ventricle, pituicytes of the neurohypophysis, and Müller cells of the retina), possessed significant concentrations of apo E. In all of the major subdivisions of the central nervous system, the perinuclear region of astrocytic cells, as well as their cell processes that end on basement membranes at either the pial surface or along blood vessels, were found to be rich in apo E. Extracellular apo E was present along many of these same surfaces. The impression that apo E is secreted by astrocytic cells was confirmed by electron microscopic immunocytochemical studies, which demonstrated the presence of apo E in the Golgi apparatus. Apo E was not present in neurons, oligodendroglia, microglia, ependymal cells, and choroidal cells. In the peripheral nervous system, apo E was present within the glia surrounding sensory and motor neurons; satellite cells of the dorsal root ganglia and superior cervical sympathetic ganglion as well as the enteric glia of the intestinal ganglia were reactive. Apo E was also present within the non-myelinating Schwann cells but not within the myelinating Schwann cells of peripheral nerves. These results suggest that apo E has an important, previously unsuspected role in the physiology of nervous tissue.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Role of the parasympathetic nervous system and interaction with the sympathetic nervous system in the early phase of hypertension.

The role of the peripheral parasympathetic nervous system in the development of hypertension was investigated in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. Animals were 5-7 weeks old, anesthetized, and in the open-chest condition. The decrement in heart rate evoked by parasympathetic nerve stimulation (62 +/- 8 beats/min) in SHR was greater (p < 0.01) than that in WKY rats (23 +/- 4 beats/min). Furthermore, the decrease in heart rate (73 +/- 9 beats/min) in response to combined stimulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves in SHR was greater (p < 0.05) than that in response to vagal stimulation alone. The extent of the interaction of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves was calculated as the difference between the decrease in heart rate during combined stimulation and that during vagal nerve stimulation alone. The extent of the interaction in SHR (-11 +/- 5) was not significantly different from that in WKY rats (-8 +/- 3 beats/min). Therefore, the influence of the peripheral parasympathetic nervous system in the early phase of hypertension may be greater than that in the normotensive state. Interaction between the two branches of the autonomic nervous system may occur as accentuated antagonism originating in the early phase of hypertension. The interaction during the early phase of hypertension may not be different in extent from that of the normotensive state.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[Functional state of the central nervous system in people with varying functional agility of the nervous processes while transforming information of varying complexity].

Relations between functional agility of the nervous processes (FANP) and functional state (FS) of the central nervous system at performing simple and difficult sensomotor tasks have been studied. It has been shown that FANP is of the exceptional importance in forming FS of the central nervous system only to perform difficult mental tasks.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Localization of allatostatin-immunoreactive material in the central nervous system, stomatogastric nervous system, and gut of the cockroach Blattella germanica.

Immunoreactivity against peptides of the allatostatin family having a typical YXFGL-NH2 C-terminus has been localized in different areas of the central nervous system, stomatogastric nervous system and gut of the cockroach Blattella germanica. In the protocerebrum, the most characteristic immunoreactive perikarya are situated in the lateral and median neurosecretory cell groups. Immunoreactive median neurosecretory cells send their axons around the circumesophageal connectives to form arborizations in the anterior neuropil of the tritocerebrum. A group of cells in the lateral aspect of the tritocerebrum project to the antennal lobes in the deutocerebrum, where immunoreactive arborizations can be seen in the periphery of individual glomeruli. Nerve terminals were shown in the corpora allata. These terminals come from perikarya situated in the lateral neurosecretory cells in the pars lateralis and in the subesophageal ganglion. Immunoreactive axons from median neurosecretory cells and from cells positioned in the anteriormost part of the tritocerebrum enter together in the stomatogastric nervous system and innervate foregut and midgut, especially the crop and the valve between the crop and the midgut. The hindgut is innervated by neurons whose perikarya are located in the last abdominal ganglion. Besides immunoreactivity in neurons, allatostatin-immunoreactive material is present in endocrine cells distributed within the whole midgut epithelium. Possible functions for these peptides according to their localization are discussed.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Neuronal evolution: analysis of regulatory genes in a first-evolved nervous system, the hydra nervous system.

Cnidarians represent the first animal phylum with an organized nervous system and a complex active behavior. The hydra nervous system is formed of sensory-motoneurons, ganglia neurons and mechanoreceptor cells named nematocytes, which all differentiate from a common stem cell. The neurons are organized as a nerve net and a subset of neurons participate in a more complex structure, the nerve ring that was identified in most cnidarian species at the base of the tentacles. In order to better understand the genetic control of this neuronal network, we analysed the expression of evolutionarily conserved regulatory genes in the hydra nervous system. The Prd-class homeogene prdl-b and the nuclear orphan receptor hyCOUP-TF are expressed at strong levels in proliferating nematoblasts, a lineage where they were found repressed during patterning and morphogenesis, and at low levels in distinct subsets of neurons. Interestingly, Prd-class homeobox and COUP-TF genes are also expressed during neurogenesis in bilaterians, suggesting that mechanoreceptor and neuronal cells derive from a common ancestral cell. Moreover, the Prd-class homeobox gene prdl-a, the Antp-class homeobox gene msh, and the thrombospondin-related gene TSP1, which are expressed in distinct subset of neurons in the adult polyp, are also expressed during early budding and/or head regeneration. These data strengthen the fact that two distinct regulations, one for neurogenesis and another for patterning, already apply to these regulatory genes, a feature also identified in bilaterian related genes.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Interrelationships between the heart and central nervous system: localization of neuro-transmitters and imaging of their associated nuclei, including the raphe nuclei & the locus coeruleus, as well as the imaging of the heart and its representation areas in slices of the human central nervous system using the "Bi-Digital O-Ring Test" imaging method.

Using microscopic slides of specific tissues from the human body or pure substances including neuro-transmitters such as serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, etc., as reference control substances in the Bi-Digital O-Ring Test Molecular Identification Method, the author was able to localize and image normal and abnormal internal organs, and to localize and trace the distribution of neurotransmitters in the different parts of the central nervous system. Using microscopic slides of different parts of the heart, we were able to image the outline of the heart as well as the SA node, AV node, tricuspid valve, mitral valve, aortic valve, pulmonary valve, coronary arteries, and aorta and its branches, including the vertebral arteries, without using any bulky or expensive imaging instruments. Using serotonin as a reference control substance on the different parts of the central nervous system, it was possible to demonstrate the 6 well-known raphe nuclei and the locus coeruleus (which contains serotonin & norepinephrine), as well as the distribution of serotonin in the cerebrum and the cerebellum, all of which closely resembled previously published well-known neuroanatomical structures and distributions of neurotransmitters. As an extension of this work, possible representations of different internal organs on the central nervous system were examined using microscopic slides of different internal organs as reference control substances. The results indicated that the entire heart is represented primarily in the medulla oblongata, and that the SA node and the upper half of the left atrium are represented in the caudal end of the pons; the right side of the heart (i.e. R-atrium, AV node, tricuspid valve, R-ventricle) is represented on the right side of the medulla oblongata, and the left side of the heart (i.e. lower half of the L-atrium, mitral valve, L-ventricle) is represented on the left side of the medulla oblongata, and the upper half of the left atrium is represented in the caudal end of the left side of the pons. The bottoms of the ventricles are located near the spinal cord. Furthermore, the right and the left sides of the heart are represented in specific areas of each side of the right and left hemispheres of the cerebral cortex, and there are connecting pathways between the representation areas of identical parts of the heart, through the corpus callosum and other neuro-pathways.

Central Nervous System↗
PubMed1990

[A study of erythromelalgia in relation to the autonomic nervous system. Report of 321 cases of functional disorders of the autonomic nervous system].

A great majority of erythromelalgia were seen among 321 cases of disorders of the autonomic nervous system. When the function of the autonomic nervous system was disturbed, the acromelic blood vessels under the regulation by the autonomic nervous system manifested themselves in the manner of acroerythema, hot sensation, local swelling and distension, and severe acroesthesia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Studies with antisera against peripheral nervous system myelin and myelin basic proteins. I. Effects of antiserum upon living cultures of nervous tissue.

We studied the effects of antiserum against rat peripheral nervous system (PNS) myelin, rat or chicken central nervous system myelin basic protein (BP), or rabbit P2 protein from PNS myelin on myelinated cultures containing only rat dorsal root ganglion neurons and Schwann cells. While anti-PNS myelin serum consistently produced segmental PNS demyelination, anti-BP serum and anti-P2 serum did not. The culture results suggest that the myelin PNS proteins P1 (identical to basic protein from central nervous system myelin) and P2 are not exposed on the extracellular surfaces of myelin-related Schwann cells in tissue culture.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Axonal elongation into peripheral nervous system "bridges" after central nervous system injury in adult rats.

The origin, termination, and length of axonal growth after focal central nervous system injury was examined in adult rats by means of a new experimental model. When peripheral nerve segments were used as "bridges" between the medulla and spinal cord, axons from neurons at both these levels grew approximately 30 millimeters. The regenerative potential of these central neurons seems to be expressed when the central nervous system glial environment is changed to that of the peripheral nervous system.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Identification of host-specificity determinants in betanodaviruses by using reassortants between striped jack nervous necrosis virus and sevenband grouper nervous necrosis virus.

Betanodaviruses, the causal agents of viral nervous necrosis in marine fish, have bipartite positive-sense RNAs as genomes. The larger genomic segment, RNA1 (3.1 kb), encodes an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, and the smaller genomic segment, RNA2 (1.4 kb), codes for the coat protein. Betanodaviruses have marked host specificity, although the primary structures of the viral RNAs and encoded proteins are similar among betanodaviruses. However, no mechanism underlying the host specificity has yet been reported. To evaluate viral factors that control host specificity, we first constructed a cDNA-mediated infectious RNA transcription system for sevenband grouper nervous necrosis virus (SGNNV) in addition to that for striped jack nervous necrosis virus (SJNNV), which was previously established by us. We then tested two reassortants between SJNNV and SGNNV for infectivity in the host fish from which they originated. When striped jack and sevenband grouper larvae were bath challenged with the reassortant virus comprising SJNNV RNA1 and SGNNV RNA2, sevenband groupers were killed exclusively, similar to inoculation with SGNNV. Conversely, inoculations with the reassortant virus comprising SGNNV RNA1 and SJNNV RNA2 killed striped jacks but did not affect sevenband groupers. Immunofluorescence microscopic studies using anti-SJNNV polyclonal antibodies revealed that both of the reassortants multiplied in the brains, spinal cords, and retinas of infected fish, similar to infections with parental virus inoculations. These results indicate that viral RNA2 and/or encoded coat protein controls host specificity in SJNNV and SGNNV.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Characterization of the vegetative-nervous response of dogs and the vegetative-nervous interaction between dogs and dog trainers by noninvasive measurement of skin potentials].

The study involved a total of 5 pairs consisting of dog and dog trainer who were examined by continuous noninvasive recording of skin potentials within the scope of a defined exercise program. The exercise program consisted of the following phases: preparatory free run exercise (16 min in duration), exercise in submission (4 min in duration), follow-up phase with free run (16 min in duration). The objective of the study was to demonstrate the possibility to register, by means of skin potential recordings, the vegetative-nervous behavior of dogs and the vegetative-nervous interaction between dog and dog trainer. The tests carried out with dogs and humans showed that it was possible to verify behavior-specific traits of dogs by means of time-series analysis of the data registered. It was demonstrated that especially the frequency distribution of a regulatory function, such as the parameter skin potential, permits the detection of characteristic behavioral traits. By means of a newly developed method for determining a dynamic cross-correlation, the vegetative-emotional interaction could be demonstrated during the submission exercise. By using typical exercise patterns (shot, walking, "down", etc.), it was demonstrated that "shot" lead to deterioration of the vegetative-nervous relationship in all pairs. Having the dog "sit" and praising it lead to a positive correlation in all pairs. The command "down" lead to deterioration of the correlation in three pairs.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Nephrectomy-induced alterations in the synthesis of catecholamines in the sympathetic nervous system and central nervous system.

Reduction in renal function is a key factor to the development of salt-dependent hypertension; however, the mechanism is obscure. To examine the role of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and central catecholaminergic neurons in this predisposition to the development of hypertension, the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) was determined in SNS and in several brain regions. In another group of unilaterally nephrectomized rabbits, cardiovascular responsiveness to norepinephrine was determined. A unilateral nephrectomy increased the activity of TH in the midmedulla, a brain region important in the baroreflex regulation of blood pressure, and in the adrenal gland, the major source of circulating catecholamines. The activity of TH was decreased in the pons-upper medulla region. No alterations were found in the proximal and distal mesenteric arteries, lower medulla, midbrain or hypothalamus. No alteration in blood pressure or cardiovascular responsiveness to norepinephrine was found. This study indicates that a unilateral nephrectomy produces long-lasting effects on central catecholaminergic neurons and the sympathetic nervous system without an effect on blood pressure or cardiovascular responsiveness.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed2004

Peripheral nervous system and central nervous system pathology in rapidly progressive lower motor neuron syndrome with immunoglobulin M anti-GM1 ganglioside antibody.

Pathological studies, including novel teased peripheral nerve fiber studies, were performed in a patient who presented with a rapidly progressive, lower motor neuron syndrome and high titer of immunoglobulin M anti-GM1 ganglioside antibody. In the central nervous system, there was a severe loss of motor neurons and central chromatolysis with ubiquitin immunopositive cytoplasmic inclusions in residual motor neurons. In the peripheral nervous system, axonal degeneration of myelinated fibers in the anterior nerve roots was evident. Pathologic evidence of sensory nerve involvement was also found despite the absence of clinical or electrophysiological sensory abnormalities. Sectional studies of single myelinated nerve fibers from an antemortem sural nerve biopsy showed remyelination and globular paranodal swellings due to focal complex myelin folding and degeneration in 13% of fibers. Postmortem studies of the sural nerves 4 weeks later showed paranodal demyelination (90% of fibers), but no paranodal swellings and similar findings were present in samples of the ulnar, radial, median, tibial, and common peroneal nerves. Paranodal abnormalities of enlargement of the adaxonal space, myelin degeneration, and axonal compaction were found on cross-sectional studies of individual teased fibers, which on conventional light microscopic assessment appeared normal. These changes suggest a disturbance of paranodal axonal-myelin adhesion due to binding of the anti-GM1 ganglioside antibody to the common epitope known to be present on the myelin sheath and nodal axolemma in the paranodal region of both motor and sensory nerves.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cytopathology of the central nervous system. Part I. Utility of crush smear cytology in intraoperative diagnosis of central nervous system lesions.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the utility of rapid intraoperative crush smear cytologic diagnosis of central and peripheral nervous system lesions and to determine the accuracy and relevance of the accuracy of the intraoperative cytologic diagnosis when compared to the final paraffin section diagnosis. STUDY DESIGN: The crush (squash) smear technique was introduced at Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences in May 2003. The 8 months of 2003 were used for standardization of the procedure. In 2004, 151 patients with open neurosurgical specimens or stereotactic biopsies were diagnosed intraoperatively by crush smears, and the diagnosis was compared with final diagnosis on paraffin sections of the same tissue samples. No supplementation of frozen sections was used. RESULTS: Of 151 cases, 144 were diagnosed accurately intraoperatively by crush smear cytology when compared with the respective paraffin section diagnoses. The diagnostic accuracy attained was 95.36%. Each case was diagnosed within 10 minutes after receipt of sample. Neurosurgical procedure (open or stereotaxy) did not affect diagnostic accuracy. CONCLUSION: In the expert hands of a pathologist with good exposure neurosurgical specimens, crush smear cytology is an accura and reliable procedure for the intraoperative diagnosis central nervous system tumors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

NG2 and Olig2 expression provides evidence for phenotypic deregulation of cultured central nervous system and peripheral nervous system neural precursor cells.

Neural stem cells cultured with fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2)/epidermal growth factor (EGF) generate clonal expansions called neurospheres (NS), which are widely used for therapy in animal models. However, their cellular composition is still poorly defined. Here, we report that NS derived from several embryonic and adult central nervous system (CNS) regions are composed mainly of remarkable cells coexpressing radial glia markers (BLBP, RC2, GLAST), oligodendrogenic/neurogenic factors (Mash1, Olig2, Nkx2.2), and markers that in vivo are typical of the oligodendrocyte lineage (NG2, A2B5, PDGFR-alpha). On NS differentiation, the latter remain mostly expressed in neurons, together with Olig2 and Mash1. Using cytometry, we show that in growing NS the small population of multipotential self-renewing NS-forming cells are A2B5(+) and NG2(+). Additionally, we demonstrate that these NS-forming cells in the embryonic spinal cord were initially NG2(-) and rapidly acquired NG2 in vitro. NG2 and Olig2 were found to be rapidly induced by cell culture conditions in spinal cord neural precursor cells. Olig2 expression was also induced in astrocytes and embryonic peripheral nervous system (PNS) cells in culture after EGF/FGF treatment. These data provide new evidence for profound phenotypic modifications in CNS and PNS neural precursor cells induced by culture conditions.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A correlation between food allergy, the autonomic nervous system and the central nervous system: a study of 8 patients in childhood].

The aim of our study was demonstrate the correlation between immunoallergic system, autonomous nervous system (SNA) and central nervous system (SNC). Eight children allergic to food and with asthma, damage of handwriting, deambulation and behaviour were deprived of food allergens. The RAW (indicator of SNA activation) diminished and the respiratory flow increased. The neurologic symptomatology improved. The reintroduction of food allergens induced reappearance of asthmatic and neurologic symptomatology.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Genomic scale profiling of autoimmune inflammation in the central nervous system: the nervous response to inflammation.

Using gene microarray technology, we found that inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS) not only induced the expression of many immune-related genes, but also significantly altered the gene expression profile of neural cells. Two unique groups of CNS genes were identified. The first group includes genes encoding ion channels, neural transmitters and growth factors. The second group includes genes that are important for nervous tissue regeneration. Additionally, a distinct pattern of gene expression was also identified in recovering animals. Thus, during autoimmune inflammation, the CNS actively responds to immune attacks by activating its own defense and repair genes.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Does the immune system communicate with the central nervous system? Interferon modifies central nervous activity.

The present investigation determined whether an immunomodulator agent modified the central nervous system activity as measured behaviorally and neurophysiologically. Two types of interferons (IFNs), alpha (alpha) and gamma (gamma), were applied locally (microiontophoretically) into various regions of the rat brain simultaneously with single neuron recording from the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, thalamus and hypothalamus. Of the various IFNs, only alpha-IFN altered single cell activity in all brain structures in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, systemic administration of alpha-IFN altered the naloxone-induced abstinence syndrome in morphine-dependent rats. These observations suggest that immunomodulators such as alpha-IFN are capable of influencing directly central nervous system function as well as the immune system.

Animals↗