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PubMed1979

Rising lung cancer mortality among nonsmokers.

On the basis of data available from two representative samples of lung cancer deaths in the United States as well as national mortality statistics and other epidemiologic studies, the lung cancer mortality rate has risen substantially between 1914 and 1968 among persons who never smoked cigarettes. For white males the relative increase for ages 35--84 years has been about 15-fold; the relative increase for ages 65--84 years has been about 30-fold. For white females the relative increase for ages 35--84 years has been about sevenfold. Most of the relative increase occurred before 1935 and was probably due to changes in diagnostic criteria. However, increases have continued up to the present for male nonsmokers, who now apparently have an annual age-adjusted lung cancer death rate of about 25 per 100,000 persons between the ages 35--84 years. The rising lung cancer rate among nonsmokers indicates that factors in addition to personal cigarette smoking have had a significant effect on the mortality rate from this disease. In spite of the limited quality of these data, they suggest that a more complete understanding of lung cancer etiology is needed.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage--diagnosis and management.

THE CURRENT MANAGEMENT OF A PATIENT WITH UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE INVOLVES THREE STEPS: initial correction of unstable hemodynamics, obtaining the specific diagnosis of the lesion responsible for gastrointestinal blood loss, and therapy directed at the specific bleeding lesion. The current approach to upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage is carrying out upper gastrointestinal endoscopy following stabilization of the patient. Although improved morbidity and mortality statistics have been slow to appear, the use of endoscopy permits appropriate therapy directed at the specific lesion. Specific therapeutic measures have been outlined for seven common causes of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. The advent of therapeutic endoscopy promises to bring further advances in therapy in the near future.

Esophageal and Gastric Varices↗
PubMed1979

Mycosis fungoides: epidemiologic observations.

An analysis of cases from a multi-hospital, pathologically verified clinical series and of deaths from US mortality statistics available at the county level for 1950--1975 (excluding 1972) was made in order to obtain information on the etiology of mycosis fungoides (MF). Despite the absence of an appropriate comparison group, the cases seemed to have a high frequency of antecedent allergies, fungal and viral skin infections, sun sensitivity, familial aggregation of lymphoma and leukemia, and employment in a manufacturing occupation (especially petrochemical, textile, metal, and machinery industries). The mortality survey revealed a predominance among males, nonwhites, and residents of the northeastern US, the latter due partly to an association between MF mortality and population size. The influence of occupational exposures was suggested by the excessive MF mortality rates in counties where petroleum, rubber, primary and fabricated metal, machinery, and printing industries were located.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The pill and mortality from cardiovascular disease: another look.

Analysis of U.S. mortality statistics shows that since adoption of the pill, deaths among women of reproductive age from cardiovascular diseases have declined much more steeply than have death rates for comparable men. This suggests that the high level of risk of death from such diseases associated with pill use in other studies are exaggerated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Mortality and autopsy rate for respiratory diseases in Finland in 1955--1973.

Mortality from respiratory diseases in Finland in 1955--1973 was investigated using the official statistics and original death certificates. Total mortality from respiratory diseases in men was significantly higher than in women. Total respiratory mortality in men has increased slightly since 1963, whereas in women it decreased between 1955 and 1963 but has since remained almost constant. Mortality from lung cancer increased in men constantly in the years 1955--1973, but this was not found in women. Mortality from obstructive lung diseases in men increased slightly between 1955 and 1969 but not since. This increase was recorded only for the elderly whereas the opposite trend was found in younger people. The number of deaths from pneumonia decreased between 1955 and 1963. After 1963 these deaths increased again but only in the older age groups. Mortality from pulmonary tuberculosis showed a steady decrease. In 1973 the autopsy rate was 80.6% in pneumococcal pneumonia, 65.6% in pulmonary embolism, 48.1% in bronchiectasis, and 47.0% in pulmonary tuberculosis, exceeding significantly the mean national autopsy rate which was 38.3%. This might mean that at least some of these respiratory diseases are underdiagnosed clinically as the performance of an autopsy seems to increase their relative proportion in mortality statistics.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1978

Influenza surveillance.

THE MAIN OBJECTIVES OF INFLUENZA SURVEILLANCE ARE: to measure the impact of the disease by collection and analysis of epidemiological information on morbidity and mortality, and to anticipate future epidemics and pandemics by the collection and analysis of influenza viruses. The World Health Organization's influenza programme is based on the collaboration of 98 national influenza centres in 70 countries and the 2 WHO Collaborating Centres in Atlanta and London.Epidemiological information may be based on morbidity figures derived from a variety of sources such as returns from physicians or hospitals; mortality statistics or new claims for sickness benefit; school or industrial absenteeism, etc.The laboratory aspects of influenza epidemiology are certainly more uniformly covered than the statistical aspects. Since the advent of the A/Hong Kong/1/68 (H3N2) influenza virus A subtype there have been a number of variants with antigenic "drift" but only three succeeded in causing widespread epidemics: A/England/42/72, A/Port Chalmers/1/73, and A/Victoria/3/75. In 1972, the influenza B virus also showed some antigenic "drift", the new variants being characterized by B/Hong Kong/5/72.Whenever a new variant appears, the degree of protection afforded to the population by the available vaccine is assessed. In the light of these data, WHO publishes annually in the Weekly epidemiological record recommendations formulated by the WHO Collaborating Centres on vaccine composition.

Disease Outbreaks↗
PubMed1979

Premature mortality attributable to smoking and hazardous drinking in Canada.

All causes of death related to the two risk factors, smoking and hazardous drinking, have been reviewed followed by a selection of those causes of death for which the causal role of the risk factor appears to be quasi-certain. For each cause, existing epidemiologic data were reviewed and used to determine the fraction of premature mortality which could be attributed to each factor (called the attributable fraction). This fraction was then multiplied by the corresponding Canadian premature mortality measured in terms of deaths between ages one and 70 and potential years of life lost (PYLL) between ages one and 70, which gives a higher weight to younger deaths. Of the 73,440 deaths between ages one and 70 in Canada in 1974, 12% (or 8718 deaths) were found to be attributable to current smoking and 6% (4716) to hazardous drinking. In terms of PYLL between ages one and 70, hazardous drinking ranks ahead of current smoking with 10% (or 132,044 PYLL) of the total PYLL, whereas current smoking represents 8% (105,085 PYLL) of the total . Regardless of whether premature mortality is expressed in terms of deaths or PYLL, about 18% of Canadian premature mortality is attributable to current smoking and/or drinking (with the range of possible values being 14-22%).

Accidents↗
PubMed1979

Log-linear models in the analysis of disease prevalence data from survival/sacrifice experiments.

This paper considers the problem of analyzing disease prevalence data from survival experiments in which there may also be some serial sacrifice. The assumptions needed for "standard" analyses are reviewed in the context of a general model recently proposed by the authors. This model is then reparametrized in log-linear form, and a generalized EM algorithm is utilized to obtain maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters for a broad class of unsaturated models. Tests based on the relative likelihood are proposed to investigate the effects of treatment, time, and the presence of other diseases on the prevalences and lethalities of specific diseases of interest. An example is given, using data from a large experiment to investigate the effects of low-level radiation on laboratory mice. Finally, some possible directions for future research are indicated.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[Epidemiology of burn injuries in the GDR (author's transl)].

Burn injuries in GDR have a slight decreasing tendency concerning both morbidity and mortality. The distribution of injuries to the districts of GDR can be explained by the distribution of population, not by distribution of industry. The overwhelming share of injuries consists of children with small scalds. Therapeutical results are comparable with results from international literature. Owing to the fact that in last years no further decisive improvement could be achieved, more attention must be devoted to the problem of primary prevention especially to target groups, resulting from anamnestic and clinical data analysis.

Adolescent↗