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PubMed1981

A demonstration of several independent, partially overlapping, retinotopic maps in the optic tract of the cat.

We show here that the retina in the cat's optic tract by several separate, retino-topically organized maps. Fibers in different diameter classes form independent maps, and both hemi-retinae of the opposite side, as well as the temporal retina of the same side, are mapped in the tract. These several maps form rough topographic representations significantly out of register with each other.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Endothelin-sensitive areas in the ventral surface of the rat medulla.

In urethane-anesthetized rats, subregions of the ventral surface of the medulla (VSM) in which endothelin (ET) caused cardiorespiratory effects were mapped by topically applying 1 pmol of ET-1. Two distinct subregions, termed the rostral and caudal ET-sensitive areas, were identified. The rostral area was also sensitive to L-glutamate and glycine. It extended between the caudal end of the trapezoid body and the rootlet of the XIIth nerve partly overlying the pyramidal tract. In this position ET-1 caused the type I response consisting of an initial increase (excitatory component) in arterial pressure (AP), renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA), heart rate (HR), phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and the number of bursts of PNA (burst rate) followed by a sustained decrease (inhibitory component) in them. The caudal ET-sensitive area was located near the rootlet of the XIIth nerve. In this position ET-1 caused the type II response consisting of a decrease in PNA and an increase in burst rate. Part of this area responded to nicotine but not to glutamate or glycine. ET-3 (10 pmol) applied to the two ET-sensitive areas produced responses similar to those elicited by ET-1. The dose-response relationship was investigated by delivering ETs to the rostral area. The excitatory component of most of the variables was elicited at a dose of 1 fmol of ET-1 or 1 pmol of ET-3, whereas the inhibitory component was produced at 10 fmol of ET-1 or 10 pmol of ET-3. These results suggest that subregions of the rat's VSM may participate in the central cardiorespiratory control by ET.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Assets-oriented community assessment.

Determining how to promote community health requires that community health workers first assess where the community stands. The authors maintain that Healthy Communities initiatives are better served by assets-oriented assessment methods than by standard "problem-focused" or "needs-based" approaches. An assets orientation allows community members to identify, support, and mobilize existing community resources to create a shared vision of change, and encourages greater creativity when community members do address problems and obstacles.

Community Health Planning↗
PubMed1996

Evaluation of the VA's Pilot Program in Institutional Reorganization toward Primary and Ambulatory Care: Part I, Changes in process and outcomes of care.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the impact of the reorganization of an academic Veterans Affairs medical center toward primary and ambulatory care--including the implementation of a medical-center-wide interdisciplinary firm system and ambulatory care training program--on the quality of primary ambulatory care. METHOD: Randomly selected male veterans visiting the Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Sepulveda, California, were surveyed in 1992, early in the implementation of the program, and in 1993, after the program had been fully implemented. Two surveys were used: one before the veterans saw their primary care providers (practice-based survey) and the other immediately after patient visits (visit-based survey). Survey-participant data were then linked to computerized utilization and mortality data. Survey topics were mapped to the medical center's strategic plan and goals for ambulatory care, and focused on patients' reports about the care they had received in terms of continuity, access, preventive care, and other aspects of the biopsychosocial model of care. Administrative computer data were then used to evaluate effects on medical center workload. Statistical analyses included analysis of variance, analysis of covariance, chi-square, and logistic regression. RESULTS: For practice-based comparisons, complete data were available for 1,262 veterans in 1992 and 1,373 in 1993. For visit-based comparisons, complete data were available for 1,407 veterans in 1992 and 643 in 1993. Results included statistically significant improvements in continuity of care and detection of depression as well as increased rates of preventive care counseling (smoking and exercise). The proportion of veterans reporting being seen by physicians increased, as did the proportion of patients seen for check-ups rather than for acute problems. Fewer patients were seen in subspecialty clinics than in general medicine clinics. Patient satisfaction increased, hospitalizations decreased, and death rates decreased. Alcohol counseling and access to care for acute symptoms declined. Workload shifted from subspecialists to generalists and from inpatient care to outpatient care. CONCLUSION: The institutional reorganization toward primary and ambulatory care succeeded in substantially improving the quality of ambulatory care, reflecting improvements in the system of care and of health care provider training in ambulatory care.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMed1999

Evaluating the impact of a street barrier on urban crime.

OBJECTIVES: Violence is a major urban public health problem in the United States. The impact of a physical barrier placed across a street in a public housing project to prevent street violence and drug activity was evaluated. METHODS: Hartford Police Department data on violent and drug related crime incidence within the housing project containing the barrier were analyzed by use of a computerized geographic information system. RESULTS: Violent crime decreased 33% on the intervention street during the 15 month period after erection of the barrier, compared with the 15 month period before erection of the barrier, but there was no change in drug related crime. On adjoining streets and surrounding blocks, violent crime decreased 30%-50% but drug related crimes roughly doubled. A non-adjacent area of the housing project and the entire city experienced 26% and 15% decreases in violent crimes, and 414% and 25% increases in drug crimes, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The barrier decreased violent crime but displaced drug crimes to surrounding areas of the housing project. These results have important implications for other cities that have erected or are considering erecting similar barriers.

Architecture↗
PubMed1979

Immunization against anaplasmosis and babesiosis. Part III. Evaluation of immunization under field conditions in the Cauca River Valley.

Bovine anaplasmosis and babesiosis constitute serious constraints to efficient cattle production in Colombia. Nine commercial ranches located in the Cauca River Valley were used to evaluate the applicability, safety and economics of the newly developed immunization technology to control these diseases under actual field conditions using the minimum infective doses techniques. A total of 432 calves, 6--8 months old, of different breeds were used in this experiment. Calves born and raised in nonendemic areas of Valle, vaccinated against anaplasmosis and babesiosis and then moved to the endemic zone had developed a high degree of resistance. None of them died or required treatment after field challenge. In comparison, non-vaccinated controls suffered severe clinical anaplasmosis and babesiosis. Eighteen percent dies and 85% required chemotherapy to survive. Calves born and raised in the endemic zones of Valle and vaccinated did not suffer clinical disease nor require treatment after field challenge. However, non-vaccinated controls had 2% mortality and 60% of them required treatment to survive under the same field conditions. The weight gains favored vaccinated animals. The results of this study indicate significant reductions in deaths and production losses of cattle and the economic benefits to the livestock producers in controlling tick-borne diseases by vaccination.

Anaplasmosis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Concept mapping: an educational strategy for advancing nursing education.

TOPIC: Application of concept mapping as a tool in nursing education. PURPOSE: To highlight the use of concept mapping as a method for advanced learning in nursing education. SOURCES OF INFORMATION: Literature from nursing and general education, instructor and student experiences, and opinions from using concept maps as a method of teaching/learning. CONCLUSIONS: Instructors and students reported satisfaction from use of concept maps in the educational process. Teaching with the aid of concept maps has been incorporated as an innovative and viable teaching method in nursing education.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗