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PubMed1994

MAP kinase kinase kinase, MAP kinase kinase and MAP kinase.

Signal transduction pathways that respond to external signals through the MAP kinase family of protein kinases are involved in diverse responses in eukaryotic cells. MAP kinases are one element in a series of kinases that serve to connect the plasma membrane with cytoplasmic and nuclear events. MAP kinases have the unusual feature that their activation requires threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation carried out by a dual specificity protein kinase. Recent advances have shown that in two MAP kinase pathways (the mating response pathway in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and receptor tyrosine kinase signalling), the small GTP binding protein ras p21 links membrane events to kinase pathway activation.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Is fast mapping good mapping? A review of the benefits of high-speed orientation mapping using electron backscatter diffraction.

Orientation mapping using automated electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) is now a common technique for characterizing microstructures. Improvements in software and hardware have resulted in high-speed mapping capabilities above 80,000 points h(-1). For 'routine' microstructural analyses of materials such as steel and aluminium (e.g. texture and grain size measurements and high angle boundary characterization), high-speed orientation mapping is an ideal approach with minimal penalty on the final statistics. However, for the accurate analysis of very low angle boundaries and for routine analyses of more difficult materials (e.g. most rock samples), we advocate a more patient approach to orientation mapping with an emphasis on data accuracy and reliability. It is important that the objectives of any EBSD analysis are carefully considered before starting--in this way the maximum potential of an EBSD system can be achieved.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1983

Degree of mapping for nonlinear mappings of monotone type: Densely defined mapping.

The classical degree function constructed earlier for pseudomonotone mappings has been used to develop a broader degree theory of classical type for the sum of a maximal monotone map from a reflexive Banach space to its dual together with a bounded pseudomonotone map. The proof uses the generalized Yosida approximation of the maximal monotone mapping.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1993

Phosphorylation of Xenopus mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase kinase by MAP kinase kinase kinase and MAP kinase.

Xenopus 45-kDa mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase kinase (MAPKK) is a serine/threonine/tyrosine kinase, which activates MAP kinase (MAPK) by phosphorylating its threonine and tyrosine residues. MAPKK is active only when its threonine and/or serine residues are phosphorylated. We have identified from Xenopus eggs two protein kinases responsible for phosphorylation of MAPKK. The two kinases are separated by Sephacryl S-300 gel filtration chromatography. The higher molecular weight kinase phosphorylates MAPKK previously dephosphorylated and inactivated by phosphatase 2A treatment on mainly serine and slightly threonine residues, and reactivates the MAPKK, and is thus assumed to work as MAPKK kinase (MAPKKK) in vivo. The lower molecular weight kinase, identified as MAPK, phosphorylates the dephosphorylated MAPKK on mainly threonine and faintly serine residues, but does not reactivate the MAPKK activity. As Xenopus MAPKK contains a single phosphorylation consensus sequence (PXT388P) for MAPK in the C-terminal region, this T388 residue may be a major phosphorylation site catalyzed by MAPK. Thus, Xenopus MAPKK is phosphorylated in mature oocytes by not only an upstream kinase, MAPKKK, but also a downstream kinase, MAPK.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1986

Molecular aspects of MAP-1 and MAP-2: microheterogeneity, in vitro localization and distribution in neuronal and nonneuronal cells.

We have studied various aspects of MAP-1 and MAP-2 from neuronal as well as nonneuronal sources. MAP-1 and MAP-2 polymerized from brain were resolved into a number of subcomponents upon electrophoresis on low percentage gels. Based on peptide mappings performed under a variety of different conditions, we conclude that the three major subcomponents of MAP-1 have very similar, though not identical structures. The two major MAP-2 subcomponents might have identical structure, because their peptide maps were hardly distinguishable. The apparent microheterogeneity of high Mr MAPs is not yet understood on a molecular basis. Proteolysis during isolation or a different degree of phosphorylation, however, seems to be an unlikely cause for microheterogeneity. When localized on microtubules polymerized in vitro by electron microscopy, both MAP-1 and MAP-2 polypeptides apparently form helical arrays on the polymer's surface with periodicities of 100 nm. In the presence of taxol, MAPs form irregular and bulky extensions. Both MAPs are found to be widespread in neuronal as well as nonneuronal cells. MAP-1- and MAP-2-related polypeptides, together with other high Mr proteins, such as plectin, were associated with microtubules polymerized by taxol from extracts of a nonneuronal cultured cell line. MAP-2 from cultured cells was found to be extremely sensitive to proteolysis, in particular in the presence of free Ca-ions. MAP-1 and MAP-2 generally were found associated with typical microtubule structures such as interphase and spindle microtubules and primary cilia. A differential distribution of MAP-1 and MAP-2 was clearly evident in neural tissues, where MAP-2 was restricted to cell bodies and dendrites, whereas MAP-1 was present also in axons. Moreover, a differential distribution of MAPs and tubulin was observed in de-and regenerating peripheral nerve, and in a few occasions, also with nonneuronal cells. A quite unexpected result was the identification of a protein in the extracellular matrix of cultured fibroblast cells, which has antigenic determinants in common with MAP-1 and MAP-2 from brain. As a whole, the data presented support a concept in which a family of structurally homologous, though not identical, high Mr polypeptides constitute the crosslinking elements between microtubules and various other cellular components. The structural diversity of these polypeptides might play a role in the development and dynamic changes in the cytoskeletal architecture.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Microheterogeneity of microtubule-associated proteins, MAP-1 and MAP-2, and differential phosphorylation of individual subcomponents.

High molecular weight microtubule-associated proteins 1 and 2 (MAP-1 and MAP-2), prepared by copolymerization with tubulin, were electrophorectically separated into three and two major subcomponents, respectively, using 5% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. By two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, all five MAP components were shown to possess a pI of around 5. Four of these proteins, MAP-1A, MAP-1C, MAP-2A, and MAP-2B, present in comparable amounts, were iodinated after electrophoretic separation and analyzed by two-dimensional peptide mapping. With both trypsin and V8 protease, almost identical patterns were obtained from MAP-2A and MAP-2B. MAP-1A and MAP-1C, too, gave similar digestion patterns, although some differences were noted. Incubation with [gamma-32P]ATP demonstrated that endogeneous protein kinase activities phosphorylated individual subcomponents at different rates. MAP-2A, the highest labeled component, was phosphorylated 2.5-fold compared to MAP-2B both in the presence and the absence of cAMP. Labeling of MAP-1 subcomponents was 4 times less than that of MAP-2A in the absence and 16 times less in the presence of cAMP. 32P-labeled MAP-2A and MAP-2B bands were indistinguishable by one-dimensional peptide mapping, as were the three MAP-1 bands. For both MAP-1 and MAP-2 subcomponents, cAMP induced phosphorylation at new molecular sites. Incubation of radiolabeled microtubule proteins with 1 mM ATP effected, upon electrophoresis, a clear shift of MAP-2A and MAP-2B bands to positions of higher apparent molecular weights, while only slightly affecting MAP-1 bands.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1989

Cell cycle-dependent changes in the dynamics of MAP 2 and MAP 4 in cultured cells.

To examine the behavior of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) in living cells, MAP 4 and MAP 2 have been derivatized with 6-iodoacetamido-fluorescein, and the distribution of microinjected MAP has been analyzed using a low light level video system and fluorescence redistribution after photobleaching. Within 1 min following microinjection of fluoresceinated MAP 4 or MAP 2, fluorescent microtubule arrays were visible in interphase or mitotic PtK1 cells. After cold treatment of fluorescent MAP 2-containing cells (3 h, 4 degrees C), microtubule fluorescence disappeared, and the only fluorescence above background was located at the centrosomes; microtubule patterns returned upon warming. Loss of microtubule immunofluorescence after nocodozole treatment was similar in MAP-injected and control cells, suggesting that injected fluorescein-labeled MAP 2 did not stabilize microtubules. The dynamics of the MAPs were examined further by FRAP. FRAP analysis of interphase cells demonstrated that MAP 2 redistributed with half-times slightly longer (60 +/- 25 s) than those for MAP 4 (44 +/- 20 s), but both types of MAPs bound to microtubules in vivo exchanged with soluble MAPs at rates exceeding the rate of tubulin turnover. These data imply that microtubules in interphase cells are assembled with constantly exchanging populations of MAP. Metaphase cells at 37 degrees C or 26 degrees C showed similar mean redistribution half-times for both MAP 2 and MAP 4; these were 3-4 fold faster than the interphase rates (MAP 2, t1/2 = 14 +/- 6 s; MAP 4, t1/2 = 17 +/- 5 s). The extent of recovery of spindle fluorescence in MAP-injected cells was to 84-94% at either 26 or 37 degrees C. Although most metaphase tubulin, like the MAPs, turns over rapidly and completely under physiologic conditions, published work shows either reduced rates or extents of turnover at 26 degrees C, suggesting that the fast mitotic MAP exchange is not simply because of fast tubulin turnover. Exchange of MAP 4 bound to telophase midbodies occurred with dynamics comparable to those seen in metaphase spindles (t1/2 = approximately 27 s) whereas midbody tubulin exchange was slow (greater than 300 s). These data demonstrate that the rate of MAP exchange on microtubules is a function of time in the cell cycle.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Localization of the site of origin of postinfarction ventricular tachycardia by endocardial pace mapping. Body surface mapping compared with the 12-lead electrocardiogram.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to assess the value of body surface mapping and the standard 12-lead ECG in localizing the site of origin of postinfarction ventricular tachycardia (VT) during endocardial pace mapping of the left ventricle. METHODS AND RESULTS: Simultaneous recordings of 62-lead body surface QRS integral maps and scalar 12-lead ECG tracings were obtained in 16 patients with prior myocardial infarction during a total of 26 distinct VT configurations and during subsequent left ventricular catheter pace mapping at 9 to 24 different endocardial sites. Anatomic pacing site locations were computed by means of a biplane cineradiographic method and plotted on a polar projection of the left ventricle. The QRS integral map and the QRS complexes of the 12 standard leads of each VT morphology obtained in a particular patient were compared independently with the different paced QRS integral maps and paced QRS complexes of the 12-lead ECG generated in that same patient. The stimulus site locations of the best matching paced QRS integral map and paced QRS complexes of the 12-lead ECG were indicated on the polar projection and subsequently compared with the endocardial location of the corresponding site of VT origin identified during intraoperative (surgical ablation) or catheter activation sequence mapping (catheter ablation). The localization resolution of pace mapping was established separately for each electrocardiographic technique by computing the size of endocardial areas with similar morphological features of the QRS complex. Pace mapping advocated with body surface mapping or the 12-lead ECG enabled adequate reproduction of the VT QRS morphology in 24 of 26 VTs (92%) and 25 of 26 VTs (96%), respectively. Activation sequence mapping identified the site of origin in 12 of 26 previously observed VT configurations (46%). Ten and 11 VTs were localized by activation sequence mapping and pace mapping combined with body surface mapping or the 12-lead ECG, respectively. Pace mapping applied with body surface mapping identified the site of origin correctly (distance < or = 2 cm) in 8 of 10 compared VTs (80%); an adjacent site (distance between 2 and 4 cm) or a disparate site (distance > or = 4 cm) was identified in the remaining 2 of 10 VTs (20%). Pace mapping used with the 12-lead ECG localized the site of origin correctly in 2 of 11 VTs (18%); the site of origin was identified correctly next to an additional adjacent site in 5 of 11 VTs (55%); and an adjacent site or a disparate site was found in 1 of 11 VTs (9%) and 2 of 11 VTs (18%), respectively. The difference in localization accuracy of both electrocardiographic techniques was statistically significant (P = .02). The mean size of endocardial areas where a comparable QRS morphology was obtained during pace mapping was 6.0 +/- 4.5 cm2 with the application of body surface mapping and 15.1 +/- 12.0 cm2 with the use of the 12-lead ECG. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that application of the 62-lead instead of the 12-lead ECG during endocardial pace mapping enhances the localization resolution of this mapping technique and enables more precise identification of the site of arrhythmogenesis in the majority of compared postinfarction VT episodes.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

Endocardial activation mapping and endocardial pace-mapping using a balloon apparatus.

The relation between endocardial activation mapping and endocardial pace-mapping was evaluated in 8 dogs while they were on cardiopulmonary bypass. Pacing or recording was accomplished by using a balloon apparatus (with 32 bipolar electrodes) inserted through a left apical ventriculotomy. Ventricular tachycardia (VT) was produced by occlusion followed by reperfusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. During each VT, activation mapping was performed and early sites determined. Pace-map correlates (sites at which endocardial pacing produced a similar QRS morphology to that of the VT) were also determined. Isochronous maps were constructed for activation mapping and pace-mapping. There was a total of 29 morphologically distinct VTs. Groups were delineated according to correlations between activation mapping and pace-mapping. In 14 episodes of VT (group 1), pace-mapping confirmed the findings of activation mapping with all early sites being pace-map correlates (total number of early sites (tES) = 19; total number of pace-map correlates (tPMC) = 88; tES same as tPMC = 19). In 9 episodes of VT (group 2), there was a partial correlation between pace-mapping and activation mapping, such that pace-mapping when used with activation mapping appeared to further delineate the region of arrhythmogenesis (tES = 31; tPMC = 59; tES same as tPMC = 14). In 6 episodes of VT (group 3), there was no correlation between pace-mapping and activation mapping (tES = 15; tPMC = 0). With the balloon apparatus, endocardial activation mapping can be performed without the need for sustained monomorphic VT, and endocardial pace-maps may be generated easily.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1989

MAP 1A and MAP 1B are structurally related microtubule associated proteins with distinct developmental patterns in the CNS.

Five high-molecular-weight microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) were identified in brain tissue in previous work from this laboratory (Bloom et al., 1984). These proteins were termed MAP 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, and 2B. The MAP 1's differed from the MAP 2's, and showed little evidence of interrelationship on the basis of immunological and biochemical comparison. We report here that MAP 1A and MAP 1B are, in fact, related at the level of subunit composition. Immunoprecipitation of the individual MAPs showed that both contained low-molecular-weight subunits of Mr 30,000 and Mr 19,000 (light chains 1 and 3). An additional subunit, light chain 2 (Mr 28,000), was primarily found in preparations of MAP 1A. The light chains co-sedimented with microtubules after chymotryptic digestion of the MAPs. This suggested an association of the light chains with the microtubule binding domains of the MAPs, which are identified here as distinct fragments of Mr 60,000 for MAP 1A and 120,000 for MAP 1B. A panel of monoclonal anti-MAP 1A and anti-MAP 1B antibodies, including one that reacts with a common phosphorylated epitope, was used to examine the distribution of these proteins in the developing rat brain and spinal cord. MAP 1B was found to be abundant in the newborn brain and to decrease with development, in contrast to MAP 1A which increased with development. By immunohistochemistry MAP 1B was found to be highly concentrated in developing axonal processes in the cerebellar molecular layer, the corticospinal tract, the mossy fibers in the hippocampus, and the olfactory nerve. Of particular interest, the mossy fiber and olfactory nerve staining persisted in the adult, indicating continued outgrowth of the mossy fibers as well as olfactory nerve axons. MAP 1A staining was, in contrast, weak or absent in developing axonal fibers but moderate in mature axons and intense in developing and mature dendritic processes. Our results indicate that MAP 1A and MAP 1B are structurally related components of the neuronal cytoskeleton with complementary patterns of expression.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Understanding maps as symbols: the development of map concepts in children.

We expect that many readers encountered this article with the beliefs that maps are highly specialized devices primarily used for wayfinding; that they represent the spatial world in a single, correct form; that they are readily transparent; and that their sole contribution to psychology is their role in externalizing environmental cognition. By discussing the myriad functions and forms of maps, by highlighting their symbolic nature, and by considering some of the misconceptions about maps, we have attempted to demonstrate the value of maps for addressing a wide range of developmental questions. Our review of past research literature suggests that research conducted within individual disciplines has both strengths and limitations. Work in the psychological tradition is characterized by attention to important subject characteristics and to carefully described and implemented research designs, procedures, coding, and analyses. At the same time, this work reveals, at best, highly restricted views about maps, and at worst, fundamental misconceptions about maps. Work in the geographic and environmental traditions, in contrast, samples a broader range of map forms and functions, but it suffers from inattention to procedural details that makes the conclusions less compelling than they might otherwise be. A conventional wisdom is emerging from the work in both traditions: That children's map understanding occurs extremely early and extremely easily. The limitations of both research traditions, however, suggest the need for caution in accepting this view. Developmental and cartographic theories provide a compelling reason to reexamine the early and easy view and suggest the need for alternative conceptual and empirical approaches. We have argued that future work should integrate the traditions of psychology and geography. Illustrative data from an interdisciplinary program of research were presented. We described work demonstrating the gradual and difficult process of mastering the representational and geometric correspondences that link the map to its referent in the world. Our data suggest that there are significant achievements in map conceptualization (the understanding of the concept of a map), map identification (understanding the formal components of a map), and map utilization (the ability to use maps). Our data support the view that maps are not transparent and that children's abilities to understand, use, and create maps are linked to their developing representational and spatial skills. In concluding, we should acknowledge that we have deliberately pushed interpretations about understanding maps as symbolic representations to the extreme. The reason for this strategy is simple: We believe that work on maps--both in the public schools and in academia--is assumed to be an expendable and irrelevant luxury.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Child Development↗
PubMed2006

An updated 'Essex' by 'Forrest' linkage map and first composite interval map of QTL underlying six soybean traits.

DNA marker maps based on single populations are the basis for gene, loci and genomic analyses. Individual maps can be integrated to produce composite maps with higher marker densities if shared marker orders are consistent. However, estimates of marker order in composite maps must include sets of markers that were not polymorphic in multiple populations. Often some of the pooled markers were not codominant, or were not correctly scored. The soybean composite map was composed of data from five separate populations based on northern US germplasm but does not yet include 'Essex' by 'Forrest' recombinant inbred line (RIL) population (E x F) or any southern US soybean cultivars. The objectives were, to update the E x F map with codominant markers, to compare marker orders among this map, the Forrest physical map and the composite soybean map and to compare QTL identified by composite interval maps to the earlier interval maps. Two hundred and thirty seven markers were used to construct the core of the E x F map. The majority of marker orders were consistent between the maps. However, 19 putative marker inversions were detected on 12 of 20 linkage groups (LG). Eleven marker distance compressions were also found. The number of inverted markers ranged from 1 to 2 per LG. Thus, marker order inversions may be common in southern compared to northern US germplasm. A total of 61 QTL among 37 measures of six traits were detected by composite interval maps, interval maps and single point analysis. Seventeen of the QTL found in composite intervals had previously been detected among the 29 QTL found in simple interval maps. The genomic locations of the known QTL were more closely delimited. A genome sequencing project to compare Southern and Northern US soybean cultivars would catalog and delimit inverted regions and the associated QTL. Gene introgression in cultivar development programs would be accelerated.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed2004

The effect of an imprecise map on interval mapping QTLs.

The statistical analysis of quantitative trait locus (QTL) experiments relies on the use of a linkage map of the markers genotyped. Such a map is, at best, a good estimate of the true map. Resources might be diverted into developing better marker maps or improved maps become available after the analysis, raising concerns over the original analysis. It is therefore important to understand the sensitivity of QTL analysis to map inaccuracy. We have used simulation methods to investigate the consequences of an incorrect map on the results of a QTL analysis using interval mapping. Backcross data sets were generated with a particular map and then analysed with both the correct map and incorrect maps. If the incorrect maps maintained the true linkage groups (i.e. no markers were incorrectly assigned to another linkage group), the accuracy of the map had little or no impact on the ability to detect QTLs, the true significance levels of the tests or the relative placement of QTLs. When a marker was incorrectly placed on another linkage group, there was a small increase in the level of the test. After adjusting for this increase, there was a decrease in power to detect a QTL near the misplaced marker. This decrease was of a similar magnitude to that found when using a single-marker analysis compared with interval mapping. These results mean that QTL analyses can proceed without the need for very accurate marker maps, and that estimated QTL positions can be translated onto updated maps without the need for reanalysis.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed1997

A physical map of human chromosome 7: an integrated YAC contig map with average STS spacing of 79 kb.

The construction of highly integrated and annotated physical maps of human chromosomes represents a critical goal of the ongoing Human Genome Project. Our laboratory has focused on developing a physical map of human chromosome 7, a approximately 170-Mb segment of DNA that corresponds to an estimated 5% of the human genome. Using a yeast artificial chromosome (YAC)-based sequence-tagged site (STS)-content mapping strategy, 2150 chromosome 7-specific STSs have been established and mapped to a collection of YACs highly enriched for chromosome 7 DNA. The STSs correspond to sequences generated from a variety of DNA sources, with particular emphasis placed on YAC insert ends, genetic markers, and genes. The YACs include a set of relatively nonchimeric clones from a human-hamster hybrid cell line as well as clones isolated from total genomic libraries. For map integration, we have localized 260 STSs corresponding to Genethon genetic markers and 259 STSs corresponding to markers orders by radiation hybrid (RH) mapping on our YAC contigs. Analysis of the data with the program SEGMAP results in the assembly of 22 contigs that are "anchored" on the Genethon genetic map, the RH map, and/or the cytogenetic map. These 22 contigs are ordered relative to one another, are (in all but 3 cases) oriented relative to the centromere and telomeres, and contain > 98% of the mapped STSs. The largest anchored YAC contig, accounting for most of 7p, contains 634 STSs and 1260 YACs. An additional 14 contigs, accounting for approximately 1.5% of the mapped STSs, are assembled but remain unanchored on either the genetic or RH map. Therefore, these 14 "orphan" contigs are not ordered relative to other contigs. In our contig maps, adjacent STSs are connected by two or more YACs in > 95% of cases. With 2150 mapped STSs, our map provides an average STS spacing of approximately 79 kb. The physical map we report here exceeds the goal of 100-kb average STS spacing and should provide an excellent framework for systematic sequencing of the chromosome.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed2003

Brain and heart specific alteration of methamphetamine (MAP) distribution in MAP-sensitized rat.

The repeated administration of methamphetamine (MAP) causes behavioral sensitization in animals. We previously reported that the high accumulation of MAP was observed in the MAP-sensitized animal brain, which suggested that this phenomenon is an important factor in the development or expression of behavioral sensitization. The purpose of the present study is to elucidate the MAP distribution in the MAP-sensitized rat using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). As a result, the MAP distribution in the heart at 10 min when showing a high accumulation of MAP in the MAP-sensitized rat brain was significantly higher than that of the control rat, whereas no significant differences in the liver, kidney, abdominal muscle, femoral muscle and blood were observed. In the brain and heart, there was no different distribution at 1 min, reflecting only the influx process from blood to brain and heart. On the contrary, there was the significant difference at 10 min, reflecting both the influx and efflux process, suggesting that the efflux process of MAP from brain or heart to blood may be slow due to MAP sensitization. In conclusion, it was clear that the brain and heart specific alteration of the MAP distribution occurred in the MAP sensitization. It was considered that the high accumulation of MAP in the MAP-sensitized rat brain may be related to the expression of behavioral sensitization and that the delayed efflux of MAP in the MAP-sensitized rat heart may be connected with the cardiac toxicity.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

A high resolution CEPH crossover mapping panel and integrated map of chromosome 11.

High resolution (0.1 cM) CEPH crossover mapping panels were constructed for chromosome 11. These panels will facilitate a transition from top-down physical and genetic mapping strategies to integrated breakpoint mapping strategies. Novel methods, which differ from other methods in overcoming the limitations of incomplete heterozygosity and variable marker density, were developed for creating the panels and integrated maps. This made it possible to identify and sublocalize the majority of crossovers in 61 families. The panels were used to map 139 microsatellite markers. A semi-integrated map and a fully-integrated map were constructed by combining these data with data from CEPH 7.1 and then integrating data from the radiation hybrid (RH) map. Genetic lengths estimated from the mapping panels were similar to the estimates obtained when all recombinant and non-recombinant offspring were included (189.4 cM in females and 126.1 cM in males), indicating that genetic distances are stable at this high marker density. The maps have a cM density of 0.62. The distance between ordered markers is 1.39-2.92 cM depending on the criterion for order and the extent of map integration. The 2D maps provide the resolution and flexibility needed to enhance current applications such as positional cloning and mapping complex disorders; while the mapping panels will greatly improve the resolution, reliability and efficiency of future genetic mapping.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed2002

Genetic linkage maps of two apricot cultivars ( Prunus armeniaca L.), and mapping of PPV (sharka) resistance.

Genetic linkage maps for two apricot cultivars have been constructed using AFLP, RAPD, RFLP and SSR markers in 81 F1 individuals from the cross 'Goldrich' x 'Valenciano'. This family segregated for resistance to 'plum pox virus' (PPV), the most-important virus affecting Prunus species. Of the 160 RAPD arbitrary primers screened a total of 44 were selected. Sixty one polymorphic RAPD markers were scored on the mapping population: 30 heterozygous in 'Goldrich', 19 heterozygous in 'Valenciano', segregating 1:1, and 12 markers heterozygous in both parents, segregating 3:1. A total of 33 and 19 RAPD markers were mapped on the 'Goldrich' and 'Valenciano' maps respectively. Forteen primer combinations were used for AFLPs and all of them detected polymorphism. Ninety five markers segregating 1:1 were identified, of which 62 were heterozygous in the female parent 'Goldrich' and 33 in the male parent 'Valenciano'. Forty five markers were present in both parents and segregated 3:1. A total of 82 and 48 AFLP markers were mapped on the 'Goldrich' and 'Valenciano' maps. Twelve RFLPs probes were screened in the population, resulting in five loci segregating in the family, one locus heterozygous for 'Valenciano' and four heterozygous for both, segregating 1:2:1. Of the 45 SSRs screened 17 segregated in the mapping family, resulting in seven loci heterozygous for the maternal parent and ten heterozygous for both, segregating 1:2:1 or 1:1:1:1. A total of 16 and 13 co-dominant markers were mapped in the female and male parent maps respectively. A total of 132 markers were placed into eight linkage groups on the 'Goldrich' map, defining 511 cM of the total map-length. The average distance between adjacent markers was 3.9 cM. A total of 80 markers were placed into seven linkage groups on the 'Valenciano' map, defining 467.2 cM of the total map-distance, with an average interval of 5.8 cM between adjacent markers. Thirty six marker loci heterozygous in both parents revealed straightforward homologies between five linkage groups in both maps. The sharka resistance trait mapped on linkage group 2. The region containing sharka resistance is flanked by two co-dominant markers that will be used for targeted SSR development employing a recently constructed complete apricot BAC library. SSRs tightly linked to sharka resistance will facilitate MAS in breeding for resistance in apricot.

Journal Article↗