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PubMedDate not supplied

The in vivo and in vitro effects of chicken interferon alpha on infectious bursal disease virus and Newcastle disease virus infection.

The in vitro and in vivo effects of chicken interferon alpha on infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) infection were investigated in this study. A cDNA of interferon alpha was first cloned from a Chinese strain chicken Shiqi by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The deduced amino acid sequence has one amino acid substitution with chicken interferon alpha 1 at residue 65 (N to S) and two amino acid substitutions with chicken interferon alpha 2 at residues 50 (N to S) and 58 (P to L), respectively. A prokaryotic expression system was employed to produce a large quantity of recombinant protein. Recombinant interferon was purified in a one-step process, and an optimal refolding process was devised. About 51% recombinant protein from inclusion bodies was refolded, and the final yield of the recombinant interferon reached 24.66 mg/liter culture. The recombinant interferon suppressed IBDV plaque formation in a dose-dependent manner and ameliorated IBDV and Newcastle disease virus infection in both specific-pathogen-free (SPF) and commercial chickens. The antiviral effect of interferon alpha is more significant in commercial chickens than in SPF chickens, and the route of administration affects the efficacy of interferon therapy. This is the first reported study of the effects of interferon alpha on IBDV infection.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1990

Protection conferred by vaccination with Blacksburg and Komarov strains of Newcastle disease virus against Newcastle disease in Bangladesh.

An evaluation was undertaken of the efficacy of vaccination of day-old chicks with the Blacksburg (B1) strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) followed at various times by vaccination with the Komarov (K) strain. Antibody was detected by the haemagglutination inhibition (HAI) test one week after vaccination with B1 and titres peaked at three weeks and had declined to undetectable levels by nine weeks. After subsequent vaccination with K strain at five, seven or eight weeks of age levels of HAI antibody (titre 80 to 640) were detected after three weeks. Birds vaccinated at seven weeks were tested for antibody and resistance to challenge beyond 19 weeks of age. In this group the HAI titres remained constant (80 to 640) up to 32 weeks of age and then steadily declined to 10 to 20 at 44 weeks of age. A linear relationship between HAI titre and virus neutralising index (VNI) was demonstrated with a range of selected sera. Only birds with an HAI titre of 80 or greater resisted artificial challenge. It is recommended that, following B1 vaccination at day-old and K vaccination at seven weeks old, revaccination with K strain should be performed at intervals of not more than seven months.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

[Inactivation of the inductor virus (Newcastle disease virus) during the isolation of porcine leukocyte interferon].

The use of the routine method for inactivation of the inductor virus by acidification of interferon to pH 2.0 resulted in a significant decrease in the antiviral activity of pig leukocytic interferon, since the preparation was highly sensitive to changes in the pH values. The use of 0.1 per cent solution of formalin provided complete inactivation of the virus. The antiviral activity of interferon treated with formalin was on an average 5 times higher than that of the preparation incubated at pH 2.5-2.6. Precipitation of pig interferon with polyethylene glycol promoted both increasing of the titers of the antiviral activity of the preparation and elimination of the formalin residues from it. Interferon prepared with this procedure was not toxic in tissue cultures, had no side effects when applied to the eye mucosa and was absolutely harmless when administered to animals. It was shown that inactivation of the inductor virus with formalin was in principle possible in human leukocytic interferon.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Genetic and phenotypic correlations between antibody responses to Escherichia coli, infectious bursa disease virus (IBDV), and Newcastle disease virus (NDV), in broiler lines selected on antibody response to Escherichia coli.

The genetic control of antibody (Ab) response to Escherichia coli (EC), infectious bursa disease virus, and Newcastle disease virus and the genetic and phenotypic correlation between these Ab responses, were evaluated under farm conditions in which chicks were simultaneously exposed to these antigens. The experimental population comprised five groups: two lines divergently selected for high (HH) or low (LL) Ab response to EC vaccination; a commercial broiler dam-line (CC), from which HH and LL had been derived; and the HH x CC and LL x CC hybrid groups (HC and LC, respectively). Lines LL and HH expressed similar symmetric divergence to all three antigens. The ranking of the LL, LC, CC, HC, and HH genetic groups according to their mean Ab responses and their very high linear correlation with the LL vs. HH genomic scale clearly indicate the additive nature of the genetic divergence between these lines. Several estimates of correlation were calculated between Ab responses of each pair of antigens and between BW and Ab to each antigen. The high correlation between group means, the near-zero within-group correlation, and the low phenotypic correlation indicate the strongly positive genetic correlation between Ab responses and no correlation with BW. The results of this study suggest that overall immunocompetence of commercial broilers can be improved by selection for high Ab response of young chicks to controlled immunization with a single antigen, without counteracting further selection for high BW.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Serological response of chickens to oral vaccination with Newcastle disease virus.

Conventional Newcastle disease vaccines are not suitable for application to village chickens in tropical countries of Asia. Trials with food-based vaccines are being initiated and the following experiments were performed to evaluate oral vaccination with Newcastle disease virus. Experimental chickens were vaccinated orally with the avirulent V4 strain of Newcastle disease virus and haemagglutination-inhibition antibody responses were measured. V4 virus was introduced into the crop by tube and total faecal output was collected daily and assayed for Newcastle disease virus. Virus was recovered on Days 5 and 6 after vaccination from most chickens that had received 10(7.4) and 10(6.4) 50% egg-infectious doses (EID50) of virus. There was no recovery of virus from birds receiving a lower dose of vaccine. Groups of chickens kept in cages with wire floors were given various doses of vaccine into the crop. Higher antibody titres were achieved with higher doses of virus. This dose responsiveness was not observed when various doses of vaccine were presented on food pellets and the groups of chickens were kept on concrete floors. Similar antibody responses were then seen with nominal doses of 10(5.2) and 10(8.2) EID50 per bird, possibly as a result of excretion and re-ingestion of the vaccine virus. Spread of the vaccine virus was demonstrated when control chickens and chickens receiving 10(7.7) EID50 of V4 virus on food pellets were housed together on a concrete floor. Similar antibody titres were achieved in both vaccinated and in-contact chickens.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1986

Genotypic and phenotypic variation of biotypes coexisting in the Hickman strain of Newcastle disease virus.

Many Newcastle disease virus strains are composed of several biotypes which coexist in the wild and in laboratory cultures. We have studied some of the phenotypic and genotypic properties of 6 virus clones from the coexisting biotypes of the Hickman strain of Newcastle disease virus. These clones were readily distinguishable from the parent virus strain and from each other by their RNA fingerprints. Fingerprints of the most virulent clones (Hi/LC, Hi/MC, and Hi/LR) contained 61% to 77% of the oligoribonucleotides present in the fingerprint of the Hickman parent strain. None of the clones killed chickens as rapidly as did the parent strain, although some clones killed embryonating eggs as rapidly as did the parent strain.

Genotype↗
PubMed1966

Application of cell fractionation techniques in the study of cells infected with polyoma virus and Newcastle disease virus.

Fisher, Harold W. (University of Rhode Island, Kingston), Hidemi Matsumiya, and Masanobu Azuma. Application of cell fractionation techniques in the study of cells infected with polyoma virus and Newcastle disease virus. J. Bacteriol. 91:1645-1651. 1966.-Techniques which permitted rigorous separation of nuclei and cytoplasm were applied to the study of the formation of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in an established line of Chinese hamster cells and of polyoma virus (PYV) in mouse embryo fibroblasts. The results obtained for hemagglutinin and plaque-forming titers during virus growth were in agreement with those obtained by others, using different techniques. These indicated that NDV matures in the cytoplasm, and PYV in the nucleus, of host cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

A ten-year follow-up on stage II malignant melanoma patients treated postsurgically with Newcastle disease virus oncolysate.

Newcastle disease virus oncolysate was examined as an adjunctive immunotherapeutic agent in the postsurgical management of 83 cases of Stage II malignant melanoma. At this time, all the patients have been under observation for at least 10 years, and over 60% are alive and free of recurrent disease. Older studies in the United States report postsurgical survival figures for Stage II cases of 5-15%. More contemporary studies indicate a 33% survival at 10 years. The unusual disease-free survival periods in the present study, including exceptional survivals in 21 patients with head and neck disease and six cases with cerebral metastases, suggest a unique role for the administration of Newcastle disease virus oncolysate in the management of Stage II malignant melanoma patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Induction potential of Sendai virus and Newcastle disease virus for human lymphoblastoid interferon production.

Sendai and Newcastle disease viruses were tested for their induction potential in the production of human lymphoblastoid interferon [HuIFN-alpha(Ly)] from Namalva cell cultures. Tests were performed at multiple induction levels, for two induction periods, and on primed and nonprimed cell cultures. Sendai virus proved statistically more effective overall; priming and induction period had no significant effect.

Burkitt Lymphoma↗
PubMed1971

Proteins and glycoproteins of paramyxoviruses: a comparison of simian virus 5, Newcastle disease virus, and Sendai virus.

The polypeptides of three paramyxoviruses (simian virus 5, Newcastle disease virus, and Sendai virus) were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Glycoproteins were identified by the use of radioactive glucosamine as a carbohydrate precursor. The protein patterns reveal similarities among the three viruses. Each virus contains at least five or six proteins, two of which are glycoproteins. Four of the proteins found in each virus share common features with corresponding proteins in the other two viruses, including similar molecular weights. These four proteins are the nucleocapsid protein (molecular weight 56,000 to 61,000), a larger glycoprotein (molecular weight 65,000 to 74,000), a smaller glycoprotein (molecular weight 53,000 to 56,000), and a major protein which is the smallest protein in each virion (molecular weight 38,000 to 41,000).

Acrylates↗
PubMed1995

Brain lesions in chickens experimentally infected with a neuroadapted strain of mesogenic Newcastle disease virus.

Neuroadapted Newcastle disease virus (Q10) was selected by tenth serial passage, in the chicken brain of a mesogenic strain (Q0) originally isolated from quails. Specific pathogen-free birds were inoculated intranasally with one of these viruses. At daily intervals for 7 days and then at 10, 14, and 21 days post-inoculation (PI), two birds from each group were killed and samples of the brain were collected for histopathological and virological examination. Q10 caused severe nonsuppurative encephalitis with nervous signs and high mortality. Lesions characterized by neuronal degeneration and necrosis, perivascular lymphocytic infiltration, and focal or diffuse astrogliosis occurred mainly in the parahippocampal cortex, hippocampus, hyperstriatum, neostriatum, subleptomeningeal and periventricular regions of the cerebrum. Spongy changes with neuronal degeneration and axonal spheroids were also observed in the brain stem of a few cases. The amount of virus in the brain reached a peak on day 4 PI and virus could not be recovered from the brain after 6 days PI. In contrast, Q0 caused nonfatal asymptomatic disease and virus could not be isolated from the brain, sections of which showed only minimal inflammatory changes. This difference in the lesions of the brain might be related to neurovirulence and, neuroadaptation by serial passage may occur by increased efficiency of viral replication in neurons.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Use of a heteroduplex mobility assay to detect differences in the fusion protein cleavage site coding sequence among Newcastle disease virus isolates.

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is an economically important pathogen of poultry that may cause clinical disease that ranges from a mild respiratory syndrome to a virulent form with high mortality, depending on an isolate's pathotype. Infections with virulent NDV strains are required to be reported by member nations to the Office of International Epizootes (OIE). The primary determinant for virulence among NDV isolates is the presence or absence of dibasic amino acids in the fusion (F) protein cleavage activation site. Along with biological virulence determinations as the definitive tests, OIE accepts reporting of the F protein cleavage site sequence of NDV isolates as a virulence criterion. Nucleotide sequence data for many NDV isolates recently isolated from infected chickens and other avian species worldwide have been deposited in GenBank. Consequently, viral genomic information surrounding the F protein cleavage site coding sequence was used to develop a heteroduplex mobility assay (HMA) to aid in further identification of molecular markers as predictors of NDV virulence. Using common vaccine strains as a reference, we were able to distinguish virulent viruses among NDV isolates that correlated with phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequence. This technique was also used to examine NDV isolates not previously characterized. We were able to distinguish vaccine-like viruses from other isolates potentially virulent for chickens. This technique will help improve international harmonization of veterinary biologics as set forth by the OIE and the Veterinary International Cooperation on Harmonization of Technical Requirements of Veterinary Medicinal Products. Ultimately, the HMA could be used for initial screening among a large number of isolates and rapid identification of potentially virulent NDV that continue to threaten commercial poultry worldwide.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2003

Contribution of the length of the HN protein and the sequence of the F protein cleavage site to Newcastle disease virus pathogenicity.

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) possesses two envelope spike glycoproteins: the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein and the fusion (F) protein. The HN protein, which is responsible for virus attachment to sialic acid-containing receptors, varies in length due to differences in the sizes of the ORFs. An HN protein precursor of 616 aa has been found in avirulent but not in virulent NDV strains, whereas an HN protein of 571 aa can be detected in highly virulent strains only. An HN protein of 577 aa is present in virulent and avirulent strains. The F protein, which mediates virus-cell fusion, requires proteolytic activation at an internal cleavage site, whose amino acid composition determines cleavability by various proteases. Here, the functional significance of the length of the HN protein in combination with F protein cleavage sites typical for virulent (velogenic and mesogenic) or avirulent (lentogenic) strains was investigated. To this end, site-directed mutagenesis was used to construct recombinant NDV on the basis of an infectious clone of the lentogenic vaccine virus Clone-30. Only recombinant NDV expressing an F protein with a multibasic cleavage site typical of virulent strains was able to spread efficiently in cell culture, irrespective of the size of the HN protein. Moreover, as determined by the intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI) in 1-day-old, specific-pathogen-free chickens, pathogenicity was influenced by the cleavability of the F protein and not by the length of the HN protein. The maximum ICPI value obtained for these recombinants was 1.3, as compared to a possible maximum of 2. This demonstrates that the modifications introduced did not result in the conversion of the lentogenic Clone-30 to a velogenic strain with an ICPI value of >1.5 and suggests the involvement of additional virulence determinants that contribute to the pathogenicity of NDV.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1976

Radioimmunossay for detection of antigen and antibodies to Newcastle disease virus.

When Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is treated with NP-40 and ether a membrane fraction of 150,000 m.w. is obtained. This fraction which is composed of two polypeptides with m.w. of 56,000 and 76,000 was used in a radioimmunoassay (RIA). The assay was developed for both antigen and antibody and was found to be reproducible, specific, and highly sensitive. Titers of 1:51,200 were determined by RIA as compared to 1:4 by agar gel diffusion and 1:200 by hemaglutination inhibition (HI). As little as 5 ng of viral protein were detected by RIA inhibition technique. Labeled antigen could be stored in the presence of serum, KCI and Triton X-100 at -20 degrees C for as long as 6 weeks and retained similar reactivity as fresh reagent.

Animals↗