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PubMed2001

The perception of group variability in a non-minority and a minority context: when adaptation leads to out-group differentiation.

Minority and non-minority participants (Portuguese living in Germany vs. living in Portugal) completed open-ended measures of in-group and out-group perception. Participants' generated attributes were analysed to assess perceived group variability, complexity of group knowledge, language abstractness, first- or second-hand experience and participants' elaboration. Non-minority members perceived more out-group than in-group homogeneity (the 'outgroup homogeneity effect'), whereas minority members perceived more in-group than out-group homogeneity. This reversed pattern was owing to an increase in out-group differentiation by minority members and not to differences in in-group perception. Moreover, compared to majority members, minority members showed a greater elaboration and based their in-group and out-group knowledge more on personal beliefs derived from first-hand experience. These results are in accord with findings in migration research showing that in order to adapt, migrants develop a differentiated perception of the host culture. Conditions that lead group members to differentiate the out-group are discussed.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1997

Pain and treatment of pain in minority patients with cancer. The Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Minority Outpatient Pain Study.

BACKGROUND: Clinics that primarily see members of ethnic minority groups have been found to provide inadequate treatment of cancer-related pain. The extent of undertreatment of pain in these patients and the factors that contribute to undertreatment are not known. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the severity of cancer-related pain and the adequacy of prescribed analgesics in minority outpatients with cancer. DESIGN: Prospective clinical study. SETTING: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. PATIENTS: 281 minority outpatients with recurrent or metastatic cancer. MEASUREMENTS: Patients and physicians independently rated severity of pain, pain-related functional impairment, and pain relief obtained by taking analgesic drugs. Analgesic adequacy was determined on the basis of accepted guidelines. RESULTS: 77% of patients reported disease-related pain or took analgesics; 41% of patients reporting pain had severe pain. Sixty-five percent of minority patients did not receive guideline-recommended analgesic prescriptions compared with 50% of non-minority patients (P < 0.001). Hispanic patients in particular reported less pain relief and had less adequate analgesia. CONCLUSIONS: The awareness that minority patients do not receive adequate pain control and that better assessment of pain is needed may improve control of cancer-related pain in this patient population.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

What is a good death? Minority and non-minority perspectives.

While much attention has been directed at improving the quality of care at the end of life, few studies have examined what determines a good death in different individuals. We sought to identify common domains that characterize a good death in a diverse range of community-dwelling individuals, and to describe differences that might exist between minority and non-minority community-dwelling individuals' views. Using data from 13 focus groups, we identified 10 domains that characterize the quality of the death experience: 1) physical comfort, 2) burdens on family, 3) location and environment, 4) presence of others, 5) concerns regarding prolongation of life, 6) communication, 7) completion and emotional health, 8) spiritual care, 9) cultural concerns, 10) individualization. Differences in minority compared to non-minority views were apparent within the domains of spiritual concerns, cultural concerns, and individualization. The findings may help in efforts to encourage more culturally sensitive and humane end-of-life care for both minority and non-minority individuals.

Attitude to Death↗
PubMed1989

['Minor' surgical interventions and treatment of minor lesions in family practice].

A prospective study was performed of 'minor' surgical interventions and treatment of minor injuries in a catchment area of six GPs with approx. 14,250 patients. This group of GPs was studied with regard to: the pattern of items of service and referrals, adherence to working arrangements made and the results of the treatment. Prior to this investigation, after a pilot study general guidelines for the treatment were drawn up. During a 6-month period 574 patients were treated, of whom 45 (7.9%) went directly to the emergency department of Maastricht University Hospital. Fifty five patients (9.6%) were referred by the GP in the first or second instance. Working arrangements on pathological examination of skin tumours were kept relatively well, those on tetanus prophylaxis only fairly well. The treatment of minor injuries and the performance of minor operations, mostly excision of skin tumours, gave good results in approx. 90% of the cases. The results of treatment of panaritium was poor. Since GPs, especially those in rural areas, have to perform minor operations and treat small injuries frequently, adequate attention should continue to be paid to practical training of GPs in minor surgery.

Catchment Area, Health↗
PubMed1991

The Duke Minority Medical Student Summer Fellowship: one program's attempt to attract minority residents.

Despite numerous Federal and private funding programs aimed at increasing the numbers of underrepresented minorities in medicine, the participation of minority groups in the medical profession remains low and shows little sign of improvement. With the goal of improving minority representation in our primary care residency program, the Minority Medical Student Summer Fellowship started in July 1990. The program's purpose is to give minority medical students positive exposure to primary care and attract them back for residency training. In this four-week elective, students participate in seminars with our primary care residents, see patients in a variety of clinics, and complete a project. Key implementation issues include support of the medicine chairman and dean, funding, and malpractice coverage for the students. Program evaluation from the first two students rated the clinic experiences higher than the seminar sessions and the independent project. Both students stated our fellowship made them more likely to train at this medical center should they enter a primary care program. Implications for other programs are listed.

Internship and Residency↗
PubMed2005

Out-of-shape DNA minor groove binders: induced fit interactions of heterocyclic dications with the DNA minor groove.

DB921 and DB911 are benzimidazole-biphenyl isomers with terminal charged amidines. DB911 has a central meta-substituted phenyl that gives it a shape similar to those of known minor groove binding compounds. DB921 has a central para-substituted phenyl with a linear conformation that lacks the appropriate radius of curvature to match the groove shape. It is thus expected that DB911, but not DB921, should be an effective minor groove binder, but we find that DB921 not only binds in the groove but also has an unusually high binding constant in SPR experiments (2.9 x 10(8) M(-)(1), vs 2.1 x 10(7) M(-)(1) for DB911). ITC thermodynamic analysis with an AATT sequence shows that the stronger binding of DB921 is due to a more favorable binding enthalpy relative to that of DB911. CD results support minor groove binding for both compounds but do not provide an explanation for the binding of DB921. X-ray crystallographic analysis of DB921 bound to AATT shows that an induced fit structural change in DB921 reduces the twist of the biphenyl to complement the groove, and places the functional groups in position to interact with bases at the floor of the groove. The phenylamidine of DB921 forms indirect contacts with the bases through a bound water. The DB921-water pair forms a curved binding module that matches the shape of the minor groove and provides a number of strong interactions that are not possible with DB911. This result suggests that traditional views of compound curvature required for minor groove complex formation should be reevaluated.

Amidines↗
PubMed2000

Vertical-scanning mutagenesis of a critical tryptophan in the "minor groove binding track" of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Major groove DNA adducts identify specific protein interactions in the minor groove.

Biochemical and molecular modeling studies of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase (RT) have revealed that a structural element, the minor groove binding track (MGBT), is important for both replication frameshift fidelity and processivity. The MGBT interactions occur in the DNA minor groove from the second through sixth base pair from the primer 3'-terminus where the DNA undergoes a structural transition from A-like to B-form DNA. Alanine-scanning mutagenesis had previously demonstrated that Gly(262) and Trp(266) of the MGBT contributes important DNA interactions. To probe the molecular interactions occurring in this critical region, eight mutants of RT were studied in which alternate residues were substituted for Trp(266). These enzymes were characterized in primer extension assays in which the template DNA was adducted at a single adenine by either R- or S-enantiomers of styrene oxide. These lesions failed to block DNA polymerization by wild-type RT, yet the Trp(266) mutants and an alanine mutant of Gly(262) terminated synthesis on styrene oxide-adducted templates. Significantly, the sites of termination occurred primarily 1 and 3 bases following adduct bypass, when the lesion was positioned in the major groove of the template-primer stem. These results indicate that residue 266 serves as a "protein sensor" of altered minor groove interactions and identifies which base pair interactions are altered by these lesions. In addition, the major groove lesion must alter important structural transitions in the template-primer stem, such as minor groove widening, that allow RT access to the minor groove.

Adenine↗
PubMed1998

Minor corrections, clarifying changes, and a minor policy change--NRC. Final rule.

The Nuclear Regulatory Commission is amending its regulations to make minor corrections and clarifying changes to the NRC's 10 CFR Part 20, "Standards for Protection Against Radiation." The final rule is also intended to conform other regulations with the Commission's 1991 revised radiation protection requirements. In addition, the final rule includes a minor policy change that raises the monitoring criteria for minors from 0.05 rem (0.5 mSv) to 0.1 rem (1 mSv) in a year and for declared pregnant women from 0.05 rem (0.5 mSv) to 0.1 rem (1 mSv) during their pregnancies. The 0.1 rem (1 mSv) in a year deep dose equivalent monitoring criterion is consistent with the public dose limit and represents a quantity more consistent with the measurement sensitivity of individual personnel dosimetry. Licensees are still required to ensure that the occupational dose limit of 0.5 rem (5 mSv) in a year is not exceeded for minors, that the dose limit of 0.5 rem (5 mSv) to an embryo/fetus due to occupational exposure of a declared pregnant woman is not exceeded during the course of the pregnancy, and that sufficient effort is made to ensure that substantial variations above a uniform monthly exposure rate for a declared pregnant woman are avoided. These changes to the threshold for monitoring exposures to radiation and radioactive material to demonstrate compliance with the limits do not change the occupational dose limits for minors or declared pregnant workers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Minority and minority-deaf professionals. How many and where are they?

A survey of 6,043 professionals in 349 deaf education programs showed that 10.4% are from nonwhite or minority ethnic/cultural backgrounds. Of these minority professionals, 11.7% are deaf. Only 8 minority deaf administrators were found. Chi-square analyses showed that ethnic/cultural background and hearing loss were strongly associated with the type of program where the professionals were employed. More than half of the minority professionals worked in public schools. The District of Columbia, New York, and Maryland lead the country in the number of deaf professionals employed. More than half of all black deaf professionals work in either D.C. or New York. Texas leads the country in numbers of Hispanic professionals employed, and New Mexico has more Hispanic professionals than does California, New York, or Florida.

Deafness↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Enhanced uranyl photocleavage across the minor groove of all (A/T)4 sequences indicates a similar narrow minor groove conformation.

The uranyl(VI)-mediated photocleavage of a Drew-Dickerson sequence oligonucleotide (5'-dGATCACGC-GAATTCGCGT) either as the (self-complementary) duplex or cloned into the BamH1 site of pUC19 has been studied. At pH 6.5 in acetate buffer relatively enhanced photocleavage is observed at the 3'-end of the AATT sequence corresponding to maximum cleavage across the minor groove in the A/T tract. Thus maximum cleavage correlates with minimum minor groove width in the crystal structure and also with the largest electronegative potential according to computations. Using plasmid constructs with cloned inserts of the type [CGCG(A/T4)]n, we also analysed all possible sequence combinations of the (A/T)4 tract and in all cases we observed maximum uranyl-mediated photocleavage across the minor groove in the (A/T)4 tract without any significant differences between the various sequences. From these results we infer that DNA double helices of all (A/T)4 sequences share the same narrow minor groove helix conformation.

Base Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Major and minor groove conformations of DNA trimers modified on guanine or adenine by 4-aminobiphenyl: adenine adducts favor the minor groove.

We have studied the conformational effects of 4-aminobiphenyl modification at C-8 of guanine or adenine on double-stranded DNA trimers. We used sequences with the modified purine at the central base pair and all 16 possible neighboring sequences at the outer pairs. Minimized potential energy calculations were carried out using the molecular mechanics program DUPLEX to survey the conformation space of these adducts, using a total of 1280 starting structures both in the modified guanine series and in the modified adenine series. Conformer families in which the bound 4-aminobiphenyl was located in the DNA major groove, and in the minor groove, were located for both adenine and guanine modification. In the modified guanine series, the major and minor groove families were roughly comparable in energy, and the sequence context determined which was more stable in a particular case. In the modified adenine series, however, the minor groove structure was more than 10 kcal/mol more stable than the major groove structure for all sequences. As a result, minor groove adducts provided most of the global minima in the adenine-modified series. This result may be relevant to a previous mutagenesis study [Lasko et al. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 15429-15435] in which the hot spot of most frequent occurrence was located at an adenine, in the sequence GAT.

Adenine↗
PubMed2001

Short-term sequelae of minor head injury (6 years experience of minor head injury clinic).

PURPOSE: It is known that post-concussive symptoms may persist after mild head injury. However, the majority of those patients are denied follow-up or support. A minor head injury clinic was thus established in North Staffordshire Hospital in 1993 to address these problems. METHODS: Patients 16-65 years old attending hospital with minor head injury were invited to attend the clinic two weeks after presentation. A specialized brain injury nurse and/or assistant clinical psychologist assessed them. Patients with persistent symptoms were invited to a second assessment four weeks later. RESULTS: One thousand two hundred and fifty-five patients were invited for first assessment, the most common cause of head injury was assault (454) followed by road traffic accident (334). Six hundred and sixteen patients did not attend the first assessment; most of non-attendees were those who had been assaulted (281). Six hundred and thirty-nine patients attended, (472) were male, their mean age was 33. Forty-three per cent of them had history of recent alcohol intake. One third had had a previous head injury. Although 391 attendees were in regular employment, 219 patients were unable to return to work 2 weeks after discharge (56%), and 49 people were still off sick 6 weeks after the injury. The most common complaints at both assessments were fatigue, headache, dizziness, irritability, sleep disturbances, poor concentration and poor memory in that order. CONCLUSION: This study shows a significant number of patients with minor head injury still complaining of post concussive symptoms, which may contribute to a delay in return to work. The high incidence of non-attendance among the assaulted victims may indicate that this group needs to be more effectively targeted. Further study to look at the longer-term consequences of minor head injury is required in view of these findings.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Oligonucleotide--minor groove binder 1:2 conjugates: side by side parallel minor groove binder motif in stabilization of DNA duplex.

Synthetic polycarboxamides consisting of N-methylpyrrole (Py), N-methylimidazole (Im), N-methyl-3-hydroxypyrrole (Hp) and beta-alanine (beta) show strong and sequence-specific interaction with the DNA minor groove when they form hairpin structures with side-by-side antiparallel motifs. In the present paper, new conjugates containing two ligands linked to the same terminal phosphate of DNA strand were constructed. The paper describes optimized synthesis and properties of oligonucleotide-linked polyamide strands that insert into the minor groove of a duplex in a parallel or antiparallel orientation. Strong stabilization of DNA duplexes by two attached minor groove ligands is demonstrated by the thermal denaturation method. The unmodified duplex 5'-CGTTTATTp-3'/5'-AATAAACG-3' melts at 20 degrees C. When one tetra(Py) residue was attached to the first strand of this duplex, denaturation temperature was increased to 46 degrees C; attachment of the second tetra(Py) in a parallel orientation resulted in denaturation temperature of 60 degrees C. It is even higher than in case of "classic" octapyrrole hairpin ligand (Tm = 58 degrees C). Sequence-specific character of stabilization by two conjugated ligands was demonstrated for G:C-containing oligonucleotides attached to tetracarboxamide and octacarboxamide ligands constructed from Py, Im and beta units according to established recognition rules (deltaTm = 20 degrees C). The two-strand parallel minor groove binder constructions attached to addressing oligonucleotides could be considered as site-specific ligands recognizing single- and double-stranded DNA similarly to already described hairpin MGB structures with antiparallel orientation of carboxamide units.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1997

Effects of minor and major groove-binding drugs and intercalators on the DNA association of minor groove-binding proteins RecA and deoxyribonuclease I detected by flow linear dichroism.

Linear and circular dichroic spectroscopies have been employed to investigate the effects of small DNA ligands on the interactions of two proteins which bind to the minor groove of DNA, viz. RecA protein from Escherichia coli and deoxyribonuclease I (bovine pancreas). Ligands representing three specific non-covalent binding modes were investigated: 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole and distamycin A (minor groove binders), methyl green (major groove binder), and methylene blue, ethidium bromide and ethidium dimer (intercalators). Linear dichroism was demonstrated to be an excellent detector, in real time, of DNA double-strand cleavage by deoxyribonuclease I. Ligands bound in all three modes interfered with the deoxyribonuclease I digestion of dsDNA, although the level of interference varied in a manner which could be related to the ligand binding site, the ligand charge appearing to be less important. In particular, the retardation of deoxyribonuclease I cleavage by the major groove binder methyl green demonstrates that accessibility to the minor groove can be affected by occupancy of the opposite groove. Binding of all three types of ligand also had marked effects on the interaction of RecA with dsDNA in the presence of non-hydrolyzable cofactor adenosine 5'-O-3-thiotriphosphate, decreasing the association rate to varying extents but with the strongest effects from ligands having some minor groove occupancy. Finally, each ligand was displaced from its DNA binding site upon completion of RecA association, again demonstrating that modification of either groove can affect the properties and behaviour of the other. The conclusions are discussed against the background of previous work on the use of small DNA ligands to probe DNA-protein interactions.

Circular Dichroism↗
PubMed2004

Vaccines for minor use and minor species (MUMS)--industry's views.

Over the past 30 years the importance of vaccines for minor use and minor species has changed for multinational animal health companies. The major reasons for this are being reviewed, with a particular focus on technical, financial and business aspects. Key regulatory obstacles to the development of new products for minor uses and minor species are identified, and examples of vaccines falling into the various categories are provided. A number of proposals are offered with the intention of resolving the medicines availability problem between all the stakeholders involved. Finally, based on the presented scientific and regulatory considerations, ideas are shared as to where the legal and economical framework would need to change to reach a viable solution.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Variola minor in Bragança Paulista county, 1956. Observations on the clinical course of variola minor and on pregnancy in women with the disease.

Occasional observations on the clinical course of 485 cases of variola minor composing an epidemic are reported. 17% of the cases showed a complication. Otitis was observed in one case. An erythematous rash limited to the upper chest, neck and head appeared, instead of the pock eruption, after the pre-eruptive phase, in a previously vaccinated case. Convulsions, drowsiness, stupor, delusions, dizziness or deafness were observed in 23 patients whose individual characteristics are also presented. One of these cases showed a definite neurologicl syndrome: encephalitis. Neurologic complications were mostly seen in patients with medium to severe variola minor. Neither abortion nor death were seen among 4 pregnant women who developed variola minor, even though one of them delivered, on term, a dead foetus, 4 months after developing variola minor.

Adolescent↗