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PubMed1998

Genetic characterization of HIV type 1 from migrant workers in three South African gold mines.

The phylogenetic relationships between 44 HIV-1 isolates from 43 infected subjects employed by three adjacent South African gold mines were investigated. The patients were migrant workers originating from rural areas of South Africa and the neighboring countries of Lesotho, Botswana, Swaziland, and Mozambique. Proviral HIV-1 DNA was subtyped using a heteroduplex mobility assay (HMA) based on the 700-bp V3-V5 region of the env gene. DNA sequence analysis was used to confirm the subtype designation and to determine phylogenetic relationships between isolates. All 44 HIV-1 isolates were identified as env subtype C using both HMA and phylogenetic analysis. These isolates did not show a distinct phylogenetic relatedness based on the geographic origins of the migrant workers or show close homology to other subtype C sequences from southern Africa or India. However, five clusters of closely related sequences were identified, mainly involving miners of disparate geographic origins, suggesting possible epidemiological linkage in these few cases. The characteristic tetrapeptide sequence, GPGQ, at the tip of the V3 loop of subtype C viruses was conserved in the predicted amino acid sequences of most isolates. The heterogeneity of HIV-1 sequences among migrant workers in a mining cohort suggests multiple introductions of HIV-1 subtype C into this population that are not apparently linked to the geographic origins of the patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Economic analysis of malaria control for migrant workers in eastern Thailand.

A randomized, double-blind field trial was carried out to compare the economic impact of permethrin-treated nets with that of untreated nets as a method of malaria control. The study was conducted in 261 long-term migrant workers and 138 seasonal agricultural migrant workers in the eastern rural areas known to be highly endemic for multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum infection. One hundred and twenty-six longterm migrants and 59 seasonal migrants used treated nets, while 135 and 79, respectively, used untreated nets. The impregnated-nets program was cost-saving as well as offering improved effectiveness. The net benefit of using a treated net was US$1.17 per worker from the Malaria Division's perspective and US$1.61 per worker from the worker viewpoint. The use of impregnated nets with large-scale primary health care programs likely will be the most cost-effective and cost-beneficial method for controlling malaria in eastern Thailand.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
PubMed1993

Epidemiology of sudden unexpected death syndrome among Thai migrant workers in Singapore.

A total of 235 cases of sudden unexpected death syndrome (SUDS) among apparently healthy male Thai migrant workers in Singapore were reported between 1982 and 1990. Most of the deaths occurred during sleep and 13% were not sleep-related. The median age at the time of death was 33 years and the median interval between arrival and death was 8 months. These deaths occurred singly and sporadically throughout the year. Post-mortem examination revealed few abnormal findings except for haemorrhagic congestion or oedema of the lungs. There were moderate to severe intra-alveolar haemorrhages with some evidence of myocarditis or pneumonitis. Preliminary findings of serial sections of the hearts indicate evidence of anomalies in the cardiac conduction system. Epidemiological investigations showed that a family history of similar deaths and serological evidence of current or recent infection with Pseudomonas pseudomallei were significantly associated with SUDS. Extensive biochemical and toxicological investigations were inconclusive. There was no evidence of chronic deficiency in thiamine or potassium among the healthy Thai workers living and working in the same conditions as the cases, and no significant abnormalities were detected on electrocardiographic examination. As these migrant workers experienced various psychosocial problems which could stem from maladjustment to an urban environment, separation from the family, burden of debts and long hours of work, stress could be a precipitating factor for SUDS.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Typology and conditions of migrant workers in South Korea.

"After presenting the three major types of migrant workers currently in South Korea--professional employees, technical trainees and illegal workers--this article examines the role of contractors and other middle-men to expose the possibility of ¿intermediary exploitation'. The results of such exploitation are illustrated in the living and working conditions of foreign workers."

Asia↗
PubMed1981

Anthropometric and cycloergometric assessment of the nutritional status of the children of agricultural migrant workers in Southern Brazil.

In our survey of the food habits and nutritional status of "Boia-Fria" agricultural migrant workers in Southern Brazil, a special project was undertaken to assess the influence of socioeconomic and dietary deprivation on the physical growth and development and physical performance of their children. Four hundred fifty-five children in Boia-Fria families from Vila Recreio, a periurban slum of Ribeirao Preto located in the interior of the state of Sao Paulo, were examined for body weight, standing height, mid-upper arm muscle circumference, and head circumference. For comparison, 475 children from "Vita et Pax", a private school attended primarily by children of well-to-do families from the city of Ribeirao Preto, were also examined using similar anthropometric procedures. A small group of selected Boia-Fria children and their well-to-do counterparts were subjected to ergometric-cum-electrocardiographic testing for submaximal physical work performance. The overall results of this comparative study indicate that the physical growth and development and the physical performance of the Boia-Fria children are significantly lower than their well-to-do counterparts. It is suggested that the poor anthropometric and ergometric status of the Boia-Fria children is a reflection of poor dietary habits and socioeconomic deprivation prevalent among the agricultural migrant workers and poor periurban populations of Brazil.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Economic and health needs of Wisconsin migrant farm workers.

Migrant farm workers play an essential role in the planting and harvesting of crops in our agricultural production system. In the United States today, about 6 percent of the paid farm labor force "follow the crops" across the nation. This article reports on the economic and health care needs of migrant farm workers who travel from the border areas of Texas to Wisconsin each year. Surveys conducted in 1978 and 1989 show that this population remains in serious need of health care and access to financial assistance programs. During the 11-year interval between surveys, little change occurred in the health care status or use patterns of Wisconsin migrant workers, although housing and sanitary conditions in the work environment improved somewhat due to the passage of new federal regulations. This article discusses the problems and barriers that migrants continue to face and offers recommendations for government action.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Violence against women migrant workers: issues, data and partial solutions.

"Despite the creation of specific norms, procedures, and institutions to protect women migrant workers, serious gaps remain. Statistics for measuring violence are not compiled comprehensively or regularly. Two occupations that increase the risk of violence are domestic service and entertainment-related services. Migration through illegal channels and trafficking also increase the risk. This article suggests a list of indicators to measure violence of three major types: (1) economic, (2) social/psychological, and (3) physical/sexual. Evidence from several countries to document instances of violence is reviewed. Major policy issues for the sending and receiving countries are outlined, and some recommendations for addressing such violations are made."

Behavior↗
PubMed1980

Vitamin E status of agricultural migrant workers in Southern Brazil.

Vitamin E status of agricultural migrant workers representing low socioeconomic population of Southern Brazil was evaluated by determining dietary intake and plasma levels of vitamin E. The mean plasma vitamin E level of 85 female and 39 male subjects was 1.14 +/- 0.33 mg/100 ml or 2.27 +/- 0.53 mg/g of total lipids in plasma. The difference between the plasma vitamin E values of male and female subjects was insignificant. Using various criteria for the assessment of plasma vitamin E levels, it was established that plasma vitamin E expressed in terms of plasma total lipids is a better indicator of vitamin E status. The actual mean alpha-tocopherol intake of this population was 5.51 +/- 3.30 mg/person from a typical diet supplying about 1500 kcal/day. On a 2500 kcl basis, the estimated mean alpha-tocopherol intake would be about 9 mg/day which compares favorably with the intake values reported for well-nourished populations. The main dietary source of vitamin E in this population is the traditional rice and beans diet with increased use of soybean oil and vegetable oil products in recent years. On the whole the vitamin E status of this Brazilian population is quite satisfactory despite inadequacies in their intake of dietary calories and other essential nutrients. The plasma vitamin E status of these subjects supports the dietary data for the intake of vitamin E in this population.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Hepatitis E--an important cause of imported non-A, non-B hepatitis among migrant workers in Qatar.

In 1985, Glynn et al. [Journal of Medical Virology 17:371-375] reported on epidemic viral hepatitis in Qatar and concluded that 72% (91/126) had acute enterically transmitted non-A, non-B viral hepatitis (ET-NANBH). Most of the patients (98%) presented within 8 weeks of arrival in Qatar and were migrant workers from the Indian subcontinent. The data was reanalysed for evidence of infection with hepatitis E virus (HEV). Seventy-eight of 91 (86%) of stored sera were still suitable for analysis since collection in 1981. A newly described enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for both IgG and IgM anti-HEV was used (Abbott Laboratories, Delkenheim, Germany); 59/78 (76%) were positive for either or both assays. All but two were from the Indian subcontinent. The data suggest that HEV was the major cause of ET-NANBH in Qatar in 1981, particularly among newly arrived migrant workers from the Indian subcontinent.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Genetic relatedness predicts South African migrant workers' remittances to their families.

Inclusive fitness models predict many commonly observed behaviours: among humans, studies of within-household violence, the allocation of food and child care find that people favour those to whom they are more closely related. In some cases however, kin-altruism effects appear to be modest. Do individuals favour kin to the extent that kin-altruism models predict? Data on remittances sent by South African migrant workers to their rural households of origin allow an explicit test, to our knowledge the first of its kind for humans. Using estimates of the fitness benefits and costs associated with the remittance, the genetic relatedness of the migrant to the beneficiaries of the transfer, and their age- and sex-specific reproductive values, we estimate the level of remittance that maximizes the migrant worker's inclusive fitness. This is a much better predictor of observed remittances than is average relatedness, even when we take account (by means of a multiple regression) of covarying influences on the level of remittance. But the effect is modest: less than a third of the observed level of remittances can be explained by our kin-altruism model.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1998

Use of DNA fingerprinting for primary surveillance of nosocomial tuberculosis in a large urban hospital: detection of outbreaks in homeless people and migrant workers.

SETTING: A large urban teaching hospital in the southeast of Paris. OBJECTIVE: Primary surveillance of nosocomial transmission of tuberculosis (TB) by systematic restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (RFLP) of isolates (n = 161) recovered from smear-positive pulmonary TB patients identified from 1 March 1993 to 28 February 1994, and from all TB patients (with any form of tuberculous infection) identified from 1 March 1994 to 30 April 1995. RESULTS: Systematic RFLP analysis revealed 12 clusters of patients (n = 40) infected by strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis showing matching RFLP patterns. None of the isolates were multidrug-resistant. Compared with non-clustered patients, clustered patients were more likely to be homeless (55% vs 19%, P < or = 0.001), or Africans living in hostels for migrant workers (20% vs 6%, P = 0.01), and had fewer previous admissions to hospital (12% vs 28%, P = 0.05). Further epidemiological investigations showed that the clustered TB cases actually resulted not from nosocomial transmission, but from transmission in the community, very likely in homeless shelters and hostels for migrant workers. CONCLUSION: No nosocomial transmission of TB was identified among the patients included during the study period. Systematic RFLP analysis using hospital-based sampling can detect the spread of TB in specific environments in the community where transmission is occurring.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Female migrant workers in Santiago, Chile, during the 1980s].

The author examines the status of female migrant workers in Santiago, Chile, in the 1980s, with a focus on the level of poverty and social inequalities. Aspects considered include "the dramatic transformation in domestic service, the increase in the number of non-migrant, lower class women participating in the economy, and the limited and precarious status of women's employment in the more dynamic sectors of the economy." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Americas↗
PubMed1996

Sexual hazards for migrant workers.

In Thailand the incidence of HIV/AIDS, other sexually transmitted diseases, and unwanted pregnancies highlights the vulnerability of young people who have moved from rural to urban areas as migrant workers. Possible ways of diminishing the risks are discussed below.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Patterns of care given migrant workers in Utah by private physicians and clinics.

This comparison of the care given migrant workers in Utah by private physicians with that provided by clinics demonstrates that clinics can provide more services and meet more of their needs. For a population group in need of an organization that can function specifically for them, the clinic offers many advantages. The clinic's role can also be expanded to become a focal point in the community for a comprehensive health care program for the disadvantaged. Although the cost of such a program may exceed the cost of traditional curative care from individual private physicians, the potential gains make it worth attempting. If long-term health is valued above short-term palliation, then the clinic would appear to be the best method of achieving this goal.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Dietary supplementation and improvement in physical work performance of agricultural migrant workers of southern Brazil.

A three-month trial was carried out on 14 agricultural migrant workers (Bóias-Frias) residing on the periphery of Ribeirão Preto, an agricultural and industrial town in the interior of the State of São Paulo in southern Brazil. This group can be considered as marginally malnourished. Their nutritional status and physical work performance was measured before and after receiving a supplemented lunch over a three-month period. The main change in their nutritional status during this period was an increase in body weight. Their physical work performance, as measured by a bicycle ergometer test, improved significantly after the supplementation of their traditional diet.

Brazil↗
PubMed2006

Use of the emergency department by Polish migrant workers.

Following the accession of Poland to the European Union in 2004, large numbers of Polish migrant workers have come to the UK. We describe how this migration has impacted on an emergency department in the West Midlands, and suggest advice that should be given to such visitors about how to use the NHS.

Emergency Service, Hospital↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Dental decay rates among children of migrant workers in Yakima, WA.

The literature documents a significant decline in the prevalence of dental caries among children. Unfortunately, dental decay rates of children of migrant workers remain high. This study collected data from 885 migrant children in central Washington. This community is in the west coast migrant stream. The area is served by a health center funded through the community and migrant health center program. There is an active dental program provided through the health center. The children were found to have a high rate of dental decay. However, there was a high rate of treatment of this decay and a rate of sealants (a preventive measure) nearly three times the rate in the general population. Although dental decay remains a serious problem in the migrant community, the migrant health centers appear to be making a positive impact on the dental health of the children.

Child↗
PubMed1982

[Bone scintigraphy and diagnosis of osteoarticular tuberculosis in migrant workers. Study of a series of 50 scintigraphies].

Bone scintigraphy with 99 m technetium labelled phosphorus compounds was achieved in 50 west Africans migrant workers in Paris. Bone and joint tuberculosis was assumed in 20 cases. In 5 of these 20 cases, bone scan, but not X-Ray, showed abnormalities, and in 4, bone scan disclosed more localisations than X-Rays. In 7 cases, yet, bone scan was normal, with major osteolytic X-Rays lesions in 3 cases, minor in 2 cases, and isolated cold abscesses in two more cases: these means 7 false-negative results. Among the 30 other cases, 29 were considered as mechanical vertebral pathology, and 1 sacro-iliitis Brucellosis. Bone scan was normal in 28 cases the 2 others are unexplained false-positive. Although non-specific and not completely reliable, we think that bone-scanning is useful in bone-tuberculosis check-up, especially to obtain early diagnosis and detect multifocal localisations.

Adult↗