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PubMed2003

Comparative assessment of an Og4C3 ELISA and an ICT filariasis test: a study of Myanmar migrants in Thailand.

Detection of circulating filarial antigen has now emerged as an alternative method for the diagnosis of bancroftian filariasis. We compared two antigen detection assays, an Og4C3 ELISA and an ICT (immunochromatography) Filariasis test, for the diagnosis of Wuchereria bancrofti infections in migrant Myanmar workers in Tak province, Western Thailand. A total of 337 Myanmars participated in this study. The microfilarial rate was 3.3%. The Og4C3 ELISA could detect 19.1% of bancroftian filariasis while the ICT test detected 12.7%. Both antigen assays could detect all microfilaremics. The Og4C3 ELISA detected 14.8% of amicrofilaremics while the ICT test identified 8.1%. Those who were positive for the ICT test were also positive by the Og4C3 ELISA. Those Og4C3 positive cases, that were ICT negative (ICT-ve/Og4C3+ve) had statistically significant (p < 0.05, unpaired t-test) lower Og4C3 antigen levels (409.5 units, range 117-2,389) than those that were ICT positive (ICT+ve/Og4C3+ve) (5,252.0 units, range 130-28,062). Our results emphasize the problem of bancroftian filariasis in Myanmar migrants working in Thailand. Close monitoring and control of this disease in Myanmar migrants are of public health importance. Antigen detection systems are promising tools for the surveillance of bancroftian filariasis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Cigarette, alcohol use and physical activity among Myanmar youth workers, Samut Sakhon Province, Thailand.

Over 1.2 million migrants from Myanmar are currently residing in Thailand. Little information is known about Myanmar youth risk behaviors. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the prevalence and the factors associated with cigarette and alcohol use, and physical inactivity, among Myanmar youth working in a harbor town in Samut Sakhon Province, Thailand. One hundred and seventy-seven young workers aged 15-24 years, living in the study area, were interviewed by structured questionnaire. About 21.5% were current smokers, 25.4% were alcohol drinkers, and 36.7% were physically inactive. Univariate analysis indicated one variable was significantly associated with cigarette smoking: education level higher than primary school (OR=2.3, 95% CI 1.02-5.0), Three variables were significantly associated with alcohol drinking: married status (OR=2.2, 95%CI 1.02-4.5); non-seafood-processing workers, i e, street vendors, construction laborers, etc. (OR=3.4, 95% CI 1.7-7.1), and high job stress due to supervisor/boss (OR=2.1 95% CI 1.1-4.2). Two variables were significantly associated with physical inactivity: female youth (OR=3.9 95% CI 2.1-7.5), and education level higher than primary school (OR=0.4, 95% CI 0.2-0.8). The prevalence of smoking, alcohol drinking and physical inactivity among Myanmar migrant youths was quite high. Government and non-government organizations should co-operate to provide interventions to reduce youths' risk behaviors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

In vitro susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Myanmar to antimalarial drugs.

In vitro drug susceptibility profiles were assessed in 75 Plasmodium falciparum isolates from 4 sites in Myanmar. Except at Mawlamyine, the site closest to the Thai border, prevalence and degree of resistance to mefloquine were lower among the Myanmar isolates as compared with those from Thailand. Geometric mean concentration that inhibits 50% (IC50) and 90% (IC90) of Mawlamyine isolates were 51 nM (95% confidence interval [CI], 40-65) and 124 nM (95% CI, 104-149), respectively. At the nearest Thai site, Maesod, known for high-level multidrug resistance, the corresponding values for mefloquine IC50 and IC90 were 92 nM (95% CI, 71-121) and 172 nM (95% CI, 140-211). Mefloquine susceptibility of P. falciparum in Myanmar, except for Mawlamyine, was consistent with clinical-parasitological efficacy in semi-immune people. High sensitivity to artemisinin compounds was observed in this geographical region. The data suggest that highly mefloquine-resistant P. falciparum is concentrated in a part of the Thai-Myanmar border region.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

A wider molecular spectrum of beta-thalassaemia in Myanmar.

Two hundred and nine beta-thalassaemia (beta-Thal) alleles of 158 unrelated Myanmar patients (107 HbE-beta-Thal; 51 beta-Thal major) were analysed for beta-globin gene mutations. Amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) characterized six beta-thal mutations known to Myanmar [betaIVSI-1(G-->T), codon 41/42(-TCTT), betaIVSI-5(G-->C), codon 17(A-->T), betaIVS II-654(C-->T), and -28 Cap (A-->G)] in 166/209 (79.4%) alleles. DNA sequencing of 24 alleles from 43 ARMS-negative samples (20.6%) identified an additional 12 new mutations, to produce a total of 18 different mutations. Nineteen alleles (9.1%) remained for further characterization. The molecular spectrum of Myanmar beta-Thal is wider and more heterogeneous than previously reported.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Promoting household food and nutrition security in Myanmar.

Myanmar has a policy of promoting food and nutrition security and, at the national level, food production is more than that required to meet the country's needs. Nevertheless, food and nutrition surveillance has revealed that malnutrition still exists in the country, despite economic growth and national food self-sufficiency. The National Plan of Action for Food and Nutrition, formulated in 1994 and adopted in 1995, accorded priority to household food and nutrition security. Accordingly, in 1996, in partnership with the World Health Organization (WHO), the National Nutrition Centre embarked on a study of household food and nutrition security in Myanmar. A preliminary situation analysis revealed that transitional changes in the economic, demographic and social sectors have driven dramatic changes in people's lifestyles, behaviour and practices and that these changes affect food and nutrition security. The present paper explores household and intrahousehold determinants of nutrition problems in Myanmar.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Female sex work in Yangon, Myanmar.

BACKGROUND: Myanmar (Burma), with an upper estimate of 400,000 people living with HIV/AIDS, faces a dangerous and potentially devastating epidemic. Female sex workers in the country are one of the most affected populations, with high prevalence rates of both HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). METHODS: A qualitative study was undertaken in Yangon at the end of 2002 to investigate the social and demographic features contributing to the transmission of HIV among female sex workers in urban Myanmar. Twenty-seven key informants from the government, non-government organisations (NGOs), international non-government organisations (INGOs), private sector and the United Nations system agencies and 25 women currently working in the sex trade were interviewed. RESULTS: The sex trade in Yangon is rapidly growing and is characterised by a high degree of complexity. The number of female sex workers is estimated to be between 5,000 and 10,000 and there are approximately 100 brothels operating in various townships around the city. Nearly one-third of the women in the study reported previous imprisonment for offences related to sex work as well as fear of harassment, sexual exploitation, violence and gang rape. Almost half reported using condoms with clients at all times. Contradicting views exist as to the level of awareness about STIs and HIV among Yangon sex workers, with the majority never having been tested for HIV. Only one-quarter of women were regular patients of the limited number of STI clinics operated by INGOs. CONCLUSIONS: Female sex workers in Myanmar remain a highly marginalised group almost inaccessible due to a variety of legal, political, cultural and social factors and are particularly vulnerable to HIV and STIs. It is important to encourage partnerships between INGOs by promoting service coordination and information sharing to increase the availability of services for sex workers and to build political support for an unpopular cause.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Primate postcrania from the late middle Eocene of Myanmar.

Fossil primates have been known from the late middle to late Eocene Pondaung Formation of Myanmar since the description of Pondaungia cotteri in 1927. Three additional primate taxa, Amphipithecus mogaungensis, Bahinia pondaungensis and Myanmarpithecus yarshensis, were subsequently described. These primates are represented mostly by fragmentary dental and cranial remains. Here we describe the first primate postcrania from Myanmar, including a complete left humerus, a fragmentary right humerus, parts of left and right ulnae, and the distal half of a left calcaneum, all representing one individual. We assign this specimen to a large species of Pondaungia based on body size and the known geographic distribution and diversity of Myanmar primates. Body weight estimates of Pondaungia range from 4,000 to 9,000 g, based on humeral length, humeral midshaft diameter, and tooth area by using extant primate regressions. The humerus and ulna indicate that Pondaungia was capable of a wide variety of forelimb movements, with great mobility at the shoulder joint. Morphology of the distal calcaneus indicates that the hind feet were mobile at the transverse tarsal joint. Postcrania of Pondaungia present a mosaic of features, some shared in common with notharctine and adapine adapiforms, some shared with extant lorises and cebids, some shared with fossil anthropoids, and some unique. Overall, Pondaungia humeral and calcaneal morphology is most consistent with that of other known adapiforms. It does not support the inclusion of Pondaungia in Anthropoidea.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Emergence of new forms of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 intersubtype recombinants in central Myanmar.

We have previously shown that HIV-1 env subtypes B' (a Thai-B cluster within subtype B) and E (CRF01_AE) are distributed in Yangon, the capital city of Myanmar. However, HIV strains from the rest of country have not yet been genetically characterized. In the present study, we determined env (C2/V3) and gag (p17) subtypes of 25 specimens from central Myanmar (Mandalay). Phylogenetic analyses identified 5 subtype C (20%), in addition to 10 CRF01_AE (40%) and 4 subtype B' (16%). Interestingly, the remaining six specimens (24%) showed discordance between gag and env subtypes; three gag subtype B'/env subtype C, one gag subtype B'/env subtype E, one gag subtype C/env subtype B', and one gag subtype C/env subtype E. These discordant specimens were found frequently among injecting drug users (4 of 12, 33%) and female commercial sex workers (2 of 8, 25%) engaging in high-risk behaviors. The recombinant nature of these HIV-1 strains was verified in three specimens, indicating the presence of new forms of HIV-1 intersubtype C/B' and C/B'/E recombinants with different recombination breakpoints. The data suggest that multiple subtypes of B', C, and CRF01_AE are cocirculating in central Myanmar, leading to the evolution of new forms of intersubtype recombinants among the risk populations exhibiting one of the highest HIV infection rates in the region.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

A case-control study of the effectiveness of BCG vaccine for preventing leprosy in Yangon, Myanmar.

BACKGROUND: Five randomized trials, a follow-up study, and six case-control investigations of BCG vaccine's effectiveness (VE) for preventing leprosy have been conducted internationally, with widely varying estimates of VE. Because of the difficulty of generalizing from disparate results, local estimates of VE are needed for health planning purposes and are currently particularly relevant, given the World Health Organization's (WHO) goal to eliminate leprosy by the year 2000. METHODS: We conducted a case-control study in Yangon, Myanmar. Residents of Yangon between the ages of 6 years and 24 years who were listed in the National Leprosy Registry as being on active treatment for leprosy between December 1992 and April 1993 were eligible to participate in the study as cases. Control subjects were matched to the cases on age, sex, and neighbourhood. RESULTS: One or more doses of BCG were associated with a VE of 66%. The results show a significant trend of increasing VE with increasing number of BCG doses (one dose, VE = 55%; two doses, VE = 68%; three doses, VE = 87%). One dose of BCG vaccine appeared to provide protection substantially higher than that found in an earlier vaccine trial in Myanmar, but consistent with results from case-control studies in other countries. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that BCG reduces the risk of leprosy in Myanmar, and that BCG vaccination of infants, along with early case-finding and treatment, should be considered an important part of the leprosy intervention strategy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Oral cancer and pre-cancer in Myanmar: a short review.

Cancer in Myanmar is one of the 10 leading causes of morbidity and mortality. In 1974, the Yangon Cancer Registry was established. From 1974 to 2001 a total of 85 298 cancer cases were registered. From 1963 to 1972 the average annual incidence rate of oral cancer was calculated to be 363 per 100 000 population. The tongue was mostly affected (31.2%). In one study, the prevalence of oral leukoplakia was 1.7%, erythroplakia 0.1%, and submucous fibrosis 0.1%. No epidemiologic studies of the prevalence of betel quid chewing (BQC) in Myanmar have been performed. One study showed that among 773 individuals over the age of 6 years, 46.4% were habitual smokers. A recent symposium on oral health stressed the necessity to introduce concepts of prevention, focusing on BQC habits and smoking as high-risk factors for oral cancer and pre-cancer in Myanmar.

Areca↗
PubMed2001

Molecular characteristic-based epidemiology of hepatitis B, C, and E viruses and GB virus C/hepatitis G virus in Myanmar.

We carried out a molecular characteristic-based epidemiological survey of various hepatitis viruses, including hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis E virus (HEV), and GB virus C (GBV-C)/hepatitis G virus (HGV), in Myanmar. The study population of 403 subjects consisted of 213 healthy individuals residing in the city of Yangon, Myanmar, and the surrounding suburbs and 190 liver disease patients (155 virus-related liver disease patients and 35 nonviral disease patients). The infection rates of the viruses among the 213 healthy subjects were as follows: 8% for HBV (16 patients), 2% for HCV (4 patients), and 8% for GBV-C/HGV (17 patients). In contrast, for 155 patients with acute hepatitis, chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, or hepatocellular carcinoma, the infection rates were 30% for HBV (46 patients), 27% for HCV (41 patients), and 11% for GBV-C/HGV (17 patients). In the nonviral liver disease group of 35 patients with alcoholic liver disease, fatty liver, liver abscess, and biliary disease, the infection rates were 6% for HBV (2 patients), 20% for HCV (7 patients), and 26% for GBV-C/HGV (9 patients). The most common viral genotypes were type C of HBV (77%), type 3b of HCV (67%), and type 2 of GBV-C/HGV (67%). Moreover, testing for HEV among 371 subjects resulted in the detection of anti-HEV immunoglobulin G (IgG) in 117 patients (32%). The age prevalence of anti-HEV IgG was 3% for patients younger than 20 years and 30% or more for patients 20 years of age or older. Furthermore, a high prevalence of anti-HEV IgG (24%) was also found in swine living together with humans in Yangon. These results suggest that these hepatitis virus infections are widespread in Myanmar and have led to a high incidence of acute and chronic liver disease patients in the region.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Analysis of HCV genotypes from blood donors shows three new HCV type 6 subgroups exist in Myanmar.

The prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes in Myanmar in comparison with the rest of Southeast Asia is not well known. Serum samples were obtained from 201 HCV antibody-positive volunteer blood donors in and around the Myanmar city of Yangon. Of these, the antibody titers of 101 samples were checked by serial dilution using HCV antibody PA test II and Terasaki microplate as a low-cost method. To compare antibody titers by this method and RNA identification, we also checked HCV-RNA using the Amplicor 2.0 test. Most high-titer groups were positive for HCV-RNA. Of the 201 samples, 110 were successfully polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplified. Among them, 35 (31.8%) were of genotype 1, 52 (47.3%) were of genotype 3, and 23 (20.9%) were of type 6 variants, and phylogenetic analysis of these type 6 variants revealed that 3 new type 6 subgroups exist in Myanmar. We named the subgroups M6-1, M6-2, and M6-3. M6-1 and M6-2 were relatively close to types 8 and 9, respectively. M6-3, though only found in one sample, was a brand-new subgroup. These subtypes were not seen in Vietnam, where type 6 group variants are widely spread. These findings may be useful for analyzing how and when these subgroups were formed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Leprosy elimination through integrated basic health services in Myanmar: the role of midwives.

Myanmar is one of the top 16 countries identified by WHO as being hyperendemic for leprosy. Multi-drug therapy (MDT) was introduced in 1988 as a vertical programme and gradually integrated into the basic health services (BHS), achieving 100% coverage over the registered cases by 1995. To achieve maximum coverage of and benefit for patients, both leprosy vertical staff and BHS staff were trained to implement MDT whilst performing routine BHS activities. This included a total of 8615 trained midwives who were mobilized for the nationwide leprosy elimination programme (LEP). They worked at village level in various parts of the country and were willing and able to carry out basic tasks in leprosy management, such as the implementation of MDT using blister-calender packs carrying a month's supply of drugs. This study was performed to assess the workload of midwives and their attitude towards LEP. The authors conclude that midwives in Myanmar show a high level of commitment and reliability, which are essential contributing factors to achieve the current goal of leprosy elimination by the year 2000. Along with the present trend of decreasing prevalence rate, leprosy could no longer be considered as a public health problem at national level by the year 2000 in Myanmar. However, because of its long incubation period, new leprosy patients may arise even after the elimination target is achieved, whilst many other patients may become disabled. A community-based sustainable approach for the post-elimination phase, after the year 2000, will be essential and the contribution of the midwives may be of considerable importance.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Therapeutic efficacy of anti-malarials in Plasmodium falciparum malaria in an Indo-Myanmar border area of Arunachal Pradesh.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Malaria is one of the major public health problems in the north eastern region of India. Antimalarial drug resistance is widespread and one of the important causes of recent resurgence of falciparum malaria in this region. Antimalarial drugs are seen to be used sequentially one after another in many areas of the region, when therapeutic failure is observed with a drug. In view of this, the present study was undertaken to assess the therapeutic efficacy of common antimalarial drugs viz., chloroquine, sulfadoxine+pyrimethamine (S-P) and quinine, administered sequentially to the patients with Plasmodium falciparum infection in a Myanmar bordering area of Arunachal Pradesh. METHODS: A hospital based in vivo study was carried out with 53 patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria. All patients were first treated with chloroquine and therapeutic efficacy assessed. In case of therapeutic failure of chloroquine combination drug (S-P) was given and those showing failure with S-P combination, oral quinine was administered and followed up for 28 days to assess both clinical and parasitological responses. RESULTS: Therapeutic failure was observed with chloroquine in 83.1 per cent (44 of 53) and to both chloroquine and S-P combination drug in 44.1 per cent (19/43) patients. Further, 15.8 per cent patients (3 of 19) failed to respond even to quinine. Overall, 5.7 per cent patients (3 of 53) showed unresponsiveness to all the three drugs i.e., chloroquine, S-P combination and quinine. Asexual parasite clearance and also fever clearance was slowest with chloroquine and fastest with quinine. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: The findings of this study show the presence of multi drug failure P. falciparum in Jairampur-Nampong, a western Myanmar bordering area of Arunachal Pradesh. Anti malarial drug resistance is increasing in Indo-Myanmar border areas and systematic studies need to be done to review the situation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Wuchereria bancrofti antigenemia clearance among Myanmar migrants after biannual mass treatments with diethylcarbamazine, 300 mg oral-dose FILADEC tablet, in Southern Thailand.

Using qualitative ICT Filariasis and quantitative Og4C3 ELISA, we assessed a long-term macrofilaricidal effect of two-year biannual mass treatments with a 300 mg oral-dose FILADEC tablet, a reformulation of 6 mg/kg diethylcarbamazine (DEC), on clearance of the Wuchereria bancrofti adult worm circulating filarial antigens (CFA) in Myanmar migrants, at risk of emergence of imported bancroftian filariasis in Southern Thailand. Of the 34 antigenemic Myanmar index cases of varying initial CFA levels, who were initially screened out with the ICT Filariasis, 13 index cases were follow-up treated and monitored at the DEC post treatments, 6, 12, and 18 months. At the 18-month post treatment, residual antigenemias (%) in 4 of 5 index cases (group 1) with high antigen titers (99.7-181.6 x 10(3) AU/ml) were 54.44%, 33.58%, 27.43%, and 9.97%. Significant decreases of the CFA levels in only 3 out of 5 index cases were affected by the response to DEC treatments (p < 0.007). The treatment effects on clearance of the CFA in 8 index cases (group II) with low antigen titers (15.4-37.2 x 10(3) AU/ml) were shown for at least 6 months post DEC treatment and hence had 100% efficacy in the first 6 months of the first year of year round treatment. Group I, was more likely to show an increase of the DEC efficacy after the first 6 months of the second year round treatment, but there was no statistically significant difference (p = 0.063). We reemphasized that, for use in the national program to eliminate lymphatic filariasis (PELF) in Thailand, such a DEC regimen had a macrofilaricidal effect on antigenemia clearance, and confirmed its value in evaluating response to the treatment and monitoring the long-term efficacy of the DEC regimen in W. bancrofti adult worm burden reductions in Myanmar migrants on a wide scale.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Common alpha-thalassemia deletions in transfusion-dependent thalassemia patients in the Southeast Asia region of Myanmar.

Screening of 3 common alpha-thalassemia (thal) deletions (-alpha3.7, -alpha4.2 and --SEA) in Southeast Asia was done by polymerase chain reaction in 170 unrelated Myanmar thal patients receiving transfusions. Thal deletions were detected in 27 patients (15.9%) as: (1) alpha-thal-2 (-alpha3.7/alphaalpha) in 12 heterozygous or hemoglobin (Hb) E-beta-thal cases; (2) alpha-thal-1 in 7 patients (2-alpha3.7/-alpha3.7 and 5 --SEA/alphaalpha); and (3) Hb H (-alpha3.7/--SEA) in 8 patients. The latter 15 alpha-thal-1 and Hb H patients had no beta-thal mutations and represented 8.8% of the overall patients seeking transfusion for refractory anemia in Myanmar. This is the first description of alpha-thal in Myanmar from the molecular aspect, and its clinical and racial heterogeneity are described and discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

National anti-tuberculosis drug resistance survey, 2002, in Myanmar.

SETTING: Thirty townships of Myanmar. OBJECTIVES: To determine the proportions of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) in new and previously treated pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) cases in Myanmar. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. Drug susceptibility was tested by the proportion method at the National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Yangon. RESULTS: Of 874 TB patients included from 30 sites, 849 isolates obtained from individual patients (733 from new cases and 116 from previously treated cases) were tested for susceptibility to four primary anti-tuberculosis drugs. Of 733 isolates tested from new TB patients, 10% were resistant to any one of the anti-tuberculosis drugs, 6.5% to isoniazid (INH), 4.6% to rifampicin (RMP) and 4.0% were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Of the 116 previously treated patients, 30.2% were resistant to any one of the drugs, 26.7% to INH, 15.5% to RMP and 15.5% were MDR. Previous anti-tuberculosis treatment of more than 1 month was strongly associated with the development of MDR-TB (adjusted OR 4.8, 95% CI 2.5-9.1). CONCLUSION: The first national drug resistance survey in Myanmar revealed 4% and 15.5% MDR-TB among new and retreatment cases, respectively. Previous antituberculosis treatment was an important risk factor for MDR-TB. Continuous monitoring of drug resistance trends is needed

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Efficacy of a single-dose treatment with 300 mg diethylcarbamazine and a combination of 400 mg albendazole in reduction of Wuchereria bancrofti antigenemia and concomitant geohelminths in Myanmar migrants in Southern Thailand.

BACKGROUND: There seems to be a large magnitude of parasitic worm loads caused by nocturnally periodic Wuchereria bancrofti and geohelminths, in cross-border Myanmar migrant workers in Thailand. We are therefore considering an effective Mass Drug Administration (MDA) with Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) and Albendazole (ABZ). Due to short periods of their residency and current situation of W. bancrofti antigenemics and concomitant geohelminths, treatment effects on the containment of the infections need to be analyzed. OBJECTIVES: Analyze short-term effects on reduction of W. bancrofti antigen (WbAg) and geohelminths' egg (GhE) loads. The efficacy of a single-dose combined treatment with 300 mg DEC (for filariasis) and 400 mg ABZ (for helminthiasis) was evaluated and compared with a single-dose treatment arm with 300 mg DEC alone. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A randomized clinical trial of two treatment choices in 28 Myanmar male workers (DEC/ABZ or group I = 15, DEC or group II = 13) was conducted in Phang Nga province, Southern Thailand. Because of the withdrawal of three subjects of the DEC group, all the 10 DEC subjects were follow-up monitored at post treatment 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Their mean age was 26.4 years; worm loads (mean +/- SD x 10(3)) of W. bancrofti, Ascaris and Trichuris was 103.9 +/- 44.1 antigen units (AU)/ml, 47.3 +/- 38.7 eggs per gram (EPG) and 16.6 +/- 22.2 EPG respectively. The data on the 15 DEC/ABZ subjects showed a mean age of 25.7 years; corresponding worm loads = 96.1 +/- 54.6 AU/ml, 397.0 +/- 117.3 EPG and 54.5 +/- 42.8 EPG respectively. The Antigen Reduction Rates (ARR) and Egg Reduction Rates (ERR) were presented. RESULTS: At the 12-week post treatment, WbAg loads (mean +/- SD x 10(3) AU/ml) were 61.5 +/- 58.4 for group I and 76.8 +/- 40.7 for group II. A significant WbAg reduction was noted for both groups at weeks 8 and 12 (p < 0.05). Also, the significant reduction of GhE loads was more pronounced for both groups after week 2 (p < 0.05). When comparing efficacy of the treatment choices by the treatment retention time, it was more likely to show both groups had similar adulticidal effects on either WbAg, denoted as the ARR (F = 0. 064, p = 0.806) or GhE, denoted as the ERR (F = 0.196, p = 0.669). CONCLUSION: The single-dose 300 mg DEC plus 400 mg ABZ, or 300 mg DEC alone, can be effectively used for treating infections with W. bancrofti and concomitant geohelminths commonly observed in the area. But treatment rounds are required to clear the infections. The reduction of the parasitic worm loads in the legal Myanmar migrants provide values in monitoring and evaluating an effective MDA program with the DEC/ABZ at the provincial level.

Adult↗