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PubMed1988

Effects of substitution of tricaproin for tallow and of protein concentration in milk substitutes on nitrogen and energy balance in the preruminant lamb.

1. Results of 138 nitrogen balance studies from experiments with forty male Limousin and nineteen male Ile de France preruminant lambs were used to estimate total N requirements and to assess the effects of dietary tricaproin inclusion, protein concentration, lysine and methionine supplementation and the age of lambs on protein retention. In addition, energy balances were obtained in twenty-four of the Limousin lambs from birth up to 3 weeks of age by means of a slaughter technique. 2. For milk substitute unsupplemented with amino acids, tricaproin inclusion increased N balance slightly (P less than 0.001) when a medium-protein concentration (260 g/kg dry matter (DM] was used, in 2-week-old lambs (+4.3%) and in 5-week-old Limousin lambs (+5.3%), or very markedly when a high-protein concentration (320 g/kg DM) was used, in 2-week-old lambs (+14.5%) and in 5-week-old lambs (+18.6%). Protein requirements decreased from 300 g/kg DM in 3-week-old lambs to 270 g/kg DM in 5-week-old lambs for the control milk containing tallow-coconut oil mixture (0.67:0.33 by wt) and was increased above 300 g/kg DM at all ages in the case of experimental milk containing tallow-coconut oil-tricaproin mixture (0.33:0.33:0.33, by wt). 3. For milk containing either a medium- or a high-protein concentration and supplemented with lysine and methionine, inclusion of tricaproin increased N balance (P less than 0.01) to a similar extent (+8.5 up to +14.3%) in 1 to 2- and 3-week-old Limousin lambs. An increase in N concentration in the milk had no effect in 1- and 2-week-old lambs, but led to a decreased N balance in 3-week-old lambs. Protein requirements decreased from 310 g/kg DM in 1-week-old lambs to 190 g/kg DM in 3-week-old lambs for the milk containing tallow-coconut oil or from 300 g/kg DM in 2-week-old lambs to 210 g/kg DM in 3-week-old lambs for the milk containing tallow-coconut oil-tricaproin. 4. For the Ile de France lambs given milk supplemented with lysine and methionine, tricaproin inclusion did not alter N balance. Protein requirements decreased from 370 g/kg DM in 2-week-old lambs to 270 g/kg DM in 4-week-old lambs for milk containing both kinds of fat mixtures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1989

Blood responses of calves fed milk substitutes containing hydrolyzed fish protein and lime-treated corn flour.

Two experiments involving 3- to 5-d-old dairy calves were carried out. In Experiment 1, lime-treated corn flour (Nixtamal) supplied 50 to 100% of carbohydrates in a milk substitute based on sodium caseinate, lard, and cerelose. In Experiment 2, partially hydrolyzed fish protein concentrate replaced 50% of 67% of proteins in milk substitutes based on skim milk powder, lard, and 35% Nixtamal. Increasing the proportion of carbohydrates supplied by Nixtamal was associated with a linear decrease of postprandial serum glucose and insulin. Postprandial fluctuations in blood glucose were less in calves fed Nixtamal than in controls. Nixtamal probably was trapped within the casein clot in the abomasum, leading to delayed rate of passage of Nixtamal carbohydrates into the intestine. Replacing skim milk protein with hydrolyzed fish protein in diets containing Nixtamal had no effect on blood glucose or insulin but elevated free essential amino acids, which promoted glucagon secretion. More uniform concentrations of blood essential amino acids and glucose were related to lower blood urea at 54 d in calves fed diets based on hydrolyzed fish protein and Nixtamal, than that of control calves. It is suggested that more uniform postprandial blood glucose concentrations might reduce amino acid degradation for energy purposes and stimulate protein synthesis. Young dairy calves may adapt to milk substitutes based on Nixtamal and hydrolyzed fish protein despite changes in the concentration patterns of several blood components.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1986

A preliminary note on the use of milk substitutes in the early weaning of dromedary camels.

The experiment was performed using two young male camels which weighed 24 and 36 kg respectively at birth. Each young camel was weighed and abruptly separated from its mother after 30 days of nursing (or at 1 month of age). The weaned calves were fed milk substitutes prepared commercially for lambs by Mabarot Chemical and Veterinary Products (Israel). The weanling camels averaged daily weight gains of 0.400 and 1.0 kg per day respectively during the 30 day initial period when the milk substitutes were used. Following the period when milk substitutes were used, the camels achieved normal growth to arrive at 135 and 145 kg respectively at 6 months of age.

Aging↗
PubMed1983

Alopecia in calves associated with milk substitute feeding.

Outbreaks of alopecia with unusually high morbidity occurred among calves reared on milk substitutes on two unrelated farms in Suffolk. On one farm alopecia occurred for three consecutive years; during the winter of 1981-82 there were also clinical signs of muscular dystrophy among the same calves. On the second farm calves with alopecia also showed signs of muscular dystrophy. The apparent relationship between alopecia and milk substitute feeding is discussed together with the possible involvement of vitamin E.

Alopecia↗
PubMed1990

[Breast-milk substitutes: past and present].

The historical development of industrialized products used as breast-milk, substitutes a process begun in the 18th century, is studied. The marketing strategy currently adopted infant formula companies is stressed and the different commercial practices used in the search for new markets in third world countries are described. A warning is given as to the precise instructions giver for the use of the so-called breast-milk substitutes, and the attention of health professionals and consumer groups is called to the low level of awareness regarding this subject, a factor which led the World Health Organization and United Nations Children's Fund to recommend the preparation of an appropriate marketing code and to its adoption by Brazil.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Proteolytic activity of the rat stomach in early ontogenesis during artificial feeding with milk substitutes].

Artificial feeding of new born rats, using milk substitutes containing proteins of rat and cow milk, led to 2-5-fold increase in the total proteolytic activity of stomach contents. In this case proteinases exhibiting pH optima at highly acidic pH were mainly activated. Proteolytic activity exhibiting an optimum at pH 8.0 was found in stomach contents of all the animals studied but it was the most distinct in the experimental group. By means of gel filtration the low molecular products of proteolysis were found in stomach contents; their concentration was 2-fold higher in the new born rats maintained on a diet including cow milk proteins.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Infantile constipation and Allomin-lactulose. Treatment of infantile obstipation in infants fed with breast milk substitutes. A controlled clinical trial of 2 per cent and 4 per cent Allomin-lactulose].

The Authors investigated the effects of Allomin with admixture of 2% and 4% lactulose on constipation in infants aged 0-6 months reared on breast-milk substitutes. The investigation was randomized and double-blind and was carried out during the period 1.4.1987-31.7.1988 on non-hospitalized infants in the counties of Funen and North Jutland in cooperation with the health visitors in these regions. Constipation was defined as hard and difficult defaecation and the trial period lasted for 14 days. Parents of the infants who participated classified the infants' motions according to consistence and degree of difficulty in defaecation on special forms. A total of 220 children participated and these received, after randomizing, either Allomin-lactulose 2% or 4% as the only breast-milk substitute during the period of observation. The effect of treatment was defined as "no constipation" i.e. all motions during 24 hours described as easy and of normal or thin consistence. In addition, the effect was measured by the parents' general impression of what the infant thrived best on. With both of the preparations, treatment was effective in over 90% of the infants in both the groups without significant difference. The effect occurred gradually and, in some cases, up to 8-10 days after initiation of treatment without significant difference in the rate of effect between the groups. After the effect had commenced, significantly fewer thin motions occurred in the 2% group than in the 4% group. 92% of the infants in the 2% group and 91% in the 4% group wanted to continue the Allomin-lactulose preparation rather than the usual breast-milk substitute. A retrospective questionnaire to parents of 97 infants who had continued with Allomin-lactulose 2% was answered by 84.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1991

[Meat quality in traditionally and alternatively (not exclusively milk substitute) fed veal calves].

A number of trials were done in veal calves, in which part of the milk substitutes were replaced by maize silage or a silage-concentrate mix. The milk scheme was reduced by twenty per cent in some trials or milk was only given for the first eleven weeks. When these alternative systems were adopted, growth was satisfactory and the costs of feed were considerably reduced. All calves were slaughtered when the live weigh was approximately 300 kilograms. The main effect of the alternative system was that the meat was no longer pale. The extent to which the quantity of milk substitute was reduced had no further effect on the colour of the meat. The differences in colour of the meat between traditionally and alternatively fed calves, visually as well as measured by instruments or chemically (haematin content) were significant. As regards other meat quality parameters, the differences between the two groups of calves were not significant. A taste panel only indicated significant effects of the feeding regimen in traditionally fed calves and one group of alternatively fed calves for flavour and taste but not for succulence and tenderness. As far as traditional veal and veal of alternatively fed calves are concerned, the shear-force values of meat samples taken at equal weight did not show any significant differences. In so far as it can be judged today, there is a restricted market for veal of these alternatively fed calves.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1985

The retention of 59Fe and 65Zn by preruminant lambs given milk-substitutes based on either casein or soya-bean-protein isolate.

Eight newborn lambs were given milk-substitutes based on casein (n 4) or a soya-bean-protein isolate (n 4). On the morning before a 10 d collection period, the milk-substitutes were supplemented with 59Fe as ferric chloride and 65Zn as zinc chloride. Faeces and urine were collected daily and determinations of 59Fe and 65Zn were made on these separately. During a second 10 d period the dosing procedure and collection were repeated but the diet of each lamb was reversed. Mean retention of 59Fe in lambs given the casein diet was 0.50 (SE 0.12) and in those given the soya-bean-protein diet 0.06 (SE 0.05). There were large variations among animals but the treatment effect was significant at P less than 0.05. Retention of 65Zn was significantly greater than that of 59Fe for all lambs but the effect of dietary treatment was similar to that for Fe. 65Zn retention values for casein and soya-bean-protein diets were 0.84 (SE 0.06) and 0.52 (SE 0.03) respectively, and the difference was significant at P less than 0.01. There were only very small amounts of 59Fe and 65Zn in urine, representing 0.002-0.003 of the dose.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

[Buffer systems, protein and electrolyte levels and erythrocyte indices in calves fed with beestings and milk substitutes].

By the method of Astrup were determined: pH of the blood, HCO3, act. pCO2, PO2, BB, BE, SO2, in a flame photometer: the concentration of Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++, erythrocyte indices by the methods commonly used. Calves from cows fed with balanced feeds were born in a state of breathing acidosis at blood pH about 7.30 and at 26 mEq of bicarbonates concentration. Calves from cows fed with ensilages were born in a state of metabolic acidosis with blood pH 7.14 and HCO-3 act. - 14 mEq. Feeding with beestings alkalized the blood, increasing its pH from 0.06 to 0.11 and the concentration of bicarbonates which are the main regulators of acid-basic equilibrium in newborn calves. The concentration of sodium, potassium, calcium, chlorides and protein increased slightly despite a distinct hydration of the blood. Administration of a milk-substitute aggravated acidification of the organism and caused passing of physiological breathing acidosis to the state of metabolic acidosis. On using the milk-substitute, hydration of the blood occurred and the level of the other parameters determined decreased. Milk-substitutes should not be given calves in their early period of life.

Animal Feed↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Experimental study of the effect of a milk substitute on the secretory activity of the stomach in young rats].

Experiments were made on rats kept on artificial feeding. The animals were divided into two groups. The first group received a milk substitute from the 15th to the 21st day of life. The milk substitute was a liquid diet similar to the composition of rat's milk as regards the main indicators, containing 10% of protein represented by a mixture of casecyte and cow's milk serum proteins. The second group received the substitute once on the 21st day of life. Artificial feeding was shown to lead to a decrease in the pH of gastric chyme and to a rise of the total acidity calculated per mg protein of the chyme as compared to the respective indicators in animals on breast feeding (the third group). As compared to the third group animals, the concentration of pepsin in the gastric chyme increased 5- and 3.5-fold in the first and second group animals, respectively.

Animal Population Groups↗
PubMed1985

Type of milk substitute influences growth of the gastrointestinal tract in artificially reared rat pups.

Growth of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract was studied in rat pups that were reared normally (mother-reared, MR) or were artificially reared (AR) by intragastric infusion of milk substitutes from postnatal day 5. Two milk substitutes were used: one high in carbohydrate and low in protein compared with rat's milk (Messer) and the other close in composition to rat's milk (Auestad). Pups reared on these formulae are termed ARM and ARA, respectively. Pups were killed at 7, 12, and 20 days for the determination of the wet and dry weights of stomach and caecum and the lengths of the small and large intestines (SI and LI). At 7 days AR pups showed deficits in several GI measures compared with MR rats. However, by 20 days they showed enhanced growth of various parts of the GI tract. Stomach weight was greatest in ARA rats; caecum weight was greater in AR than in MR rats; SI was longer in AR than MR rats, with the effect more pronounced in ARM rats. These effects were already evident, or becoming so, by 12 days. In an additional experiment, rats were AR on rat's milk from 5 to 12 days. Their GI tracts did not differ from MR, suggesting that the AR procedure per se was not responsible for the above GI growth effects.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Observations on the composition of milk-substitute products for treatment of inborn errors of amino acid metabolism. Comparisons with human milk. A proposal to rationalize nutrient content of treatment products.

We tabulated and compared the stated compositions of four milk-substitute products, now in wide use for the treatment of various inborn errors of amino acid metabolism, and the known composition of human milk. Variations between the treatment products is great not only in the content of amino acids but also in minerals and vitamins, for example. Different source materials and rationales for their manufacture appear to explain these differences. All four products deviate in many ways from the composition of human milk. Although the existing treatment products are quite effective clinically, we propose that a more rational approach to the feeding of young infants whose nutrition is compromised by inborn errors of metabolism would begin with a synthetic product based on the composition of human milk that could be modified specifically to fit the needs and tolerance of the individual patient.

Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors↗
PubMed1982

Calf rearing in the tropics: growth rates and utilisation of milk substitute diets.

Twelve Brahman (Bos indicus) and 36 Holstein (Bos taurus) calves in Trinidad were fed on an amount of milk substitute equivalent to either 10 or 20% of their body weight each day. The diets contained either 10, 20 or 30% added fat. Nutrient balances were studied for 21 days. The liveweight gains of the calves depended on the quantity of milk fed and the breed of calf (Holstein greater than Brahman) but were independent of fat level. The Brahman calves were reluctant to accept milk substitute from a bucket. The digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen and fat was slightly higher for the Holstein than for the Brahman calves but there was little difference between the ME requirements for the 2 breeds.

Animal Husbandry↗