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PubMed2006

A comparative study of the incidence of aseptic meningitis in symptomatic natural mumps patients and monovalent mumps vaccine recipients in Japan.

To compare the incidence of aseptic meningitis associated with symptomatic natural mumps infection and in mumps vaccine recipients, we conducted a prospective comparative study. Consecutive samples of 1051 children with mumps were enrolled by 10 pediatricians and 21,465 vaccine recipients by 143 pediatric primary care practitioners, from January 1, 2000 to January 1, 2003. Parents used a daily diary to record symptoms during the period of illness (15 days) or 30-day period following immunization. Mumps infection was confirmed by virus isolation and/or detection of mumps virus genome in salivary and CSF samples. The incidence of aseptic meningitis was 13/1051 (1.24%) in patients with symptomatic natural mumps infection and was estimated to be 0.7-1.1% of overall infection in considering asymptomatic infection, and 10/21,465 (0.05%) in vaccine recipients. Although aseptic meningitis is a clear side effect of the mumps vaccine, the incidence is considerably lower than among those with symptomatic natural infection. Our results provide an informative data for consideration to resume mumps vaccine as a part of routine immunization schedule for Japanese children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

[Virologic diagnosis of mumps infection: a solid phase radioimmunoassay for the detection of mumps specific IgM antibodies (MACRIA)].

A solid phase radioimmunoassay for the detection of mumpsspecific IgM antibodies (MACRIA) is described. In 22 cases of clinically suspected mumps infections confirmed by conventional serological methods, IgM antibodies to mumps virus were detectable. On the other hand, no mumpsspecific IgM antibodies were present in 9 cases of suspected mumps that could not be confirmed by classical serology (seroconversion or significant titer rise in CFT or NT). Neither could IgM antibodies to mumps virus be detected in the sera of 19 rheumatoid factor positive patients nor in those of 20 healthy laboratory personnel. 20 patients from a rubella outbreak who had been found to be positive for antirubella IgM in a comparable MACRIA system showed no IgM response in mumps-MACRIA. In one case of mumps infection during pregnancy where mumps virus was isolated from the salivary glands by throat swab, IgM antibody response was delayed and markedly weaker than in all other patients with a positive IgM response. For this patient, who showed a significant titer rise in NT and seroconversion in CFT to mumps virus, the possibility of reinfection is discussed.

Antibody Specificity↗
PubMed1978

Current status of mumps and mumps vaccine in the United States.

Reported mumps in the United States has declined to all-time low levels following the increasingly widespread use of mumps-virus vaccine. Mumps vaccine has proven safe and effective. Its incorporation into combined live-virus vaccines, especially measles-mumps-rubella, has made mumps vaccination a practical and economically feasible component of routine immunization activities. Because of the favorable experience to date with mumps vaccine and the associated drop in mumps morbidity and mortality, mumps control programs likely will receive increasing public health attention in the coming years.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Etiology of mumps-like illnesses in children and adolescents vaccinated for measles, mumps, and rubella.

The possible viral etiology of mumps-like illnesses in patients vaccinated for measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) was studied by use of serum samples prospectively collected, during 1983-1998, from 601 acutely ill Finnish children and adolescents with mumps-like symptoms. Mumps virus was excluded by testing serum samples for mumps antibodies, and the serum samples were further tested for antibodies to adenovirus, enterovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, parainfluenza virus types 1-3, and parvovirus B19. The serum samples of 114 children <4 years old were also tested for antibodies to human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6). A viral etiology was verified in 84 cases (14%), most commonly Epstein-Barr virus (7%), followed by parainfluenza virus types 1, 2, or 3 (4%) and adenovirus (3%). HHV-6 infection was found in 5 children <4 years old (4%). This study confirms that mumps-like symptoms in MMR-vaccinated children and adolescents are often not caused by mumps virus infection. Careful laboratory-based diagnostic testing of MMR-vaccinated children and adolescents who develop clinical symptoms compatible with those of mumps is important in the treatment of individual patients, in the comprehension of the true epidemiology of these illnesses, and in the evaluation of the impact of MMR vaccination programs.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMed1999

The mumps virus neurovirulence safety test in Rhesus monkeys: a comparison of mumps virus strains.

Wild type mumps viruses are highly neurotropic and a frequent cause of aseptic meningitis in unvaccinated humans. To test whether attenuated mumps viruses used in the manufacture of mumps vaccines have neurovirulent properties, a monkey neurovirulence safety test (MNVT) is performed. However, results with several mumps virus MNVTs have raised questions as to whether the test can reliably discriminate neurovirulent from nonneurovirulent mumps virus strains. Here, various mumps virus strains representing a wide range of neuropathogenicity were tested in a standardized MNVT. A trend of higher neurovirulence scores was observed in monkeys inoculated with wild type mumps virus versus vaccine strains, although differences were not statistically significant. Results indicated the need for further examination and refinement of the MNVT or for development of alternative MNVTs.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Analysis of mumps vaccine failure by means of avidity testing for mumps virus-specific immunoglobulin G.

To characterize patients with mumps vaccine failure, avidity testing was performed with the Enzygnost Anti-Parotitis Virus/IgG kit using a single-dilution-6 M urea denaturation method. Five groups of patients were tested. Group 1 consisted of 29 patients with primary mumps infections; group 2 was 20 children and adults with a definite history of natural infection; group 3 was 7 patients with a recent mumps vaccination, 1 of whom developed parotid gland swelling and aseptic meningitis; group 4 was 14 patients with mumps vaccine failure; and group 5 was 6 patients with recurrent episodes of parotitis in addition to a history of vaccination. On the basis of the results of groups 1 and 2, an avidity of </=31% was determined to be low, and >/=32% was determined to be high. Avidity maturation from low to high appears to occur around 180 days after the acute illness. The results of group 3 showed that the vaccine-induced immunoglobulin G (IgG) had very low avidity. Among the 14 patients in group 4, 12 patients, including 7 with a positive IgM response, were diagnosed as having secondary vaccine failures. The results of group 5 suggested the possibility that the avidity of the mumps vaccine-induced IgG remains low or borderline. These results showed that secondary mumps vaccine failure occurs not infrequently, even among school age children under condition in which the vaccine coverage is low (i.e., 33% in our study population), and therefore, vaccinees are prone to be exposed to wild-type viruses. Avidity testing should provide information useful for the analysis of mumps virus infections.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

[Immune structure of the pediatric population in relation to the mumps virus and the morbidity of serous meningitis of mumps etiology in Sverdlovsk].

The work presents the results of the longterm study of regularities in the formation of herd immunity to mumps virus in children in Sverdlovsk with due regard to vaccination carried out in this city and morbidity level in serous meningitis of mumps etiology. The inverse correlation between the number of seropositive persons in the total child population and the level of morbidity in the nervous form of mumps has been established. No differences in the size of the immune stratum and the intensity of immunity to mumps virus among boys and girls have been revealed. Vaccination against mumps, carried out at the period of a natural drop in mumps morbidity, has produced no essential effect on the level of herd immunity, though it has led to a considerable decrease in the incidence of serous meningitis of mumps etiology.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1981

Mumps-specific immunoglobulin M and G antibodies in natural mumps infection as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the demonstration of mumps immunoglobulin G (IgG ELISA) and immunoglobulin M antibodies (IgM ELISA) in serum was compared with complement fixation (CF), hemagglutination inhibition (HI), and hemolysis-in-gel (HIG) tests. The antibody levels measured by IgG ELISA had a high positive correlation with the CF and HIG tests, whereas only a moderate correlation was found between IgG ELISA and HI. Similar patterns of antibody response were observed with IgG ELISA, CF, and HIG: the antibody tires increased rapidly after the onset of symptoms and reached the maximal values in about three weeks. The HI antibodies developed more slowly during the first week of disease, after which the titres increased rapidly up to the fourth week. IgM antibodies measured by ELISA developed soon after onset of symptoms; most patients had IgM antibodies from the second day, and the highest titres were reached within the first week. The antibody response in mumps parotitis did not differ from that in mumps meningitis/encephalitis, while relatively higher antibody titres were found in patients with orchitis/epididymitis. The diagnostic efficiencies of the methods were compared with serum specimens from 33 patients who had a serologically verified mumps infection by at least one of the five methods used (rising antibody titres in paired sera or detectable IgM): IgM ELISA detected all 33 cases, IgG ELISA 29, HIG 28, HI 23, and CF 13. In 27 cases, IgM antibodies were already present in the acute phase serum specimens. It was concluded that mumps IgM ELISA is a more rapid and sensitive means for the serological diagnosis of mumps infection than the conventional tests.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1986

Islet cell antibodies and the development of diabetes mellitus in relation to mumps infection and mumps vaccination.

Islet cell antibodies were investigated in 127 non-diabetic children after mumps infection and in four out of seven children who developed diabetes mellitus shortly after active mumps vaccination. Twenty-one of the children who had mumps and all four vaccinated children who were tested had islet cell cytoplasmic antibodies. In contrast, islet cell surface antibodies were detected in 43 out of 68 patients with mumps infection and in 32 out of 44 patients with other viral diseases. All but one mumps-infected child and all the other viral infected patients investigated did not develop diabetes mellitus. The mumps-infected ICA positive children did not show those HLA-frequencies associated with Type 1 diabetes.

Antibodies↗
PubMed1986

Avidity of IgG antibodies against mumps, parainfluenza 2 and Newcastle disease viruses after mumps infection.

Paired serum samples from 39 patients with recent mumps infection were assayed for IgG antibodies against mumps, parainfluenza 2 and Newcastle disease virus (NDV). A modified enzyme immunoassay was used, giving separate estimates of high avidity antibodies (EHAA) and total specific antibodies (ETSA). A marked cross-reaction was seen between mumps and parainfluenza 2 virus, with changes of ETSA between paired samples of about the same magnitude against both these viruses. The mean change of EHAA against mumps was, however, significantly greater than that against parainfluenza 2. There were 16 patients who had a change of ETSA greater against parainfluenza 2 than against mumps. When the EHAA responses were compared, there were only 8 such patients. The responses against NDV were negligible. Estimation of antibody avidity, even by the arbitrary method used, can distinguish between homotypic and cross-reactive heterotypic antibodies after mumps infection. The implications for expressing the results of enzyme immunoassay are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[Virological evaluation of mumps meningitis following vaccination against mumps].

1) We report 5 cases of aseptic meningitis following vaccination against mumps. Of the 5 cases, 4 cases were diagnosed as mumps meningitis. 2 cases received monovalent mumps vaccine and the other 2 MMR vaccine. They consisted of 2 boys and 2 girls, aged 2 years and 2 months to 4 years and 5 months. The period between vaccination and symptoms ranged from 15 days to 20 days (mean 18 days). Cerebrospinal fluid of the cases contained 507 to 2688 cells/mm3. Eruption was observed in the 2 cases who received MMR vaccine, while parotid swelling was not seen in any case. 2) In all 4 cases, IgM antibody to mumps virus in the cerebrospinal fluid was detected by the ELISA or EIA methods. Causative organism of the fifth case was obscure. 3) PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) tests revealed that mumps virus isolated from 2 cases were of vaccine strain origin. 4) To evaluate the frequency of mumps meningitis following vaccination, it seems important to investigate carefully the number of children who received the vaccine and to exclude the cases of aseptic meningitis caused by other agents. On the other hand, cases of young infants tend to be overlooked because of atypical signs.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2003

Frequency of lymphocytic meningitis associated with mumps before and after a mass campaign for mumps vaccination in children from Salvador, Northeast Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the frequency of lymphocytic meningitis(LM) concomitant with mumps, before and after the mumps mass immunization campaign in 1997. METHOD: Demographic, clinical and cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) information was collected from the chart of all patients aged from 2 to 59 months, whose CSF exam was performed at the CSF Lab/FJS, between 1989 and 2001. LM was defined as pleocytosis composed by lymphomononuclear cells and negative exams for bacterial or mycologic infection. RESULTS: Of 1,519 patients, 894(58.9%) had normal exams. LM was present in 301(19.8%) patients, out of which 22(7.3%) had concomitant mumps. The frequency of LM ranged from 15.8% in 1989 to 19.7% in 2001 and of LM with concomitant Mumps ranged from 10.5% in 1989 to 4.7% in 1995, when the last cases were registered. CONCLUSION: It is probable that the mumps vaccine campaign has influenced the absence of LM with concomitant Mumps, from 1996 to 2001.

Brazil↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Serologic responses to measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine in healthy infants: failure to respond to measles and mumps components may influence decisions on timing of the second dose of MMR.

Measles, mumps, and rubella-specific IgG antibodies were evaluated in 134 healthy infants routinely immunized with trivalent live attenuated measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine at one year of age. Blood samples were collected just before, and at 1, 3, and 12 months after MMR. Specific IgG was measured by commercial enzyme immunoassays. Before vaccination, 98.5%, 99.2%, and 98.5% of the infants tested were seronegative for measles, mumps, and rubella, respectively. One year after MMR, 16.4% and 22.4% of vaccinees lacked demonstrable antibody to measles and mumps while none were found to be seronegative for rubella. Response profile analysis revealed primary failure rates of 12.1% (measles) and 8.6% (mumps) while 4% (measles) and 13.8% (mumps) of the infants responded initially but became seronegative within one year. These observations suggest that earlier administration (at age 18 months) of the second dose of MMR may be more desirable than revaccination at school entry.

British Columbia↗
PubMed1981

[Growth of mumps virus in human lung carcinoma cell lines. I. Host-range variant adapted under the presence of anti-mumps virus antibody (author's transl)].

The wild mumps virus which had been isolated from a patient suffering from mumps meningitis propagated biphasically in human lung cancer cell lines (Pc-3, Pc-10), while attenuated Urabe strain propagated monophasically. The early virus was detected in these cell lines when the cells were inoculated with the wild mumps virus at any multiplicity of infection but rapidly disappeared. The infectious virus, thereafter, could not be detected for about 20 days. However, the infectious virus appeared again and the titer of the virus in the culture fluid gradually increased. The late virus rapidly propagated in Pc-3 cells, while the early virus replicated in the same way as the original wild virus did. All of ten clones obtained from the original wild virus represented the biphasic growth in Pc-3 cells and the late virus was detected on the 25th-30th day after infection. The viral antigens in Pc-3 cells infected with wild virus did not disappear after cultivating under the presence of anti-mumps virus antibody for over 50 days. Furthermore, treatment of anti-mumps virus serum in the early period did not affect the appearance of the late virus. It is quite conceivable that the wild mumps virus might be able to persist in completely latent state and the adaptation of the virus to Pc-3 cells might progress during the latent period.

Adaptation, Biological↗
PubMed1985

Chronic mumps virus encephalitis. Mumps antibody levels in cerebrospinal fluid.

To study the outcome of mumps virus encephalitis 47 patients were contacted 1-15 years after the acute encephalitis associated with mumps virus infection. Twenty-three patients experienced clinical sequelae such as difficulties in memory and learning, focal motor or sensory signs, and loss of hearing and visual acuity. Lumbar puncture was performed on 8 patients. Antibodies to mumps virus were detected in 6 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens using enzyme immunoassay and in 3 patients an abnormal serum/CSF antibody ratio was observed 11, 26 and 58 (controls greater than 85); 14.3, 1.4 and 6.1 years after the acute encephalitis, respectively. Antibodies to other microbes were either undetectable in the CSF or the serum/CSF ratios were normal. The clinical sequelae in about half of the patients and the signs of intrathecal mumps antibody production are suggestive of a chronic process in the central nervous system after encephalitis associated with mumps virus infection.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Immunization of healthy children with mumps-rubella bivalent live vaccine and simultaneous vaccination with mumps-rubella and varicella vaccines].

Bivalent virus vaccine, containing rubella TCRB-19 strain and mumps NK-M46 strain (MR vaccine), was administered to a total of 95 healthy children who had already received measles vaccine or had been infected with wild measles virus. The seroconversion rates for rubella and mumps viruses in subjects having no antibody to rubella or to mumps virus were 99% (75/76) and 97% (63/65), respectively, at 6-8 weeks after vaccination. The seroconversion rates for both rubella and mumps in vaccinees initially seronegative to both viruses were 95% (56/59). Immune responses after MR vaccine injection were comparable to those after administration of monovalent rubella or mumps vaccine. Clinical reactions observed in some subjects who received MR vaccine were mild fever (3.6%), exanthem (8%), lymphadenopathy (1.8%), and swelling of the parotis region (1.8%). MR vaccine could be simultaneously injected with varicella vaccine at the opposite site producing no adverse effect on immune response. Our results indicate that MR vaccine is a safe and effective vaccine, especially for children who have had wild measles or who have received measles vaccine.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Cellular source of interferon induced in human peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes by mumps virus or by tumour cells persistently infected with mumps virus.

Human leukocyte interferon (IFN-a) was induced in cultures of human peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes (PBML) from seropositive healthy donor infected by mumps virus, or by a human lung carcinoma cell line (Pc-10) persistently infected with mumps virus (Pc-10/M-V). Adherent cells (M0), non-T, non-B cells and B cells all produced IFN in response to mumps virus or Pc-10/MpV cells. The non-T, non-B cells co-cultured with Pc-10/MpV cells produced high-titred IFN. However, T cells did not produced any antiviral factors even in the presence of M0. Furthermore, T cells activated with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA-P), concanavalin A or treated with u.v.-irradiated mumps virus, or Pc-10/MpV cells pretreated with mitomycin C did not produce any antiviral factors in response to either mumps virus or Pc-10/MpV cells.

Carcinoma↗
PubMed2006

Increase in adhesion molecules in cerebrospinal fluid of children with mumps and mumps meningitis.

Adhesion molecules play a key role in leucocyte migration into the central nervous system (CNS). Concentrations of endothelial-derived soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and leucocyte-originated soluble L-selectin (sL-selectin) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of children with mumps meningitis (mononuclear pleocytosis, n = 33) and mumps (absence of pleocytosis, n = 9) were compared with values from age-matched control group (n = 19). In 14 patients from the meningitis group, adhesion molecule levels together with albumin concentration were estimated in paired CSF/serum samples to calculate concentration quotients and determine molecule intrathecal release. Both sICAM-1 (median 3.44 versus 0.86 ng/ml; P < 0.0001) and sL-selectin (median 29.91 versus 8.52 ng/ml; P < 0.0001) concentrations in CSF were increased in mumps meningitis patients compared with controls. Increased levels of the selected adhesion molecules were also observed in mumps patients without CNS involvement when compared with controls (median sICAM-1: 1.14 versus 0.86 ng/ml, sL-selectin: 13.54 versus 8.52 ng/ml; P < 0.01). Additionally, the concentration of adhesion molecules was found to correlate with CSF leucocyte count. Considerable correlation of sICAM-1 and sL-selectin quotients and corresponding albumin quotients suggests that a majority of the soluble adhesion molecules originated from the bloodstream. Analysis of adhesion molecule levels demonstrated indirect evidence of brain-derived fractions. Our results suggest the involvement of adhesion molecules during the early phase of mumps meningitis.

Biomarkers↗