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PubMed1988

Chlorthalidone reduces calcium oxalate calculous recurrence but magnesium hydroxide does not.

We examined the effectiveness of chlorthalidone or magnesium hydroxide in the prevention of recurrent calcium oxalate kidney calculi. In a double-blind random allocation design daily dosages of 25 or 50 mg. chlorthalidone, 650 or 1,300 mg. magnesium hydroxide, or an identical placebo were administered. All groups showed significantly decreased calculous events compared to the pretreatment rates. During the trial 56.1 per cent fewer calculi than predicted developed in the placebo group (p less than 0.01), whereas the groups receiving low and high dosage magnesium hydroxide showed 73.9 and 62.3 per cent fewer calculi, respectively (p less than 0.001 and less than 0.01, respectively). Chlorthalidone treatment resulted in a 90.1 per cent decrease from predicted rates and both dosages yielded similar results. When the treatments were compared chlorthalidone was significantly better than the placebo or magnesium hydroxide (p less than 0.01). The large decreases in calculous events seen when placebo or ineffective therapy was given underscore the positive treatment bias that occurs when historical controls are used and they demonstrate the need for proper experimental design.

Calcium Oxalate↗
PubMed1988

Oral administration of magnesium hydroxide to subjects with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: effects on magnesium and potassium levels and on insulin requirements.

Intra- and extracellular levels of magnesium and potassium were determined in 16 subjects with insulin-dependent type I diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and 30 healthy controls. Subjects with IDDM had lower levels of magnesium in muscle biopsies (p less than 0.001), plasma (p less than 0.001), and mononuclear cells (p less than 0.05), and higher urinary excretions of magnesium (p less than 0.01), and lower levels of potassium in muscle biopsies (p less than 0.001), and erythrocytes (p less than 0.05), as compared with those in controls. Magnesium hydroxide (500 mg/day) was administered orally to the diabetics. The levels of magnesium and potassium in muscle biopsies increased (p less than 0.001; p less than 0.001), while the plasma levels of magnesium and the urinary excretions of magnesium increased only temporarily, during 21 weeks of treatment. The requirements of insulin were reduced (p less than 0.001) during the course of the study, whereas the levels of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and glucose were not changed. The findings indicate that administration of magnesium hydroxide is useful to treat muscular magnesium and potassium deficiency in diabetics.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

The effects of magnesium hydroxide on the absorption and efficacy of two glibenclamide preparations.

1. The effect of magnesium hydroxide on the absorption and efficacy of two glibenclamide preparations was investigated in healthy volunteers in two separate studies, using a randomized cross-over design with two phases. 2. A single dose of magnesium hydroxide (850 mg) or water only (150 ml) was given immediately after the ingestion of a micronised (1.75 mg, seven subjects) or a non-micronised (2.5 mg, six subjects) preparation of glibenclamide. Plasma concentrations of glibenclamide, insulin and glucose were measured. 3. Magnesium hydroxide accelerated (P less than 0.05) the absorption of glibenclamide from the micronised preparation to a small extent but the extent of absorption and the insulin and glucose responses were unaltered. 4. Coadministration of magnesium hydroxide with the non-micronised glibenclamide preparation increased the area under the plasma glibenclamide concentration-time curve from 0 to 3 h, five-fold (P less than 0.05), the total area three-fold (P less than 0.05) and the peak drug concentration three-fold (P less than 0.05). The incremental insulin area from 0 to 3 h was increased 35-fold (P less than 0.05) and the maximum insulin response 10-fold (P less than 0.05) by magnesium hydroxide. 5. Concomitant ingestion of magnesium hydroxide and non-micronised glibenclamide may greatly enhance the absorption and efficacy of glibenclamide. The absorption of micronised glibenclamide appears to be only slightly influenced by magnesium hydroxide.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effects of oral magnesium hydroxide administration on rumen fluid in cattle.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of oral magnesium hydroxide administration on rumen fluid in cattle. Six lactating Holstein cows (4-7 years of age) with rumen fistulas were studied. Cattle were randomly assigned to receive boluses of magnesium hydroxide (162 g) or a powdered form (450 g dissolved in 3.5 L of water) PO daily for 3 days. Analysis of rumen fluid, blood gas tensions, and pH and measurement of serum magnesium concentrations were conducted daily. The study was discontinued after 72 hours, or sooner if rumen pH exceeded 8.0. After at least 3 weeks, the study was repeated with each cow receiving the other form of magnesium hydroxide (powder or bolus). Compared with baseline rumen pH (mean +/- SD: 6.22 +/- 0.28), magnesium hydroxide boluses caused a significant increase (P < .05) in rumen pH after 48 (7.27 +/- 0.11) and 72 (8.01 +/- 0.16) hours of administration, whereas the powdered form caused a significant increase (P < .05) in rumen pH after 24 (7.54 +/- 0.19) and 48 (8.43 +/- 0.22) hours of administration. Both the powdered and bolus forms of magnesium hydroxide decreased rumen protozoal numbers and increased methylene blue reduction times compared with baseline values. There was no change in blood pH, bicarbonate, or base excess values. Serum magnesium concentrations were significantly increased (P < .05) in cows that received the magnesium hydroxide powder. The results of this study indicate that magnesium hydroxide has a potent alkalinizing effect on rumen pH and significantly decreases rumen microbial activity.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1991

The effect of magnesium hydroxide on the oral absorption of ibuprofen, ketoprofen and diclofenac.

1. The effect of magnesium hydroxide on the oral absorption of ibuprofen, ketoprofen and diclofenac was investigated in two randomized cross-over studies, both consisting of two phases. 2. Single doses of magnesium hydroxide (850 mg) or of water (150 ml) only were given to six healthy volunteers immediately after the ingestion of ibuprofen (400 mg, Study 1), ketoprofen (50 mg, Study 2) or diclofenac (50 mg, Study 2). Plasma drug concentrations were measured up to 24 h. 3. Magnesium hydroxide increased the area under the plasma ibuprofen concentration-time curve between 0 and 1 h by 65% (P less than 0.05) and the peak concentration of ibuprofen in plasma by 31% (P less than 0.01). The time to peak was shortened by about 0.5 h. The extent of bioavailability of ibuprofen was not increased by magnesium hydroxide. 4. Neither the rate nor the extent of absorption of ketoprofen or diclofenac was changed significantly by magnesium hydroxide. 5. When rapid onset of the analgesic effect of ibuprofen is required, concomitant ingestion of an antacid, which contains magnesium hydroxide without aluminium, is recommended.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Effect of interaction of aluminum hydroxycarbonate gel and magnesium hydroxide gel on acid neutralization.

Acid neutralization by mixtures of aluminum hydroxycarbonate gel and magnesium hydroxide gel differs from the sum of the acid neutralization of each gel. Acid neutralization by magnesium hydroxide gel in the mixture is not observed until after a substantial portion of the aluminum hydroxycarbonate gel has reacted with acid, even though magnesium hydroxide gel is the faster reacting of the two gels. It is hypothesized that amorphous aluminum hydroxycarbonate forms a coating on the crystalline magnesium hydroxide particles due to electrostatic attraction. This coating prevents protons from reaching the highly reactive magnesium hydroxide until the coating is dissolved by the acid neutralization of aluminum hydroxycarbonate.

Acids↗
PubMed1993

Preventive effect of magnesium hydroxide on carcinogen-induced large bowel carcinogenesis in rats.

Preventive effect of magnesium hydroxide on carcinogen-induced, large bowel carcinogenesis was examined in three experiments using F344 rats. Experiment I: Rats received dietary administration of magnesium hydroxide at concentrations of 500 or 1,000 ppm after treatment with methylazoxymethanol (MAM) acetate (25 mg/kg, 3 times). These rats had a lower incidence of large bowel neoplasms than animals given MAM acetate alone. Reduction of the tumor incidence was especially significant at a dose of 500 ppm. Experiment II: Rats given magnesium hydroxide (250, 500, or 1,000 ppm) together with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) (20 mg/kg, 10 times) showed a lower multiplicity of large bowel tumors than those given DMH alone. Experiment III: The labeling indices of the cryptal cells of the large bowel (cecum or proximal colon or distal colon) or rates given magnesium hydroxide for 4, 6, or 8 weeks after treatment with MAM acetate (25 mg/kg, 3 times) were smaller than those of animals given MAM acetate alone, indicating that magnesium hydroxide suppressed, carcinogen-induced epithelial cell (large bowel) proliferation. The results of the three experiments suggest that magnesium, one of the essential metals, is a promising chemopreventive agent in humans.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1989

Inhibitory effect of magnesium hydroxide on methylazoxymethanol acetate-induced large bowel carcinogenesis in male F344 rats.

The effect of dietary magnesium hydroxide on colon carcinogenesis induced by methylazoxymethanol (MAM) acetate was examined in male F344 rats. MAM acetate was administered by i.p. injection to rats at 25 mg/kg body wt once per week for 3 weeks. Starting 2 weeks after the final MAM acetate exposure, the diet containing 500 or 1000 p.p.m. magnesium hydroxide was fed for 227 days. In the groups receiving magnesium hydroxide and MAM acetate, the incidence of colon neoplasms was decreased when compared with that in the group given MAM acetate alone. The inhibitory effect of dietary magnesium hydroxide on MAM acetate-induced colon carcinogenesis was greater at the lower dose than that at the higher dose of magnesium hydroxide in the diet. Neoplasms in other organs were rare and were not affected by the dietary magnesium hydroxide.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Inhibitory effects of magnesium hydroxide on c-myc expression and cell proliferation induced by methylazoxymethanol acetate in rat colon.

The effects of magnesium hydroxide were examined on methylazoxymethanol (MAM) acetate-induced c-myc expression and cell proliferation of colonic mucosal epithelium in rats. Rats were divided into four groups and treated as follows: MAM acetate alone (25 mg/kg i.p. injection, five times, once a week for 5 weeks), MAM acetate and feeding of 0.2% magnesium hydroxide in diet, magnesium hydroxide alone and non-treatment. At 4, 8 and 16 weeks after the start of experiment, 10 rats in each group were sacrificed. Magnesium hydroxide inhibited the MAM-induced expression of c-myc proto-oncogene, and also suppressed the increased bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) labelling indexes induced by MAM acetate in colon mucosa in initiation and post-initiation phase. These results suggest that the anti-carcinogenic effect of magnesium hydroxide on rat colon carcinogenesis induced by MAM acetate may be related to the inhibition of the carcinogen-induced expression of c-myc proto-oncogene and cell proliferation.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Effect of magnesium hydroxide on the absorption of tolfenamic and mefenamic acids.

The effect of various antacids on the absorption of tolfenamic and mefenamic acids has been investigated in three separate crossover studies, each consisting of four phases. Single doses of magnesium hydroxide (85 mg, 425 mg and 1700 mg) or of water (150 ml) were given by mouth to 6 healthy volunteers immediately after tolfenamic acid 400 mg (Study 1), and, using an identical study design, after mefenamic acid 500 mg (Study 3). In Study 2 sodium bicarbonate 1 g, aluminium hydroxide 1 g, an antacid preparation containing both aluminium and magnesium hydroxides, or water alone were ingested with tolfenamic acid 400 mg. Plasma concentrations of tolfenamic and mefenamic acids and their cumulative excretion in urine were determined up to 24 h. Magnesium hydroxide greatly accelerated, in a dose-dependent manner the absorption of both tolfenamic and mefenamic acids. The peak times in plasma were shortened by about 1 h by 425 mg and 1700 mg magnesium hydroxide, and the peak plasma concentrations of both fenamates were elevated up to 3-fold. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve between 0 and 1 h of tolfenamic acid was increased up to 7-fold and that of mefenamic acid up to 3-fold. The total bioavailability of tolfenamic and mefenamic acids was only slightly increased. Aluminium hydroxide alone and in combination with magnesium hydroxide significantly retarded the absorption and lowered the peak plasma concentration of tolfenamic acid. Sodium bicarbonate had no significant effect on its absorption. The interaction with magnesium hydroxide leads to higher and earlier peak plasma concentrations of the fenamates.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Antacids↗
PubMed1994

The inhibitory effect of magnesium hydroxide on the bile acid-induced cell proliferation of colon epithelium in rats with comparison to the action of calcium lactate.

The modulating effects of magnesium hydroxide and calcium lactate on the cholic acid-induced hyperproliferation of cells in rat colon epithelium were investigated. Rats were divided into six groups (10 rats/group) and fed the following diets for 8 weeks: 0.25% cholic acid alone (group 1), cholic acid plus 0.2% magnesium hydroxide (group 2), cholic acid plus 1.18% calcium in the form of calcium lactate (group 3), calcium lactate alone (group 4), magnesium hydroxide alone (group 5) and the basal diet alone (group 6). At the end of the experiment, all rats were killed for the immunocytochemical examination of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation in the cell nuclei of colonic epithelium. Magnesium hydroxide reduced the cholic acid-induced BrdU incorporation by 33% at the distal part and 40% at the proximal part. Calcium lactate also reduced the BrdU incorporation by 48% and 51% respectively. Exposure of magnesium hydroxide or calcium lactate alone had no influence on BrdU incorporation. The results suggest that magnesium hydroxide might exert anti-carcinogenic effects as does calcium by reducing increased cell proliferation of colonic epithelium induced by toxic effects of bile acids, which are regarded as colon tumor promoters or cocarcinogens.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Effect of magnesium hydroxide on methylazoxymethanol acetate-induced epithelial proliferation in the large bowels of rats.

The effect of magnesium hydroxide on the epithelial proliferation of the large bowel was examined using rats given methylazoxymethanol (MAM) acetate. Dietary administration of magnesium hydroxide at 250, 500, 1000 or 2000 ppm. for 1, 3 or 5 weeks did not influence the cell cycle of the cryptal cells of the large bowel. However, the exposure to magnesium hydroxide under these conditions lowered the bromodeoxyuridine labeling index of the cells of the large bowel of the rats which had been initiated by MAM acetate (25 mg/kg, 3 times). The decrease in labeling index was more apparent in the proximal segment than in the distal segment. Such an inhibitory effect on the DNA synthesis of the epithelial cells by magnesium hydroxide may be related to the suppressive action of the trace element on the carcinogen-induced large bowel carcinogenesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Constipation in elderly long-stay patients: its treatment by magnesium hydroxide and bulk-laxative.

Sixty-four geriatric long-stay patients aged 65 years or older participated in the trial. All were using laxatives prior to the study. For the study laxatives the mean dose of magnesium hydroxide was 25 ml daily and for bulk-laxative 8.7 g daily. Magnesium hydroxide caused a more frequent bowel habit (13.2 vs. 10.4/4 weeks, p less than 0.001) than bulk-laxative and additional laxative bisacodyl was not needed as often as with bulk-laxative (2.3 vs. 3.3/4 weeks, p less than 0.01). Also the stool consistency was more normal during the magnesium hydroxide treatment. In two patients serum magnesium was over 1.25 mmol/l after the magnesium hydroxide treatment but there were no clinical signs of hypermagnaesemia. Our study indicated magnesium hydroxide to be more efficient than bulk-laxative in treating constipation in elderly long-stay patients.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of the effects of magnesium hydroxide and a bulk laxative on lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins A and E, and minerals in geriatric hospital patients in the treatment of constipation.

In a crossover study the effects of magnesium hydroxide on serum lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins A and E, uric acid and whole blood minerals were compared with those of a bulk laxative containing plantago rind and sorbitol in 64 constipated, elderly long-stay patients, 55 of whom were receiving diuretics. Hypomagnesaemia occurred in 11 (17%) patients after bulk laxative and in two (2%) patients after magnesium hydroxide treatment. There was a slight reduction in low values of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high values of triglycerides after magnesium hydroxide treatment. There were no significant differences in plasma lipids, whole blood minerals or vitamins A and E using either laxative. Negative correlations were found between the increase in serum concentrations of magnesium and glycosylated haemoglobin A1 (P less than 0.02) and the serum level of uric acid (P less than 0.01). These results suggest that the long-term effects of magnesium hydroxide and bulk laxative on the absorption of nutrients may not be significantly different. Magnesium hydroxide, however, may have beneficial effects on lipid disorders, impaired glucose tolerance and hyperuricaemia in magnesium deficiency due to diuretics and thus may be a favourable laxative for use in bedridden geriatric patients receiving diuretics.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effects of the administration of magnesium hydroxide on gastric acidity in health volunteers].

Antacids are often the first therapeutic approach in patients with pyrosis. We carried-out a study on 8 healthy volunteers who underwent a 24 hour gastric pH-metry to assess the real efficacy of magnesium hydroxide administration on gastric acidity. Magnesium hydroxide was alternatively administered at different dosages (400 mg or 800 mg) in the population studied. Our results showed a mild and non reproducible response to lower dose, but, on the contrary, the 800 mg dose always induced an immediate, effective and prolonged antacid action, reaching a maximum pH value of 5 and lasting up to 40 minutes. Our study confirms, using a modern and reliable technique as the 24-hour gastric pH-metry, the antacid activity of magnesium hydroxide.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

[Digitoxin blood picture and renal elimination in long-term therapy with aluminum-magnesium hydroxide gel].

In ten patients in heart failure for which they were on long-term administration of digitoxin, the influence of aluminium-magnesium hydroxide gel (Maaloxan) on steady-state digitoxin plasma concentration and renal glycoside excretion was studied. Compared with control values before antacid medication (13.6 +/- 4.4 ng/ml), the administration of 20 ml aluminium-magnesium hydroxide gel three or four times daily for several weeks caused no significant change in digitoxin plasma levels (15.1 +/- 4.9 ng/ml). Daily renal glycoside excretion, as a further measure of bioavailability of digitoxin, was also unchanged by the antacid. Therapeutic plasma concentrations of digitoxin are not influenced by antacids which contain aluminium-magnesium hydroxide, at least not if the antacid is taken 1-2 hours after the digitoxin dose.

Aged↗