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PubMed2006

Pathogenicity of three formulations of entomopathogenic fungi for control of adult Haematobia irritans (Diptera: Muscidae).

Powder formulations of three species of entomopathogenic fungi were evaluated for their pathogenic effect upon adult horn flies, Hematobia irritans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae). Flies were treated with conidia and blastospores of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. (strain GHA), Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin (strain ESCI), and Paecilomyces fimosoroseus (Wize) Brown & Smith (strain ARSEF 3581) in the laboratory. At 4 d postexposure, flies treated with B. bassiana had an average of 98.4% mortality versus 43.5% from treatment with M. anisopliae and 13.0% from treatment with P. fiimosoroseus. At 7 d postexposure, flies treated with B. bassiana had an average of 100.0% mortality compared with 73.0% from treatment with M. anisopliae and 33.3% from treatment with P.fumosoroseus. Mean lethal time (LT50) was 2.70, 4.98, and 7.97 d for B. bassiana, M. anisopliae, and P. fiumosoroseus, respectively. Entomopathogenic fungi such as B. bassiana and M. anisopliae may have the potential for controlling populations of horn flies. These studies indicate that B. bassiana and M. anisopliae were not only pathogenic to adult horn flies, but they caused mortality in a short time.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Life history and seasonal abundance of Fannia benjamini complex (Diptera: Muscidae) in southern California.

Seasonal abundance and life history of Fannia benjamini complex (Diptera: Muscidae) was studied in the coastal mountain community ofLa Habra Heights in Los Angeles County, California, with additional observations in drier, inland mountains in the Woodcrest area, Riverside County. The dominant species (>95% of fly collections) was Fannia conspicua Malloch, whereas Fannia benjamini Malloch also was present. Both species could be collected nearly year-round by netting adults (almost exclusively females) attracted to people, although F. benjamini was relatively more common in cooler weather (November-April). In La Habra Heights, adult activity peaked in June and July (both species), whereas peak activity in Woodcrest was late April through June for F. conspicua and February through April for F. benjamini. Field-collected adult females provided only water died within 2-4 d, whereas females provided with water plus a dry milk and sugar mixture survived up to 128-130 d in the laboratory. Males of F. conspicua (1-40 individuals) swarmed at heights of 0.5-4.0 m near Aptenia cordifolia (L.f.) Schwantes, an exotic, succulent, low-growing ground cover plant. Eggs of F. conspicua were deposited singly on older, decaying leaves of this plant, and adult F. conspicua emerged from Aptenia-covered areas in the field. In the laboratory, larvae of F. conspicua grazed on microbial surface films associated with Aptenia. Emergence of F. conspicua from field-collected soil-Aptenia mixtures (held in the laboratory) occurred from 1.5 to 5 mo after collection. Widespread Aptenia planting since the 1980s has probably resulted in F. conspicua becoming a severe human nuisance in some areas.

Aizoaceae↗
PubMed2006

Adult Fannia benjamini complex (Diptera: Muscidae) activity in southern California and use of CO2 as an attractant.

Diurnal activity of host-seeking "canyon flies" (Fannia benjamini complex) (Diptera: Muscidae) was determined on a warm, sunny day during their peak seasonal activity period (early July) in the coastal mountain community of La Habra Heights in Los Angeles County, California. High levels of activity persisted for several hours in the morning and evening, but peak abundance was within an hour after sunrise and an hour before sunset, when >600 flies (mainly Fannia conspicua Malloch) could be collected in 5 min from a person using a sweep net. Host-seeking activity was low during midday hours, when flies apparently were seeking shelter from the heat, and activity ceased after sunset. Potential bait materials, including some known to elicit a response by other host-seeking Diptera (water, rabbit feces, egg bait, milk bait, Limburger cheese, ethanol, and CO2) were tested for "canyon fly" response using CDC-type suction traps (without light). CO2 resulted in significantly higher capture of female "canyon flies" (up to approximately 2,000 flies per trap in a 6-h period) relative to traps baited with other materials or with no bait. Host-seeking activity in relation to distance from a putative developmental site was evaluated. The proportional capture of flies in CO2-baited suction traps was significantly explained by distance from a residential area planted with Aptenia cordifolia (L.) (Aizoaceae; red apple), a ground cover plant that is a developmental site for F. conspicua. Proportional trap capture rapidly decreased as distance from the residential area increased. Implications of these studies for "canyon fly" control are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Role of kdr and esterase-mediated metabolism in pyrethroid-resistant populations of Haematobia irritans irritans (Diptera: Muscidae) in Brazil.

The horn fly, Haematobia irritans irritans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae), has become a problem for Brazilian cattle producers even though its introduction into Brazil is relatively recent. Failure to control this cattle pest is becoming a concern, and horn fly populations from several ranches from the state of Mato Grosso do Sul were surveyed for pyrethroid resistance. Susceptibility bioassays revealed that cypermethrin resistance was widespread and reached high levels in horn fly populations throughout the state, with resistance factors (RFs) ranging from 50.4 to 704.8. Synergist bioassays failed to detect a major role for esterases as a pyrethroid resistance mechanism in these populations, except for the highly pyrethroid-resistant Estrela do Oeste population (RF = 704.8). The kdr sodium channel gene mutation was not detected in eight of the 13 populations, but < 7% of individuals from four populations and 50% of the flies from Estrela do Oeste exhibited this mutation. Neither the superkdr sodium channel gene mutation nor a resistance-associated gene mutation in the HialphaE7 carboxylesterase were found in any of the fly populations. Although target site insensitivity (kdr) and esterase-mediated metabolism occur in horn fly populations from Mato Grosso do Sul state, it seems that they are not the major mechanism causing pyrethroid resistance in most of these populations.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Isolation of Salmonella spp. from the housefly, Musca domestica L., and the dump fly, Hydrotaea aenescens (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Muscidae), at caged-layer houses.

Flies, especially houseflies, are widely recognized as potential reservoirs and vectors of foodborne Salmonella pathogens. In this study, flies were collected at caged-layer facilities that had produced eggs that were implicated as the food vehicle in two recent outbreaks of Salmonella Enteritidis infections. The flies were separated by species into pools for microbiological testing. A total of 15 species pools of houseflies, Musca domestica L., and 7 species pools of bronze dump flies, Hydrotaea aenescens (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Muscidae), were analyzed. Salmonella Enteritidis was isolated from 2 of the 15 pools of houseflies. Other species of Salmonella were isolated from three pools of flies, including Salmonella Infantis from houseflies and from dump flies and Salmonella Heidelberg from houseflies. Salmonella Mbandaka was isolated from a lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae).

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[A new morphological character for the identification of Stomoxys calcitrans and S. niger (Diptera: Muscidae). Comparison of La Réunion island populations].

On La Reunion Island (France), two morphological closely related species of stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae), living in the same environment, Stomoxys calcitrans and S. niger, are involved in the transmission of blood parasites to the livestock. To facilitate a rapid identification of both species in the field conditions, we highlighted a diagnostic morphological character not yet described: the length of the maxillary palpus. The study of three populations of S. calcitrans and two populations of S. niger, collected at various elevations, showed that the maxillary palpi of S. niger were significantly longer than in S. calcitrans, independent of sex. This character, easily visible in the field with a simple magnifying glass, has been confirmed on individuals of both species from West Africa.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

[Seasonal dynamics of synbovine flies (Diptera: Muscidae) during the grazing period in Jarov].

Synbovine flies and the seasonal pattern of their occurrence were studied throughout the grazing period in the cattle pastures of the Strakonice district. Skufin's traps were used for catching the flies. The total number of dipterous insects caught during the series of trappings in two- to three-week intervals was 2096. The family Muscidae (23 species) was represented most amply in the sample catches (Musca autumnalis 65.9%, Hydrotaea Meteorica 20.4%, Hydrotaea irritans 4.2%, Haematobosca stimulans 2.6%). The maximum occurrence of haematophagous species was recorded at the beginning and at the end of the grazing season. The maximum occurrence of secretophagous species was recorded in June.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Toxic effect of ethanolic extract of Nerium oleander (Apocynaceae) leaves against different developmental stages of Muscina stabulans (Diptera-Muscidae).

Nerium oleander (Apocynaceae) is evergreen shrubs widely used for ornamental purpose in mediterranean region. The present investigation, revealed for the first time the insecticidal effect of ethanolic extract from leaves of this plant against 2nd instar larvae of the medically important false stable fly Muscina stabulans (Diptera: Muscidae). LC50 of the extract was 113.66 ppm. This dose delayed larval and pupal duration suppressed oviposition and decreased adult longevity of the survivors. Morphogenic abnormalities were recorded and photographed in larval, pupal and adult stages, which were produced from treating 2nd instar larvae with different concentrations of the extract.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Ultrastructure of adhesive device in fly in families calliphoridae, muscidae and sarcophagidae, and their implication as mechanical carriers of pathogens.

The ultrastructure of adhesive device or the pulvilli, pad-like structure between the tarsal claws of the legs, is presented in the blowfly (Calliphoridae), housefly and relatives (Muscidae), and flesh fly (Sarcophagidae) through scanning electron microscopy. The blowfly species were Chrysomya chani, Chrysomya nigripes, Chrysomya pinguis, and Chrysomya villeneuvi; while those of the housefly and relatives were Musca domestica and Hydrotaea chalcogaster, respectively. Fresh fly species included Boettcherisca peregrina and Liosarcophaga dux. Numerous tenent setae were observed on the ventral side of the pulvilli. Two features of the tip of the tenent setae were found as a spatula-like (in C. chani, C. pinguis, C. nigripes, M. domestica, H. chalcogaster, B. peregrina, and L. dux) and spoon-like tip (in C. villeneuvi). Transmission electron microscopy of the tenent setae in M. domestica revealed the electron-lucent centrally located, suggesting an adhesive substance. These results provided anatomical information that allow us to not only understand the successful attachment of flies to smooth surfaces but also clarify their role as a mechanical carrier of microorganisms.

Adhesiveness↗
PubMed1985

Aspects of the reproductive biology of some cattle-visiting Muscidae (Diptera) in north-east England.

During studies of flies that visit farm animals in north-east England, samples of Muscidae were obtained on a regular basis from grazing animals (mainly cattle) and from Manitoba traps. Female flies were examined to determine their wing length, degree of wing damage, whether or not they had mated, whether their crop or gut contained blood, the stage they had reached in ovarian development and the number of eggs present. This information was used to assess the timing of mating, the stage at which blood meals were taken and the potential fecundity of the more numerous species, especially Hydrotaea irritans (Fallén) and Morellia simplex (Loew). A relationship between the size of the individual and the number of eggs it carried was found in several species.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Quantitative contamination and transfer of Escherichia coli from foods by houseflies, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae).

The housefly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), is recognized as an important factor in the dissemination of various infectious diseases such as cholera, shigellosis, and salmonellosis. They can also serve as a cross-contamination vector for other foodborne pathogens. However, the potential for bacterial transfer by houseflies has been demonstrated in a qualitative rather than quantitative manner. In this study, the numbers of bacteria a housefly can carry on its body and transfer to a clean surface after exposure to a sugar-milk aqueous solution, steak, and potato salad contaminated with a fluorescent gene Escherichia coli (8 log10 CFU/ml) were determined. In the first series of experiments to quantify bacterial numbers on the flies, about 40-60 flies were transferred into a sterile cage, exposed to the food for 30 min, the flies immobilized and the attached E. coli on each fly enumerated. Detectable E. coli (>1.7 log10 CFU/fly) were found on 43% (29/67), 53% (23/43), and 62% (32/52) of the flies in the cages with sugar/milk, steak, and potato salad, respectively. For the positive flies, the geometric mean carriage (log10 CFU/fly) was 2.93+/-1.24 for sugar-milk, 3.77+/-1.28 for steak, and 2.25+/-0.64 for the potato salad. In the second series of experiments, the transfer of bacteria by individual flies from contaminated food to the inner surface of a sterile jar per each landing was determined. E. coli transferred from the sugar-milk was 3.5+/-0.7 log10 CFU/fly-landing, 3.9+/-0.7 for steak and 2.61+/-1.16 for the potato salad. From the initial contamination levels of bacteria and the number of transferred bacteria, it can be calculated that flies contaminate clean surfaces with approximately 0.1 mg of food per landing.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

The genome sequence of the muscid fly, Hydrotaea similis Meade, 1887 (Diptera: Muscidae).

We present a genome assembly from an individual female Hydrotaea similis (muscid fly; Arthropoda; Insecta; Diptera; Muscidae). The assembly contains two haplotypes with total lengths of 884.66 megabases and 852.78 megabases. Most of haplotype 1 (90.83%) is scaffolded into 5 chromosomal pseudomolecules. Haplotype 2 was assembled to scaffold level. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled, with a length of 20.27 kilobases. This assembly was generated as part of the Darwin Tree of Life project, which produces genomes for eukaryotic species found in Britain and Ireland.

Diptera↗
PubMed2026

The genome sequence of a muscid fly, Lispocephala verna (Fabricius, 1794) (Diptera: Muscidae).

We present a genome assembly from an individual female Lispocephala verna (muscid fly; Arthropoda; Insecta; Diptera; Muscidae). The assembly contains two haplotypes with total lengths of 987.71 megabases and 934.62 megabases. Most of haplotype 1 (95.8%) is scaffolded into 5 chromosomal pseudomolecules. Haplotype 2 was assembled to scaffold level. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled, with a length of 16.34 kilobases. This assembly was generated as part of the Darwin Tree of Life project, which produces genomes for eukaryotic species found in Britain and Ireland.

Diptera↗
PubMed2026

The genome sequence of a muscid fly, Hydrotaea militaris (Meigen, 1826) (Diptera: Muscidae).

We present a genome assembly from an individual female Hydrotaea militaris (Arthropoda; Insecta; Diptera; Muscidae). The assembly contains two haplotypes with total lengths of 1 703.03 megabases and 1 760.39 megabases. Most of haplotype 1 (96.2%) is scaffolded into 6 chromosomal pseudomolecules. Haplotype 2 was assembled to scaffold level. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled, with a length of 18.83 kilobases. This assembly was generated as part of the Darwin Tree of Life project, which produces genomes for eukaryotic species found in Britain and Ireland.

Diptera↗
PubMed2000

[Pachycrepoideus vindemiae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) as parasite of Ophyra aenescens (Diptera: Muscidae) in Brazil].

The first occurrence of the parasitoid Pachycrepoideus vindemiae on pupae of Ophyra aenescens, a fly of medical-sanitary importance, is reported. A swine carcass was used as bait to collect the insects. In the study, 302 pupae of Ophyra aenescens (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Muscidae) were obtained, 6 (1.98%) of them yielded the parasitoid Pachycrepoideus vindemiae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Biology of Brontocoris tabidus (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) fed with Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) larvae.

Development and reproductive performance of Brontocoris tabidus (Signoret) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) fed with Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae) larvae was evaluated. Duration of the nymphal phase of this predator was 31.2 days, with a 44.1% survival rate. Preoviposition and egg incubation periods and number of eggs/egg mass were 8.14 days, 5.6 days, and 45.4, respectively. B. tabidus presented 44.7% egg viability. Female longevity of this predator was 18.4 days. Results are discussed based on this prey use in mass rearing and maintenance of colonies of B. tabidus under laboratory conditions.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2006

Map position of phosphoglucomutase (Pgm) locus on autosome IV of house fly (Diptera: Muscidae).

We determined the map position of phosphoglucomutase (Pgm) locus on autosome IV of housefly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), by using three and five point linkage test crosses. Test strains had visible mutant markers (car, bwb, cyw, and aabys). We analyzed 1738 offspring in total from two groups of single-pair matings by electrophoresis. Here, we report the linkage of Pgm locus to autosome IV loci curly wing (cyw) and yellow eyes (ye) with recombination frequency of 16.9 and 1.1%, respectively. We combined the distances calculated from this study and the previously published data. An updated linkage map of the M. domestica L. Autosome IV was drawn based on combined data in terms of real map units obtained from the mapping function.

Animals↗