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At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Inadequacy of manual cleaning for reprocessing single-use, triple-lumen sphinctertomes: simulated-use testing comparing manual with automated cleaning methods.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Despite widespread reuse of single-use sphinctertomes, publications regarding the adequacy of reprocessing are conflicting and the cautery wire channel is seldom evaluated. Our objective was to use thickened artificial test soil containing microorganisms to perform simulated-use tests combined with in-situ and destructive testing to evaluate cleaning efficacy and ethylene oxide sterilization of single-use triple lumen sphinctertomes. METHODS: New triple-lumen sphinctertomes were soiled with thickened artificial test soil containing 6 log(10) per milliliter of Enterococcus faecalis and Bacillus stearothermophilus by inoculation through the distal end and dried for 1 hour, 24 hours, or 7 days before cleaning. The efficacy of manual cleaning was compared with that of automated cleaning with the Medisafe SI-Auto narrow-lumen cleaner. After cleaning, Bradford's reagent was injected into the channels as a direct method of detecting residual protein. Destructive testing was done to determine the levels of residual protein, carbohydrate, hemoglobin, endotoxin, and viable bacteria in the cleaned device. Destructive sterility testing of the devices also was performed after ethylene oxide sterilization. RESULTS: Both in-situ and destructive testing demonstrated that manual cleaning and automated washers connected via the luer ports did not remove soil or organisms from the cautery wire channel. Only retro-flushing in the SI-Auto provided adequate cleaning of all 3 channels. If reprocessing was delayed for more than 24 hours, retro-flush cleaning was no longer effective. Ethylene oxide sterilization failure was detected only for devices held for 7 days before cleaning and sterilization. In-use testing showed that patient secretions gained access to the cautery wire channel. CONCLUSIONS: Only retro-flushing done within 24 hours of use provided adequate cleaning for multi-lumen, single-use sphinctertomes. Our data validate the efficacy of reprocessing sphinctertomes once with SI-Auto retro-flush cleaning followed by 2 hours of ethylene oxide sterilization.

Cross Infection↗
PubMed1976

Computer printing and filing of microbiology reports. 2. Evaluation and comparison with a manual system, and comparison of two manual systems.

A manual system of microbiology reporting with a National Cash Register (NCR) form with printed names of bacteria and antiboitics required less time to compose reports than a previous manual system that involved rubber stamps and handwriting on plain report sheets. The NCR report cost 10-28 pence and, compared with a computer system, it had the advantages of simplicity and familarity, and reports were not delayed by machine breakdown, operator error, or data being incorrectly submitted. A computer reporting system for microbiology resulted in more accurate reports costing 17-97 pence each, faster and more accurate filing and recall of reports, and a greater range of analyses of reports that was valued particularly by the control-of-infection staff. Composition of computer-readable reports by technicians on Port-a-punch cards took longer than composing NCR reports. Enquiries for past results were more quickly answered from computer printouts of reports and a day book in alphabetical order.

Attitude↗
PubMed1989

Manual behavior, lateralization of manual skills and cognitive performance of preschool children.

Direction and degree of manual specialization (functional asymmetry between the hands) on a pegboard task, and fine motor ability (total number of pegs inserted) of both hands were correlated with verbal and visuospatial performances for 47 preschool children. No significant differences were found between right-, and left-, and mixed-handers even though the best motor skills were shown by the 6 mixed-handed subjects, who also had the highest scores on cognitive tasks. Verbal and visuospatial performances were not correlated with degree or direction of manual specialization. They were instead correlated with the level of motor ability of both hands. Motor maturation should be viewed, then, as a process that implies a richer motor performance of both hands and could be interpreted as a more specific diagnostic parameter than the traditional indices of handedness in cognitive fields.

Child Development↗
PubMed1980

[Studies on the influence of mixing ratio and manual or mechanical mixinng ratio and manual or mechanical mixing on physical properties of composites (author's transl)].

The study was carried out in order to see whether the physical properties (microhardness, cone-flow-point, compressive strength, abrasion resistance, density, dimensional change adherence to enamel) of the powder-liquid- composite are dependent upon the processing conditions (powder-liquid-ratio, manual or mechanical mixing). We found that the higher the powder-liquid-ratio the higher the microhardness, compressive strength, density and the least the volume contraction. The abrasion resistance and the adherence to enamel depended not significantly upon the mixing ratio. In a manual mixed composite the highest cone-flow-point has been found to lie between a high and a low powder-liquid-ratio. All this findings show clearly that a standardized powder-liquid-ratio is a necessary prerequisite to an optimal quality of the composite. This optimal ratio can be guaranteed by a proper predosage in capsules. Mechanical mixing increased the microhardness, cone-flow-point, compressive strength and density. This fact is due to homogenity and small porosity. Mechanical mixed and injection-capsule composites are recommendable.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed1986

Concurrent performance of rhythmically compatible or incompatible vocal and manual tasks: evidence for two sources of interference in verbal-manual timesharing.

Forty-two normal, right-handed adults performed rhythmic finger tapping with the left or right hand while concurrently reciting sentences that were either compatible or incompatible with the rhythm being tapped. Both kinds of sentences slowed tapping equally, and the interference was lateralized so that the right hand was affected more than the left. In contrast, the regularity of finger tapping was disrupted to a much greater degree by incompatible sentences than by compatible sentences, and the effect was comparable in the left and right hands. The results implicate two mechanisms of verbal-manual interference--capacity limitation and timing constraints--and thus reconcile certain inconsistencies among findings from previous concurrent-task studies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Verbal-to-manual and manual-to-verbal dual-task interference in left-handed and right-handed adults.

Verbal-manual interference was investigated with 80 students who were divided into four groups by sex and hand preference. Unilateral finger-tapping was measured during no-load conditions and during two concurrent tasks of word reading (aloud) and sentence reading (silent). During concurrent tasks, no selective interference effects for the preferred hand were found; however, when participants were classified according to consistent handedness instead of hand preference, consistent right-handers exhibited selective right-hand tapping interference during concurrent word reading, whereas consistent left-handers showed generalized interference. During concurrent sentence reading, men showed selective right-hand interference, irrespective of handedness. The influence of tapping on word reading was also examined. Concurrent tapping lowered word-reading performance substantially, showing that finger-tapping and word reading interfered reciprocally.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Oculo-manual coordination control: ocular and manual tracking of visual targets with delayed visual feedback of the hand motion.

The aim of this study was to examine coordination control in eye and hand tracking of visual targets. We studied eye tracking of a self-moved target, and simultaneous eye and hand tracking of an external visual target moving horizontally on a screen. Predictive features of eye-hand coordination control were studied by introducing a delay (0 to 450 ms) between the Subject's (S's) hand motion and the motion of the hand-driven target on the screen. In self-moved target tracking with artificial delay, the eyes started to move in response to arm movement while the visual target was still motionless, that is before any retinal slip had been produced. The signal likely to trigger smooth pursuit in that condition must be derived from non-visual information. Candidates are efference copy and afferent signals from arm motion. When tracking an external target with the eyes and the hand, in a condition where a delay was introduced in the visual feedback loop of the hand, the Ss anticipated with the arm the movement of the target in order to compensate the delay. After a short tracking period, Ss were able to track with a low lag, or eventually to create a lead between the hand and the target. This was observed if the delay was less than 250-300 ms. For larger delays, the hand lagged the target by 250-300 ms. Ss did not completely compensate the delay and did not, on the average, correct for sudden changes in movement of the target (at the direction reversal of the trajectory). Conversely, in the whole range of studied delays (0-450 ms), the eyes were always in phase with the visual target (except during the first part of the first cycle of the movement, as seen previously). These findings are discussed in relation to a scheme in which both predictive (dynamic nature of the motion) and coordination (eye and hand movement system interactive signals) controls are included.

Adult↗