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PubMed2001

Optimization of background electrolytes for capillary electrophoresis I. Mathematical and computational model.

A mathematical and computational model is introduced for optimization of background electrolyte systems for capillary zone electrophoresis of anions. The model takes into account mono- or di- or trivalent ions and allows also for modeling of highly acidic or alkaline electrolytes, where a presence of hydrogen and hydroxide ions is significant. At maximum, the electrolyte can contain two co-anions and two counter-cations. The mathematical relations of the model are formulated to enable an easy algorithmization and programming in a computer language. The model assesses the composition of the background electrolyte in the analyte zone, which enables prediction of the parameters of the system that are experimentally available, like the transfer ratio, which is a measure of the sensitivity in the indirect photometric detection or the molar conductivity detection response, which expresses the sensitivity of the conductivity detection. Furthermore, the model also enables the evaluation of a tendency of the analyte to undergo electromigration dispersion and allows the optimization of the composition of the background electrolyte to reach a good sensitivity of detection while still having the dispersion properties in the acceptable range. Although the model presented is aimed towards the separation of anions, it can be straightforwardly rearranged to serve for simulation of electromigration of cationic analytes. The suitability of the model is checked by inspecting the behavior of a phosphate buffer for analysis of anions. It is shown that parameters of the phosphate buffer when used at neutral and alkaline pH values possess singularities that indicate a possible occurrence of system peaks. Moreover, if the mobility of any analyte of the sample is close to the mobilities of the system peaks, the indirect detector signals following the background electrolyte properties will be heavily amplified and distorted. When a specific detector sensitive on presence of the analyte were used, the signal would be almost lost due to the excessive dispersion of the peak.

Electrolytes↗
PubMed1980

Mathematical and computer assisted procedures in clinical decision making.

Numerous mathematical and computer assisted procedures have been developed and tested as aids in clinical decision making. With pressures to curtail unnecessary utilization of diagnostic tests, these models may play an increasingly important role. In practice, additional data may benefit the construction of mathematical models but may not necessarily benefit clinicians. With improvements in computer technology, laboratory medicine is in a strategic position to influence the direction of diagnostic testing and clinical decisions in a more cost effective manner.

Bayes Theorem↗
PubMed1991

Cardiac electrophysiological experiments in numero, Part I: Concepts and strategies of mathematical and computer models.

This article is the first of three articles that review mathematical and computer models of the heart and describe their construction, development, research potential, and clinical utility. This article explains the methodological principles of mathematical and computer simulation of biomedical systems. The strategies of model construction, testing, and application are presented; the advantages and limitations of computer simulation studies are explained, and the basic value of computer simulation for cardiological research and practice is discussed.

Cardiac Pacing, Artificial↗
PubMed1997

Mathematical and computational challenges in population biology and ecosystems science.

Mathematical and computational approaches provide powerful tools in the study of problems in population biology and ecosystems science. The subject has a rich history intertwined with the development of statistics and dynamical systems theory, but recent analytical advances, coupled with the enhanced potential of high-speed computation, have opened up new vistas and presented new challenges. Key challenges involve ways to deal with the collective dynamics of heterogeneous ensembles of individuals, and to scale from small spatial regions to large ones. The central issues-understanding how detail at one scale makes its signature felt at other scales, and how to relate phenomena across scales-cut across scientific disciplines and go to the heart of algorithmic development of approaches to high-speed computation. Examples are given from ecology, genetics, epidemiology, and immunology.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2006

The presence of mathematics and computer anxiety in nursing students and their effects on medication dosage calculations.

AIM: To determine if the presence of mathematical and computer anxiety in nursing students affects learning of dosage calculations. METHOD: The quasi-experimental study compared learning outcomes at differing levels of mathematical and computer anxiety when integrative and computer based learning approaches were used. Participants involved a cohort of second year nursing students (n=97). RESULTS: Mathematical anxiety exists in 20% (n=19) of the student nurse population, and 14% (n=13) experienced mathematical testing anxiety. Those students more anxious about mathematics and the testing of mathematics benefited from integrative learning to develop conditional knowledge (F(4,66)=2.52 at p<.05). Computer anxiety was present in 12% (n=11) of participants, with those reporting medium and high levels of computer anxiety performing less well than those with low levels (F(1,81)=3.98 at p<.05). CONCLUSION: Instructional strategies need to account for the presence of mathematical and computer anxiety when planning an educational program to develop competency in dosage calculations.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1977

[Basic trends in the use of mathematics and computer technics in cardiology].

Five cardinal, according to the author, trends in the utilization of mathematics and computing technique in cardiology are discussed, viz. in the diagnosis, including mass-examinations of the population; in prognosing, with screening at the time of mass-examination of the population groups of persons presenting risks as to the development of atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, hypertensive disease, etc.; in the treatment; in the organization of information-search systems; in modelling. The significance of the cited trends for theoretical and practical cardiology is shown on examples from experience of the work carried out by research bodies headed by the author.

Cardiology↗
PubMed1995

Efficiency of screening procedures for assigning levels of the Stanford Achievement Test (eighth edition) to students who are deaf or hard of hearing.

Assignment to an appropriate test level is crucial to the validity of standardized test scores. The present study examined the efficiency of the Reading Screening Tests and Mathematics Screening Tests developed by the Center for Assessment and Demographic Studies (CADS) of Gallaudet University for assigning levels of the Stanford Achievement Test, 8th edition (SAT-8), to deaf and hard-of-hearing students. Data were collected from programs participating in the 1990 test standardization with this population. It was found that while the screening procedures provide a credible means of assigning test levels, they are more effective for the SAT-8's Reading Comprehension, Total Language, Mathematics Computation, and Mathematics Applications subtests than for the Spelling and Concepts of Number subtests. This article concludes with recommendations in regard to individual subtest assignments.

Deafness↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Does 1 + 1 still equal 2? A study of the mathematic competencies of associate degree nursing students.

Many associate degree nursing students lack basic computational mathematic ability. When a computational mathematics test was administered to more than 850 associate degree nursing students nationwide, the results were amazingly consistent. The mean student score on the Computational Arithmetic Test was 75%. The findings showed that students were mathematically underprepared, particularly in skills involving fractions, decimals, and percents, the mathematic skills necessary for medication calculation. The author also surveyed associate degree nursing faculty (n = 118) from the same schools of nursing as to how successful they felt their students would be on a computational mathematics test. The average faculty expected student performance was 88%.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[Comparison between two diagnostic methods of computer's mathematic model and clinical diagnosis on TCM syndromes of rheumatoid arthritis].

Based on the test result of 14 trace elements in hair of 163 cases of rheumatoid arthritis, we used one of the methods of the computer's mathematic model, DYNAMIC to assign the patients to five groups among multidimensional space. Then, another method, M-DEC was used to diagnose it back on one plane. The result was compared with that by the usual clinical diagnosis, also five groups were obtained, the group of Deficiency of both Liver and Kidney, syndrome of intermingled Cold with Heat, Deficiency of Qi and Yin, syndrome of Dampness-Heat stagnating in collaterals and syndrome of Phlegm-Dampness stagnating in collaterals. And Kappa was 0.77, greater than 0.6. It displayed the consistency in observation of these two methods, which was shown reliable. After that, we have detected the sensitivity of the syndrome diagnosis by computer's mathematic model method, the result was 96.67% and the specificity of that was 95.15%. So we consider this method could give us an objective judgment on TCM syndromes of rheumatoid arthritis.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Modeling thermal skin burns on a personal computer.

Mathematic models have been used for several decades to predict the severity of burn injury that would result from application of a given thermal stress to the surface of the skin. Solution of the governing mathematic equations has been achieved either by analytic methods, with required simplifying assumptions that may compromise the rigor with which the results are applied, or by numeric methods, which require programming of finite element or finite difference codes in computer languages. In recent years microcomputer hardware and the associated software have become both powerful and relatively simple to use, and the price per unit of computing capability has dropped dramatically. Thus it is now possible to perform on a desktop machine with relative case calculations that previously might have been prohibitively complex or expensive. Modeling of burn injuries fits into this category. This article presents a straightforward method for implementing a finite difference solution to the burn process through the combination of a Macintosh personal computer and a widely used spreadsheet software program; this hardware and software combination has been used widely for a broad spectrum of general computing activities. This article presents a model for a surface thermal burn, as implemented for solution on a spreadsheet, with example runs to illustrate and verify the method.

Burns↗
PubMed1986

Computer-assisted mathematical analysis of sigmoid biological events.

A program in BASIC is described which allows accurate quantification of some numerical parameters that can be objectively correlated to biological indexes in sigmoid biological events. Attention was focused on the polymerization process of actin (a muscle protein with a mol. wt of 42,000 daltons) studied as the variation in the OD360 index with time. The experimental points, if plotted, can be well approximated by a rational function of the type delta OD360 = f(t), which passes through the origin and can be represented graphically by a sigmoid curve. The program was very helpful in comparing the experimental curves and in analysing significant parameters, such as maximum velocity and asymptote, that characterize these curves and whose interpretation would otherwise be purely subjective.

Actins↗
PubMed2005

Mycobacterium tuberculosis as viewed through a computer.

Mathematical models are emerging as important tools in the study of microbiology. As an illustrative example, we present results from several models each generated to study the interaction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the immune system. Different mathematical models were formulated on the basis of assumptions regarding system-component interactions, enabling us to explore specific aspects at diverse biological scales (e.g. intracellular, cell-cell interactions, and cell population dynamics). In addition, we were able to examine both temporal and spatial aspects. At each scale, there were consistent themes that emerged as determinative in infection outcome. Factors we identified include both host and microbial characteristics. The use of the models lies in generating hypotheses that can then be tested experimentally. Here, we outline the primary host and bacterial factors that we have identified as key mechanisms that contribute to the success of M. tuberculosis as a human pathogen. Our goal is to stimulate experimentation and foster collaborations between theoretical and experimental scientists.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Comparing plant and fungal gravitropism using imitational models based on reiterative computation.

Mathematical models which imitate plant gravitropic responses were used to compare plant and fungal gravitropism with kinetic data from the agarics Coprinus cinereus and Flammulina velutipes. Similarities were: bending depends on differential growth; growth of the organ is most intensive just behind the apex; gravitropisms exhibit a substantial time delay. Differences were: the agaric stem apex always returns to the vertical (some plant organs show stable plagiogravitropic growth); curvature compensation occurred in C. cinereus; C. cinereus stems rarely overshot or oscillated around the vertical although data for F. velutipes showed a single overshoot and oscillation. The work focused attention on the need for data on detection-level thresholds, angle-response and acceleration-response relationships in fungi, and the need for detailed observations of gravitropism kinetics in a larger number and wider range of fungi.

Agaricales↗
PubMed1991

[The use of computers and mathematical methods for optimizing epidemic control measures with respect to measles infection].

The potentialities of computers for the study of the effectiveness of immunization have been demonstrated and the mathematical model for the prediction of the proportion of children, seronegative to measles, derived on the basis of the data on the average measles morbidity in different groups for a given period. A multifactor analysis of a large scope of data obtained in seroepidemiological survey and a retrospective analysis of measles morbidity on the basis of data collected in two districts of Moscow have been carried out with the use of computers and mathematical methods.

Age Factors↗