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PubMed2004

Prevalence of LMP-1 gene in tonsils and non-neoplastic nasopharynxes by nest-polymerase chain reaction in Taiwan.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to investigate the frequency of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein-1 (LMP-1) in tonsils and non-neoplastic nasopharynxes in Taiwan. METHODS: Nest-polymerase chain reaction (nest-PCR) was used to examine the presence of LMP-1 gene in lymphoid hyperplasia from non-neoplastic tonsillar and nasopharyngeal tissues and in tonsillar cancers. RESULTS: In 152 cases, 64 biopsy tissues were obtained from lymphoid hyperplasia of nasopharynxes, 57 from tonsillectomy of non-neoplastic tonsils, and 31 from tonsillar cancers. LMP-1 was detected in 43.4% of the study group. Nineteen (29.7%) and 29 (50.9%) lymphoid hyperplasias from normal nasopharynxes and tonsils, respectively, and 18 (58.1%) biopsies from tonsillar cancers had positive LMP-1. The 30-base pair (bp) deleted variant was detected in 89.5% and 82.8% of normal nasopharynxes and tonsils, respectively, and in 66.7% of biopsies from tonsillar cancers (p =.198). CONCLUSION: This study found that the 30-bp variant was the predominant type of LMP-1 from a healthy population in Taiwan.

Asian People↗
PubMed2005

High frequency of Alloiococcus otitidis in the nasopharynx and in the middle ear cavity of otitis-prone children.

OBJECTIVE: Colonization of middle ear pathogens is facilitated in the nasopharynx of otitis-prone children, and is associated with the development of otitis media. Recently, a new species of bacterium, Alloiococcus otitidis, is considered as one of the major middle ear pathogens. However, as far as we know, no study has been reported concerning the prevalence of A. otitidis in the nasopharynx of otitis-prone children. And, no study has been conducted on the association of A. otitidis in the nasopharynx with otitis media. METHODS: The frequency of A. otitidis in 83 middle ear effusions (MEE) and 56 nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) specimens from 56 children with otitis media was investigated by culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS: A. otitidis was detected in 24 (28.9%) of MEE and in 6 (10.7%) of NPS specimens. When the frequency was investigated in relation to proneness to otitis media, A. otitidis was detected in 16 (64%) of 25 MEE and in 5 (29.4%) of 17 NPS specimens from otitis-prone children, whereas it was detected in 8 (13.8%) of 58 MEE and in 1 (2.6%) of 39 NPS specimens from non-otitis-prone children. The frequency of A. otitidis in both NPS and MEE specimens was significantly higher in otitis-prone than in non-otitis-prone children. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that colonization of A. otitidis is facilitated in the nasopharynx of otitis-prone children. And, nasopharyngeal colonization of A. otitidis may be associated with the frequency of otitis media.

Child↗
PubMed1987

Breast carcinoma metastatic to the nasopharynx.

A case report of a patient with adenocarcinoma of the breast with metastasis to the nasopharynx is described. The patient presented initially with pulmonary metastasis followed later by metastasis to the left jugulo-digastric lymph nodes. A prominent but asymptomatic nasopharyngeal mass was concomitantly discovered on head and neck examination. Three months later, symptoms of panhypopituitarism developed. Invasion of the base of the skull and pituitary were documented. Patients with adenocarcinoma of the breast and high cervical node metastasis should have a thorough otolaryngologic and head and neck evaluation. Metastatic carcinoma to the nasopharynx is an extremely rare occurrence. Only two cases of bronchogenic carcinoma of the lung and two cases of hypernephroma metastatic to the nasopharynx have been reported in the literature (Bernstein et al., 1966). We present what we believe to be the first case of metastatic adenocarcinoma of the breast to the nasopharynx.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1990

[A simple method for the demonstration of the bacterial spectrum in the nose and the nasopharynx in the infection-free interval in children with adenoid hypertrophy].

The implications of bacterial colonization and distribution patterns in the nasopharynx and nasal cavities of children with adenoidal hypertrophy without clinical signs of acute infection are to be determined. We examined the spectrum and distribution of the facultative pathogenic bacterial flora in nasal cavities and nasopharynx of children with clinical apparent symptoms or signs of adenoid hypertrophy in an infection free interval. Compared with the nasal cavity we found an accumulation of pathogenic bacteria in the nasopharynx. A transnasal single swab from the nasopharynx showed to be the most effectively practical way to detect clinically relevant pathogenic bacteria. A thin flexible calcium-alginate swab was used in our experiments. Swabbing from the anterior nasal cavities proved to be a minor successful diagnostic method.

Adenoids↗
PubMed1989

[MRI of the nasopharynx with Gd-DTPA: its value and differential diagnostic criteria].

81 patients with masses in the nasopharynx were examined by MRI and CT. In cases of primary lesions of the nasopharynx (such as carcinomas and fibromas), MRI with Gd-DTPA was superior to CT. Secondary tumors involving the nasopharynx were visualized equally well with MRI with Gd-DTPA and CT. The results show that MRI should be the primary method of examination in lesions of the nasopharynx. CT is a secondary procedure useful for showing small areas of bone erosion. MRI with the paramagnetic contrast medium Gd-DTPA permits differentiation between inflammatory, cystic and neoplastic masses.

Angiography↗
PubMed2001

Bacteriological findings in nasopharynx specimens from patients with a clinical diagnosis of acute sinusitis.

OBJECTIVE: To study results from bacteriological specimens from nasopharynx in patients with a clinical diagnosis of acute sinusitis in relation to CT findings. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Patients from general practice in Vestfold county, Norway. PATIENTS: 427 patients 15 years and older from two studies with a clinical diagnosis of acute sinusitis, and who were examined with coronal CT scans of the paranasal sinuses. Fluid level or total opacification of any sinus was taken as a hallmark of sinusitis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Bacteriological findings in nasopharynx specimens and proportions of various sinus pathogens in patients with and without sinusitis confirmed by CT. RESULTS: In the study, 252 patients had acute sinusitis and 175 patients did not. In the sinusitis groups, 27% of the patients had Streptococcus pneumonia, 12% had Staphylococcus aureus and 10% had Haemophilus influenzae in their nasopharynx specimens. Forty-five percent of the patients had normal nasal flora or no growth. The strains of Streptococcus pneumonia and Haemophilus influenzae showed high sensitivity to PcV, while the Moraxella strains were resistant to it. CONCLUSION: Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae were the most frequent sinus pathogens found in the nasopharynx specimens, and they were significantly more frequent in the group with confirmed sinusitis. The proportion of specimens with normal nasal flora or no growth was significantly higher in the non-sinusitis group.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1999

Phase variation of lic1A, lic2A and lic3A in colonization of the nasopharynx, bloodstream and cerebrospinal fluid by Haemophilus influenzae type b.

The role of phase variation of lic1A, lic2A and lic3A in the ability of Haemophilus influenzae type b to colonize the nasopharynx, bloodstream and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of infants was investigated. This was achieved by using PCR to determine the number of 5'-CAAT-3' repeats present in each gene, which is indicative of whether each ORF can be expressed. Multiple PCR products of different intensities were amplified from all three genes at each site sampled. This indicated that the nasopharynx, bloodstream and CSF were colonized by a heterogeneous population of organisms, expressing different combinations of lic genes. At each site however, a predominant PCR product was amplified from each gene, indicating that organisms with this genotype were the most abundant. The number of 5'-CAAT-3' repeats in this predominant product varied depending upon whether organisms were isolated from the nasopharynx, bloodstream or CSF. These observations suggest that the expression of different combinations of lic genes may influence the efficiency with which H. influenzae colonizes the nasopharynx, bloodstream and CSF of infant rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Variation in inducibility of cytochrome P-450c and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase in rat liver, lung, kidney, pancreas and nasopharynx.

The effect of 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) treatment on the cytochrome P-450c content of various rat tissues was examined by measuring the level of immunodetectable P-450c in conjunction with its aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity. Immunoblots revealed that P-450d was induced in the nasopharynx and pancreas in addition to its previously reported induction in the liver, lung and kidney. In contrast to P-450c, induction of the immunorelated P-450d was observed only in the liver. The specific content of immunodetected P-450c in the tissue homogenates decreased in the order: liver, nasopharynx, pancreas, lung, kidney. The corresponding AHH activities decreased in the order: liver, kidney, lung, nasopharynx, pancreas. The ratio of AHH activity to P-450c content varied widely among tissues: ratios of 37.2:1.7:0.47:0.04:0.02 were obtained for the kidney, liver, lung, nasopharynx and pancreas, respectively. The absence of a direct relationship between the levels of AHH and P-450c indicates that the extrahepatic activity may partially derive from P-450 forms other than P-450c and/or the specific activity of P-450c varies among different tissues.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Bacterial flora in the nasopharynx and nasal cavity of healthy young men.

The bacterial flora of the nose and nasopharynx was studied in 86 healthy young men. Common pathogens (Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae) were isolated from only 6% of all 172 nasal cavities. The same pathogens were isolated from 27% of 86 nasopharyngeal samples. H. influenzae dominated over S. pneumoniae both in the nose and the nasopharynx. No culture either from the nose or nasopharynx grew Streptococcus pyogenes. Potentially pathogenic bacteria, non-group-A hemolytic streptococci and various groups of Neisseria meningitidis were isolated from the nasopharynx in 20% of the subjects. According to the present study healthy adults do not carry group-A hemolytic streptococci in the nose and seldom if ever in the pharynx. Thus, isolation of S. pyogenes by bacterial culture is suggestive of a bacterial infection by this agent at these sites. Isolation of hemolytic streptococci other than group A from the pharynx does not necessarily indicate bacterial infection, and the same holds true for H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

A longitudinal study of the growth of the nasopharynx and its contents in normal children.

The areas of the nasopharynx and its contents have been measured on the lateral cephalometric radiographs of 41 normal children who had been examined at yearly intervals for a minimum of 12 years between the ages of three and 19. The means and standard deviations of the areas of the nasopharynx, the soft tissues and the airway have been calculated for each year from three to 11 and for alternate years to age 19. The size and shape of the soft tissues of individual children are shown to vary from year to year, and the anterior convexity changes to a concave shape with maturity. The soft tissues appear to grow more rapidly from three to five than does the nasopharynx, with a consequent decrease in size of the airway at this period. Subsequently the soft tissue area remains relatively constant whilst the nasopharynx increases in size so that the airway progressively enlarges. There is a significant difference between the sexes in nasopharyngeal area from 13 onwards (p less than 0.005).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Detection of Alloiococcus otitidis in the nasopharynx and in the outer ear canal.

Alloiococcus otitidis has been recovered from the middle ear of children with otitis media with effusion, but its natural habitat is not known. To determine whether the nasopharynx and the outer ear canals are the natural habitats of A. otitidis, 145 swabs (50, nasopharynx; 95 outer ear canal) collected from 50 children were screened by polymerase chain reaction. A. otitidis DNA was detected in seven (4.8%) of the 145 specimens, of which four were nasopharynx, and three outer ear canal. These results indicate that the nasopharynx and outer ear canal may be the body sites for localization of A. otitidis.

Child↗
PubMed1992

[Bacterial adhesion to epithelial cells of the nasopharynx essential in the development of otitis media].

Otitis media develops when certain bacterial pathogens gain access to the middle ear cavity from the nasopharynx through the eustachian tube. Adhesion of bacteria, in particular Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae, to the non-ciliated epithelial cells of the nasopharynx, close to the opening of the eustachian tube, is significantly correlated to the otitis-prone condition in children. Otitis-prone children have significantly fewer bacteria in the nasopharynx coated with the immunoglobulin secretory IgA (SigA) then healthy children have. Adhesion and occurrence of middle ear pathogens in the nasopharynx decreases with advancing age. Epstein-Barr virus, causative agent of infectious mononucleosis, causes a remarkable increase in bacterial adhesion to epithelial cells.

Bacterial Adhesion↗
PubMed1986

An anatomical and endoscopic study of the nasopharynx and larynx of the donkey (Equus asinus).

Using histological techniques, anatomical dissection, fibre optic endoscopy and radiography, the nasopharynx and larynx of the donkey were examined and described. Compared with horses, donkeys have a much deeper pharyngeal recess extending 4.0-6.0 cm caudally from a constricted orifice, through which it communicates with the nasopharynx. Movements of the membranous lining of the recess reflect pressure changes in the upper airways. A shallow, thumb shaped depression on the rostral face of each vocal fold corresponds in position to the lateral ventricle in the horse. In the donkey, large paired laryngeal saccules, interposed between the thyroarytenoideus muscle and the thyroid cartilage, open into the laryngeal cavity through small circular orifices near the rostroventral extremity of the vestibular folds. The large thyroarytenoideus muscle is subdivided into vestibular and vocal parts, which are thought to control the expression of secretion from the laryngeal saccules. The unusual characteristics of vocalisation in the donkey may be related to the shape and orientation of the resonance chambers of the upper airways. In comparison with the horse, the asinine nasopharynx is markedly constricted in its middle part and the laryngeal airway has a more acute angulation relative to the nasopharynx. Vocalisation in the donkey was observed to have an inspiratory and an expiratory component.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

[Relations between the nasopharynx, eustachian tube distance and maxillary shape].

The results of measurements of the impressions of palate and nasopharynx are compared. While choanes, anterior and medial nasopharynx grow in relation to age, the posterior width correlates with measurements of the maxilla, especially with the distance of molars and premolars. This means that in persons with wide maxillary dimensions, a wide nasopharynx can be expected. This fact may influence the indication for tubal therapy and otosurgery, since a narrow nasopharynx implies poor conditions for the aeration of the Eustachian tube.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Maxillary swing approach for resection of tumors in and around the nasopharynx.

The efficacy of the anterolateral approach to the nasopharynx and its vicinity was evaluated. Using this maxillary swing approach, we have removed tumors in and around the nasopharyngeal region in 26 patients. Among them, 18 suffered from recurrent primary nasopharyngeal carcinoma after external radiotherapy, three patients had chordoma, two had schwannoma, one had adenocarcinoma of the nasopharynx, and one had malignant fibrous histiocytoma. The last patient had a recurrent deep-lobe parotid gland tumor localized in the paranasopharyngeal space. The facial wounds in all 26 patients healed primarily with no evidence of necrosis of the maxilla. Seven patients developed palatal fistula, five of them subsequently healed, whereas one patient required surgical closure and one had to wear a dental plate. This group of patients was followed up from 4 to 42 months (median, 15 months). Among the 18 patients with recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma, five had local recurrence, four died of other conditions, and nine of them are still alive with no evidence of disease. This gives an actuarial control of tumor in the nasopharynx of 42% at 3.5 years. In the eight patients remaining, one died of recurrent chordoma, two are alive with recurrent disease, and five are free of disease. Exposure of the nasopharynx and the paranasopharyngeal space is possible using the anterolateral approach. The associated morbidity is low.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1995

Basaloid-squamous carcinoma of the nasopharynx. An Epstein-Barr virus-associated neoplasm compared with morphologically identical tumors occurring in other sites.

BACKGROUND: Basaloid-squamous carcinoma is a newly characterized, highly aggressive neoplasm occurring mostly in the base of tongue, hypopharynx, larynx, and esophagus. Its occurrence in the nasopharynx is rare. METHODS: The clinicopathologic features of three cases of basaloid-squamous carcinoma of the nasopharynx are described and were studied for the presence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) by in situ hybridization for EBV-encoded small nuclear RNA (EBER). For comparison, basaloid-squamous carcinomas occurring in other sites also were studied for the presence of EBV. RESULTS: EBER was detected in all 3 cases of basaloid-squamous carcinoma occurring in the nasopharynx, but in none of the 13 cases from other sites including the esophagus, larynx, pharynx, hypopharynx, and nasal cavity. The nasopharyngeal basaloid-squamous carcinomas occurred in two male and one female patients with an age range of 48-70 years. The serum immunoglobulin A against the EBV-viral capsid antigen was elevated in all three cases. Two patients developed cervical lymph node involvement during the course of the disease. All three patients were treated by radiotherapy and survived for longer than 34 months compared with the average reported median survival of approximately 2 years for basaloid-squamous carcinomas occurring in the usual sites. CONCLUSION: Based on this limited study, basaloid-squamous carcinoma occurring in the nasopharynx appears to be an EBV-associated neoplasm, whereas the same tumor occurring in other sites is not. The prognosis is potentially better for patients with nasopharyngeal basaloid-squamous carcinoma, which appears to be pathogenetically and biologically more related to the much more common nasopharyngeal undifferentiated carcinoma.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

[Absorbed dose evaluation of thyroid during nasopharynx and breast carcinoma irradiation by in vivo dosimetry].

AIMS: The thyroid dysfunction after radiotherapy has led to evaluate the dose received by thyroid during nasopharynx and breast carcinoma irradiation. This evaluation was facilitated by in vivo dosimetry. The aims of this work were to evaluate the thyroid dose and to compare released dose at the reference point in the two localizations. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 30 patients were evaluated: 18 patients with nasopharynx carcinoma and 12 patients with breast carcinoma were included in the final analysis. In the first group, the total thyroid but the isthmus was irradiated. On the other hand, in the second group, only one thyroid lobe was included into the target volume. All patients have been treated by gamma rays of cobalt 60 and the thyroid absorbed dose was measured by semiconductor dosimeters (Scanditronix DPD6). These dosimeters were calibrated in the same geometric conditions of the irradiation. RESULTS: The measured absorbed dose of the thyroid parenchyma was equal to the calculated absorbed dose at the target that has been specified at a depth of -3 cm. Under the block, the isthmus received 5.1 +/- 0.9 Gy (9.9 +/- 1.8%) in nasopharynx carcinoma irradiation. However, in breast carcinoma irradiation, the distal thyroid lobe and the isthmus received 2.9 +/- 0.7 Gy (6.55 +/- 1.56%) and 3.69 +/- 0.77 (8.39 +/- 1.76%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that the thyroid received a dose equal to the prescribed dose in both nasopharynx and breast cancer patients. It is recommended to follow the function of the thyroid gland in these patients.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Carcinoma of the nasopharynx in children.

Seven children with carcinoma of the nasopharynx have been treated and followed for five years. In this group of patients there were no cranial nerve palsies or radiographic evidence of destruction of the base of the skull. Four of the seven patients are living and well. The development of lymphoepithelioma in two siblings is of great interest from an environmental and genetic point of view. The older sibling developed the clinical manifestations of the tumor at 12 years of age and four years later the younger sibling developed them at 14 years of age. The possible etiologic relationship of carcinoma of the nasopharynx to the Epstein-Barr virus is discussed. The good survival rate in these patients under 21 years of age suggests that the prognosis in carcinoma of the nasopharynx is better in the younger age group than in adults. The management of these patients illustrates that carcinoma of the nasopharynx should be managed as a regional rather than a systemic disease. Systemic drug therapy is sometimes advocated because of confusion over the name lymphoepithelioma on the assumption that these tumors are more related to lymphomas and lymphosarcomas than carcinomas. It is clear that lymphoepitheliomas should be managed as carcinomas.

Adolescent↗