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PubMed1988

The Northern Ireland Cancer Registry.

The Northern Ireland Cancer Registry was evaluated using a 5% sample of all cancers diagnosed histologically in 1983 as the standard for comparison. The overall registration rate was low. Two years following histological diagnosis only 63% of the cancers were registered and 19% of these were notified solely by the Registrar General's office. In a subgroup of patients who were known to have died by the time of the study, only 49% of the cancers were registered while the patient was alive. A further 30% of cases were registered only after death and 21% of cases went unregistered. There was no significant variation in registrations by area, by hospital or by age group. There was a considerable variation in registration rate by disease group. A low level of awareness among hospital doctors about the Northern Ireland Cancer Registry was postulated as a reason for the low levels of registrations received. This was investigated through a postal questionnaire. A response rate of 51% was achieved after two postings. Both the response rate and level of knowledge varied by grade and specialty of the doctor. Only 43% of responders knew of the existence of the cancer registry and only 2% registered patients more often than once a year. Possible methods for improving the system are discussed.

Data Interpretation, Statistical↗
PubMed2003

Sampling Broad Habitat change to assess biodiversity conservation action in Northern Ireland.

A habitat monitoring programme, the Northern Ireland Countryside Survey, carried out by the University of Ulster for the Department of the Environment for Northern Ireland, is described. It was based on a random sample of quarter kilometer grid squares, stratified by multivariate land classification. Estimates of change in habitat area between 1987-1992 and 1998 are presented and used to assess policy-related priorities for biodiversity conservation action in widespread habitats in Northern Ireland (NI). The basis of the assessment is Broad Habitats, a classification developed as part of the United Kingdom (UK) Biodiversity Action Plan. Improved Grassland, Neutral Grassland and Bog Broad Habitats occupy the largest area of NI, which holds a large proportion of the UK Neutral Grassland and Fen Marsh and Swamp Broad Habitat resource. The greatest net area increases with time were in Improved Grassland (33%), Coniferous Woodland (12%) and Broadleaved, Mixed and Yew Woodland (9%). The greatest net area decreases were in Neutral Grassland (-32%), Arable and Horticulture (-25%), Fen, Marsh and Swamp (-19%), Bog (-8%) and Calcareous Grassland (-7%). These changes are a function of agriculture, public and private forestry, building construction and peat cutting for fuel. The Key biodiversity issue is seminatural Broad Habitat loss, in particular, Neutral Grassland and Fen, Marsh and Swamp, highlighting the lack of effective action for protecting biodiversity in the countryside as a whole. The extent to which current land use is shown to be driving change, indicates that biodiversity conservation action through implementing landscape-scale agri-environment measures could deliver major biodiversity gains. The reliable information on recent changes, provided by the Northern Ireland Countryside Survey, has been used to guide conservation planning. Future re-survey will allow the effectiveness of the conservation strategy as it applies to the countryside as a whole, to be determined. As decisions on land use increasingly have a strong European dimension, concerted action for protecting biodiversity in the countryside as a whole is needed. This would be promoted by a structured sampling approach, based on standard habitat mapping procedures.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1979

The effects of location, experiences with the civil disturbances and religion on death anxiety and manifest anxiety in a sample of Northern Ireland university students.

A total of 315 Northern Ireland university students were compared to 302 Republic of Ireland university students in terms of death anxiety, manifest anxiety, and perception of dangerousness of aspects of their environment and attitudes toward the civil disturbances in Northern Ireland. Also using these variables in the Northern Ireland sample, Protestants were compared to Catholics, those having had experiences with the disturbances were compared to those not having had such experiences, and those living in nominally dangerous areas of Belfast were compared to those living in nominally safer areas of Belfast. Students living in Northern Ireland had higher death anxiety and stronger fears than students living in the Republic. Those having had experiences with the civil violence had higher manifest anxiety and stronger fears than those not having has such experiences. Persons living in safe environments thought the disturbances to be more serious than those living in more dangerous environments, a result which is discussed in terms of the media and cognitive dissonance. Finally, an argument is made that the influence of religious denomination is an overemphasized variable in the understanding of the civil disturbances.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Colour naming of violence-related words in Northern Ireland.

To investigate the hypothesis that people in Northern Ireland are using denial to cope with the impact of political violence, a specially designed version of the Stroop test was developed. English students living in Northern Ireland evidenced significantly greater interference on the Violent Stroop compared to either English students living in England or Northern Irish students living in Northern Ireland suggesting that while the Northern Irish natives had habituated to the violence the English students living in Northern Ireland had not yet done so.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Major central nervous system malformations notified in Northern Ireland, 1969 to 1973.

In Northern Ireland, during the years 1969 to 1973, there were 485 notifications of anencephalus, 525 of spina bifida and 328 of hydrocephalus in a population of 157,725 (live and still) births. The data were based on the voluntary notification system for congenital malformations which has been operating in Northern Ireland and in England and Wales sine 1964. The malformation rates per 1000 (live and still) births were 3-1 for anencephalus, 3-3 for spina bifida and 2-1 for hydrocephalus. Secular trends in these data indicate a decrease in the incidence of all three major central nervous system malformations, but this is significant only in relation to anencephalus. Spina bifida was more common in female births than in male births, and 79 per cent of affected infants were liveborn. Indirect evidence suggests that some 40 per cent of the total number of live and stillborn infants having spina bifida at birth will survive to one year of age.

Anencephaly↗
PubMed1993

Significant linkage disequilibrium between the Huntington's disease locus and markers at loci D4S10, D4S95, and D4S111 in Northern Ireland.

An analysis of the Northern Ireland Huntington's disease (HD) population of 75 families showed significant linkage disequilibrium between the HD gene and DNA markers at D4S95, D4S10, and D4S111. As the linkage disequilibrium at loci D4S10 and D4S111 is different from previous studies in the UK, but similar at locus D4S95, this suggests either that the HD mutation(s) in the Northern Ireland and British populations is not of common origin or that the haplotype of the common HD mutation has changed over time subsequent to divergence from a common origin.

Alleles↗
PubMed2000

Patterns of alcohol consumption in middle-aged men from France and Northern Ireland. The PRIME study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the patterns of alcohol consumption in France and Northern Ireland. DESIGN: Four cross-sectional studies. SETTING: Sample of 50-59 y old men living in France and Northern Ireland, consuming at least one unit of alcoholic beverage per week. SUBJECTS: 5363 subjects from France and 1367 from Northern Ireland. INTERVENTIONS: None. RESULTS: Consumption of wine was higher in France whereas consumption of beer and spirits was higher in Northern Ireland. Alcohol drinking was rather homogeneous throughout the week in France, whereas Fridays and Saturdays accounted for 60% of total alcohol consumption in Northern Ireland. In both countries, current smokers had a higher consumption of all types of alcoholic beverages than non-smokers. Similarly, obese and hypertensive subjects had a higher total alcohol consumption than non-obese or normotensive subjects, but the type of alcoholic beverages differed between countries. In Northern Ireland, subjects which reported some physical activity consumed significantly less alcoholic beverages than sedentary subjects, whereas no differences were found in France. Conversely, subjects with dyslipidemia consumed more alcoholic beverages than normolipidemic subjects in France, whereas no differences were found in Northern Ireland. In France, total alcohol, wine and beer consumption was negatively related to socioeconomic status and educational level. In Northern Ireland, total alcohol, beer and spirits consumption was negatively related whereas wine consumption was positively related to socioeconomic status and educational level. CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol drinking patterns differ between France and Northern Ireland, and also according to cardiovascular risk factors, socioeconomic and educational levels. SPONSORSHIP: Merck, Sharp & Dohme-Chibret (France), the NICHSA and the Department of Health and Social Service (Northern Ireland).

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1992

Sexual behavior and attitudes of university students in Northern Ireland.

Two surveys of a Northern Ireland student sample were conducted in 1987 and 1988. A total of 419 female and 201 male subjects completed self-administered anonymous questionnaires concerning their behavior, knowledge, and attitudes towards sex, AIDS, homosexuality, contraception, and relationships. Results indicated a relatively low level of sexual experience, and for those with experience, relatively few partners. The possible influences of gender and religiosity on sexual behavior and attitudes, in the context of Northern Ireland, are discussed. Subjects reported considerable variation in the amount of sex education, but the majority received little or none. This student sample held relatively conservative attitudes towards love, sex, and marriage and this was particularly true for females and for regular churchgoers. In addition, attitudes towards homosexuality were negative (particularly among regular churchgoers). Attitudes towards contraception were more positive than expected among Catholic subjects, and few indicated that they would refuse to use contraceptives on principle. Responses to items about AIDS were highly uniform, suggesting that much of the information made available to the public has been absorbed. However, the lack of uniformity of response to more general items about sex, relationships, and contraception may indicate that fundamental changes in sexual behavior are unlikely to be brought about by influencing a rather narrowly defined set of attitudes about AIDS.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1994

Socio-demographic trends in Northern Ireland, 1971 to 1991.

"Northern Ireland has demographic and socio-economic structures which set it apart from the rest of the United Kingdom and religion impacts on this social demography more than in any other 'developed' society. Peripherality also serves to underpin some of the distinctiveness of the Province. Socio-economic and demographic data from Population Censuses and demographic data from Annual Reports of the Registrar General are analysed. The socio-demographic trends between 1971, 1981 and 1991 are traced and the spatial patterns are described. Many of the spatial patterns have been remarkably persistent over time and the problems that arise from this are unlikely to be addressed fully given the Province's perverse polity."

Demography↗
PubMed1996

Salmonella in retail poultry in Northern Ireland.

A prospective survey was carried out in Northern Ireland between February and August 1994 to assess the current levels of salmonella in retail chickens, and to determine whether contamination rates differed between chickens sold in supermarkets and by butchers. One hundred and forty chilled and frozen raw chickens were sampled from retail display and examined for the presence of salmonella using an approved method. Contamination was commoner in chickens that were chilled, sold from smaller premises, and reared or slaughtered outside Northern Ireland. Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 was the most commonly isolated type. The contamination rate of about 7% is considerably lower than in Great Britain and this may partially explain the lower rate of human salmonella infections in Northern Ireland. This finding supports the recommendations made in the Advisory Committee on the Microbiological Standards of Food's report on poultry meat, since many of the improvements proposed are already in operation in areas of the Northern Ireland poultry industry.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

The changing pattern of paramilitary punishments in Northern Ireland.

Paramilitary punishments in Northern Ireland traditionally involved shooting in the limbs with low-velocity handguns. During the recent IRA ceasefire they were replaced with beatings by clubs and similar objects. We carried out a retrospective review of patients who had suffered punishment beatings who presented to the Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast. Patients were more likely to have fractures and more severe soft-tissue injuries. The time spent in hospital was often longer, and there was a greater chance of requiring operations (often multiple).

Fractures, Bone↗
PubMed1989

Perinatal mortality in Northern Ireland: where are we now?

Perinatal mortality in Northern Ireland has been declining over the last 30 years, but the factors which may account for this fall have not been clearly delineated. Crude perinatal mortality figures yield very little insight into the problem, and meaningful management statistics are urgently required if service performance is to be reasonably assessed. This paper sets out the case for birth-weight standardisation and explores the utility of a broad diagnostic taxonomy of causes of death.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1992

Enteroviruses in recreational waters of Northern Ireland.

Virus surveillance of Northern Ireland recreational waters, between April 1986 and May 1989 demonstrated widespread enteroviral contamination of coastal and inland waters. In 1986, enteroviruses were detected in 4 of 46 (8.7%) water samples, collected from 6 coastal bathing waters. In 1987, 49 of 107 (45.8%) samples, from 16 coastal bathing waters, yielded enteroviruses; 33 of the enterovirus positive samples passed one or both of the coliform standards outlined by the European Economic Community (EEC) bathing water directive (76/160/EEC). Enteroviruses were also detected in 33 of 39 (84.6%) samples tested from 3 inland recreational waters.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Radionuclide monitoring in Northern Ireland of the Chernobyl nuclear reactor accident.

Northern Ireland received higher radiation doses due to the radionuclide contamination from the Chernobyl nuclear reactor accident than did the south of England. Levels of radioactive iodine ((131)I) and caesium ((137)Cs) in cows' milk in Northern Ireland increased to 166 and 120 Bq/l respectively in May 1986, but had decreased by factors of one million, and of twenty-five, respectively, by 1 September 1986. The resultant radiation doses represent less than one per cent of those received by a Northern Ireland individual over a period of 40 years from natural background radiation sources. The added risk to any individual from the Chernobyl accident will therefore be very small and may best be judged in the context of the enormously greater risk of death due to potentially preventable diseases, such as smoking-related lung cancer, and coronary heart disease.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Critical reading using the READER acronym by experienced general practitioners (G.P.s) and by G.P. registrars in southern and Northern Ireland.

The READER acronym describes a simple easily applied method of critical reading, an important skill for general practitioners (GPs). The aim of the study was to evaluate an abstract using the READER method, and to compare the appraisal by GP registrars in Southern Ireland with those of GP registrars in Northern Ireland and those previously recorded by experienced GPs at the Conference of Teachers of the Irish College of General Practitioners. General practice registrars (n = 41) in Southern Ireland participated in a critical reading workshop at which they appraised the abstract of a sample paper using the READER model for critical appraisal. A group of GP registrars (n = 10) in Northern Ireland, and experienced GPs (n = 35) at the Conference of Teachers of the Irish College of General Practitioners evaluated the complete paper using a similar methodology. There was no statistically significant difference between scores recorded by GP registrars in Southern Ireland and their Northern Irish counterparts, nor was there a statistically significant difference with experienced GP teachers. The READER model for critical reading provides GP registrars with a useful tool for critical evaluation of medical literature. GP registrars in Southern Ireland, Northern Ireland, and experienced GP's from the Conference of Teachers in Ireland recorded similar results and the study appraised, while dealing with an intervention in one practice in south west England, appeared relevant and applicable to participants from other locations in a different health care system.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed1976

A survey for swine vesicular disease antibody in pigs in Northern Ireland.

One thousand pig sera from Northern Ireland were tested using the radial immuno-diffusion (RID) test for antibody to swine vesicular disease (SVD) virus. Sera showing precipitation in RID were further tested by serum neutralisation (SN) and double immuno-diffusion (DID) tests. The results of the RID test showed low levels of antibody present. However, SN and DID tests did not prive the specificity of this antibody. It was concluded that the low levels of antibody detected by the RID tests were not caused by subclinical levels of SVD in the pig population in Northern Ireland.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Prognostic factors in malignant melanoma of the choroid: a retrospective survey of cases occurring in Northern Ireland between 1965 and 1980.

In Northern Ireland between 1965 and February 1980 one hundred eyes were enucleated following diagnosis of malignant melanoma of the choroid. The pathology of 87 cases was available for re-examination. Data on those patients still alive were examined together with the post-mortem reports of those deceased. A mathematical model was constructed to assess tumour volume more accurately. Survival was analysed using univariate and multivariate methods. Actuarial survival curves were constructed and two multivariate regression models were used--the proportional hazards model and the log-logistic model. In addition person years at risk analysis was used to compare survival with the Northern Ireland population. When the data were examined univariately, the location of the tumour, cell type, degree of invasion and the parameters of size (height, diameter and volume) were all significant prognostic indicators. When multivariate analysis was employed, the degree of invasion did not contribute significantly to the model, this being accommodated by tumour size. Cell type was also shown to be of less importance in the multivariate models. The various prognostic indicators together with the person years at risk analysis are discussed.

Adolescent↗