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PubMed1989

Importance of magnesium chloride repletion after myocardial infarction.

Data pertinent to the role of magnesium deficits in coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction are reviewed. Results of clinical, laboratory and epidemiologic studies indicate an association between magnesium deficiency and a poor prognostic outcome in patients who have had myocardial infarction. It therefore appears to be a reasonable prophylactic measure to monitor closely magnesium status in patients with coronary heart disease and other patients at risk of acute myocardial infarction, and to supplement with magnesium chloride when clinically necessary. In addition, recent studies provide supportive evidence that supplementation of magnesium chloride may reduce the incidence of fatal and nonfatal arrhythmias after an infarct.

Arrhythmias, Cardiac↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The vascular protective effect of the combined administration of magnesium chloride and antioxidants in prolonged hypercholesterolemia ].

The angioprotective efficacy of combined application of magnesium chloride and antioxidants during prolonged hypercholesterolemia has been investigated on the experimental model of atherosclerosis in rabbits. The application of magnesium chloride and acetate tocopherol from the very beginning of the atherogenic diet is shown to exert a pronounced angioprotective effect preventing the development of structural and functional changes in the aorta wall. If the treatment is initiated against the background of the well developed atherosclerotic symptoms, its efficacy is less pronounced but remains still on a quite high level. These data indicate that combination of magnesium chloride and antioxidants has not only protective action but can also induce partial regression of the developed atherosclerotic changes.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Oral tocolysis with magnesium chloride: a randomized controlled prospective clinical trial.

A prospective randomized clinical trial was conducted to assess the efficacy and safety of enteric-coated magnesium chloride (SLOW MAG) as an oral tocolytic agent. Seventy-five patients between 24 and 34 weeks' gestation who were treated with intravenous magnesium sulfate for a first episode of preterm labor were enrolled. After a 12-hour contraction-free period on intravenous therapy, patients were randomized by sealed envelope to one of three groups: group 1, SLOW MAG (535 mg every 4 hours); group 2, oral ritodrine (20 mg every 4 hours); or group 3, no therapy (control). Patients receiving oral therapy were treated until delivery or completion of 36 weeks' gestation. No difference was found between groups with respect to time gained with the use of oral therapy or number completing 36 weeks' gestation. Therapy with enteric-coated magnesium chloride was associated with significantly fewer side effects (20%) as compared with ritodrine (48%) (p less than 0.01). Our results suggest that compared with ritodrine, enteric-coated magnesium chloride is as effective in prolonging pregnancy and preventing recurrent preterm labor. However, neither enteric-coated magnesium chloride nor ritodrine appeared to be any more effective in the prevention of preterm delivery than observation alone.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1981

The effect of slow releasing oral magnesium chloride on the QTc interval of the electrocardiogram during open heart surgery.

Recent work in both animal and human studies emphasizes the value of magnesium in the maintenance of the functional and structural integrity of cardiac muscle. Both intracellular and extracellular magnesium concentrations can vary independently and the serum and red cell magnesium levels may not give an accurate account of intracellular cardiac magnesium deficiency. However, electrocardiographic studies of magnesium levels could provide an accurate index of intracellular cardiac magnesium levels. Twenty-four patients scheduled electively for mitral valve replacement were studied to evaluate the effect of slow releasing oral magnesium chloride on the QTc interval of the electrocardiogram. Although pretreatment QTc values in all patients were not significantly different, there was a highly significant difference between the control group and the treatment group after four days of preoperative treatment with oral magnesium chloride. During the postoperative phase of the trial, all patients developed a similar pattern of increase in QTc interval, reaching a peak at the end of the second day and followed by a decrease over the final two days. All patients who developed arrhythmias postoperatively had not been pretreated (primed) with oral magnesium chloride and had abnormal QTc intervals both before and after operation. The results of this study demonstrate the usefulness of oral magnesium chloride in reducing the QTc interval of the electrocardiogram and so protecting the myocardium against possible arrhythmias.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1985

Magnesium chloride as an anaesthetic for cephalopods.

Magnesium chloride is an effective anaesthetic and narcotizing agent for cephalopod molluscs. Individuals belonging to five genera (decapod and octopod) were anaesthetized and subsequently revived at temperatures ranging from 13 to 22 degrees C. At no stage of anaesthesia does MgCl2 appear to cause any trauma. There is evidence that MgCl2 acts centrally on the nervous system to induce anaesthesia. This salt, cheap, readily available and convenient to use, is recommended over urethane or ethanol as a suitable anaesthetic or narcotic for use with cephalopods.

Anesthetics↗
PubMed1992

Systemic magnesium chloride administration fails to produce phencyclidine-like discriminative stimulus effects in rats.

Systemic administration of magnesium chloride was evaluated for phencyclidine (PCP)-like discriminative stimulus effects. Six rats were trained to discriminate PCP (1.25 mg/kg, i.p.) from saline under a two-lever fixed-ratio 32 schedule of food reinforcement. Magnesium chloride (10-80 mg/kg, i.p.) failed to substitute for PCP, with no dose producing greater than an average of 21% PCP-lever responding. At doses greater than 40 mg/kg, magnesium chloride decreased rates of responding, providing evidence that it was evaluated over a behaviorally-relevant dose range. The results provide further evidence for differences in the behavioral effects of drugs which antagonize N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated neurotransmission by different mechanisms.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Magnesium chloride and ruthenium red attenuate the antiallodynic effect of intrathecal gabapentin in a rat model of postoperative pain.

BACKGROUND: Gabapentin, a gamma-aminobutyric acid analog anticonvulsant, has been shown to possess antinociceptive effects in animal models and clinical trials. An endogenous binding site of [3H]gabapentin has been revealed to be the alpha(2)delta subunit of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels. Magnesium chloride, ruthenium red, and spermine have been shown to modulate [3H]gabapentin binding to this binding site in vitro. In this study, the authors examined whether intrathecal magnesium chloride, ruthenium red, or spermine could affect the antiallodynic effect of intrathecal gabapentin in a rat model of postoperative pain. METHODS: Under isoflurane anesthesia, male Sprague-Dawley rats received an incision over the plantar surface of the right hind paw to produce punctate mechanical allodynia. Withdrawal thresholds to von Frey filament stimulation near the incision site were measured before incision, 2 h after incision, and every 30 min after intrathecal coadministration of gabapentin with normal saline or different doses of magnesium chloride, ruthenium red, or spermine for 2 h. RESULTS: Intrathecal gabapentin (30, 100, 200 microg) dose-dependently reduced incision-induced allodynia. Hexahydrated magnesium chloride (5, 10, 20 microg) and ruthenium red (0.2, 2, 20 ng) noncompetitively inhibited the antiallodynic effect of gabapentin. Spermine at doses not inducing motor weakness (30, 60 microg) did not affect the antiallodynic effect of gabapentin. The antiallodynic effect of intrathecal morphine (1.5 microg) was not affected by hexahydrated magnesium chloride (20 microg), ruthenium red (20 ng), or spermine (60 microg). CONCLUSIONS: These results provide behavioral evidence to support that the alpha(2)delta subunit of Ca2+ channels may be involved in the antiallodynic action of intrathecal gabapentin in the postoperative pain model.

Acetates↗
PubMed1993

Audiogenic seizures in magnesium-deficient mice: effects of magnesium pyrrolidone-2-carboxylate, magnesium acetyltaurinate, magnesium chloride and vitamin B-6.

Magnesium deficiency in mice causes and increases audiogenic seizures. This effect was reversed by oral administration of magnesium acetyltaurinate (ATaMg), magnesium pyrrolidone-2-carboxylate (PCMH), MgCl2. When treatment was discontinued, audiogenic seizures recurred only in the groups treated with PCMH or MgCl2. Following intraperitoneal administration of AtaMg, the mice were protected against audiogenic seizures after 4 h and this protection persisted for up to 72 h after the treatment. With the other magnesium salts (PCMH and MgCl2) maximum protection occurred by 6 h after the injection, but after that time the number of seizures increased sharply. Intraperitoneal taurine alone only reduced the severity of the audiogenic seizures. The length of treatment needed to inhibit audiogenic seizures was reduced by treatment with a combination of vitamin B-6 (a magnesium fixing agent) and PCMH or MgCl2. However this combination of vitamin B-6 and magnesium salts did not prevent the recurrence of audiogenic seizures, which was only achieved by ATaMg. The results suggest that audiogenic seizures in magnesium-deficient mice form a model of magnesium depletion. This depletion is completely inhibited by the combination of an inhibitory neurotransmitter (taurine) and magnesium, in the form of magnesium acetyltaurinate.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1993

Reversal of diastolic dysfunction by intravenous magnesium chloride.

OBJECTIVE: To treat diastolic dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). DESIGN: Open study of the intravenous injection of 5 mL of a solution containing 17% magnesium chloride (equal to 100 mg of elemental magnesium) during routine coronary angiography in patients with a raised left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP). SETTING: A hospital department of cardiac hemodynamics. SUBJECTS: Ten patients with angiographically documented CAD. RESULTS: After magnesium chloride injection, the LVEDP was significantly reduced in all patients, from a mean of 24 +/- 3 to 16 +/- 3 mmHg (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Under the short term conditions of the study, the injection of magnesium chloride effectively improved left ventricular diastolic function. Further study of the long term effect is required.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Effects of long-term oral magnesium chloride replacement in congestive heart failure secondary to coronary artery disease.

Magnesium deficiency frequently develops in patients with congestive heart failure and may increase susceptibility to lethal arrhythmias and sudden death via multiple pathophysiologic mechanisms. The effects of peroral magnesium supplementation were investigated in a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial involving 21 patients with stable congestive heart failure secondary to coronary artery disease. All were receiving long-term loop diuretics, and had normal renal function, and low or normal serum magnesium concentrations. Subjects alternately received enteric-coated magnesium chloride (15.8 mmol magnesium per day) and placebo for 6 weeks. Magnesium therapy increased serum magnesium from 0.87 +/- 0.07 to 0.92 +/- 0.05 mmol/liter (p < 0.05), serum potassium from 4.0 +/- 0.3 to 4.3 +/- 0.4 mmol/liter (p < 0.01) and urinary magnesium excretion from 2.82 +/- 0.96 to 4.74 +/- 2.38 mmol/24 hours (p = 0.001). There was no significant change in heart rate or Doppler cardiac index, but mean arterial pressure decreased from 91 +/- 10 to 87 +/- 10 mm Hg (p < 0.05) and systemic vascular resistance from 1,698 +/- 367 to 1,613 +/- 331 dynes s cm-5 (p = 0.047). The frequency of isolated ventricular premature complexes was reduced by 23% (95% confidence interval [CI] 6 to 37%; p < 0.02), couplets by 52% (95% CI 30 to 65%; p < 0.001) and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia episodes by 24% (95% CI 15 to 49%; p < 0.01). Plasma epinephrine decreased from 447 +/- 535 to 184 +/- 106 pg/ml (p = 0.02), but there was no corresponding change in plasma norepinephrine or heart rate variability.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1977

Effect of magnesium chloride on electrical stability of the heart.

The effect of magnesium chloride on the ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT) and the threshold for the ventricular premature contraction (VPCT) was studied in 20 dogs. Seven of the dogs were pre-treated with digitalis and four were in the form of heart-lung preparations. In the anesthetized, intact dogs, the VPCT was 0.19 +/- 0.01 mV. After treatment with magnesium chloride (100 mg. per kilogram intravenously), the VPCT increased by 53% (P less than 0.01). In the same group of animals, the VFT averaged 0.50 +/- 0.06 mV., which more than doubled after administration of magnesium. The threshold of VPC in the digitalis-treated dogs measured 0.18 +/- 0.01 mV; this value doubled after magnesium. The VFT in the digitalized dogs also increased after magnesium; however, resistance to electrical defibrillation was encountered in this group. In the heart-lung preparations, VPCT improved by 72% and a gain of 131% in the VFT followed magnesium administration. The results suggest that magnesium increases the ventricular threshold of arrhythmias in normal, denervated (heart-lung preparations) and also digitalis-treated hearts and, thus, indicate its usefulness in the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Gastric retention of enteric-coated magnesium chloride tablets.

OBJECTIVE: To describe a patient with gastric retention of enteric-coated magnesium chloride tablets. Potential drug and disease etiologies accounting for failure to empty this dosage form are discussed. DESIGN: Single case report. CASE SUMMARY: A seriously ill patient with metastatic small-cell lung cancer accumulated 21 enteric-coated magnesium chloride tablets in his stomach during a four-day administration period. The patient had gastroscopic evidence of mild pylorospasm and suspected gastric motor dysfunction. The latter may have been the result of several factors including concurrent use of oxycodone, vagal dysfunction from chronic alcoholism and cisplatin-based chemotherapy, and possibly a paraneoplastic neuromuscular syndrome involving the gastrointestinal tract. CONCLUSIONS: Enteric-coated tablets are indigestible solids, often of considerable size. Strong antral contractions, associated with phase 3 of the interdigestive migrating myoelectric complex, are usually required to carry such dosage forms through a normal pyloric channel and into the duodenum. Seriously ill patients who may have gastric hypomotility or pyloric channel narrowing are probably not good candidates for therapy with large enteric-coated dosage forms.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Does magnesium chloride modify aldrin-induced neurotoxicity in rats?

Magnesium chloride (MgCl2) has been proposed for the treatment of seizures of different etiologies. The present study investigated the effect of MgCl2 on aldrin-induced seizures. Initially, 50 male rats received 60 mg aldrin/kg po and the effects were classified as muscular twitches, clonic convulsions or tonic-clonic convulsions. Another group of 40 rats dosed with 60 mg aldrin/kg po received 0, 4, 8, or 12 mg MgCl2/kg i.m. The percentage of tonic-clonic convulsant rats that resulted from MgCl2 treatment were 90% at 0 mg/kg, 50% at 4 mg/kg, 40% at 8 mg/kg and 20% at 12 mg MgCl2/kg. The percentage of survivors in the group receiving 12 mg MgCl2/kg was 80% while the control group had 20% survival. The clonic convulsions were not modified by MgCl2 treatment. Blood and brain concentrations of aldrin and dieldrin (metabolite of aldrin) did not differ among groups. The MgCl2 administration decreased the neuroexcitability induced by aldrin and increased survivability.

Aldrin↗
PubMed1992

Adenosine triphosphate-magnesium chloride in radiation injury.

Although adenosine triphosphate-magnesium chloride (ATP-MgCl2) has demonstrated cytoprotective effects in a variety of adverse pathophysiologic conditions, its ability to alter radiation injury is unknown. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to assess the effects of ATP-MgCl2 on colorectal radiation injury after preoperative pelvic radiotherapy. Mixed-breed pigs (n = 36) received 4250 cGy preoperative external-beam pelvic radiotherapy (350 cGy fractions three times per week for 4 weeks). During radiotherapy, animals were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups: (1) intravenous infusions of normal saline during radiotherapy, (2) intravenous ATP-MgCl2 (30 mumol/kg) during radiotherapy, or (3) intravenous ATP-MgCl2 (60 mumol/kg) during each radiotherapy session. After completion of radiotherapy and a 4-week rest period, animals underwent colorectal resection by either the two-layer hand-sewn (n = 18) or stapled end-to-end anastomosis technique (n = 18). Laser Doppler velocimetric readings were obtained to assess mural colonic blood flow after completion of anastomosis. A second laparotomy on postoperative day 5 or 11 was done to examine the following anastomotic parameters: (1) repeat laser Doppler velocimetry, (2) gross inflammatory scoring, (3) bursting pressure, (4) preoperative barium enema to identify leak or stenosis, (5) analysis of anastomotic hydroxyproline content, and (6) incidence of cutaneous injury in the radiation portals. ATP-MgCl2 administered intravenously at 60 mumol/kg led to (1) diminished colorectal seromuscular ischemia evidenced by laser Doppler velocimetric readings, (2) decreased skin and subcutaneous tissue injury in the treatment portals, (3) significantly decreased perianastomotic inflammatory reaction, and (4) increased early hydroxyproline content. There was no significant difference in the incidence of leakage or stenosis between the study groups, nor was the anastomotic bursting strength significantly different between the treatment groups. Therefore the administration of ATP-MgCl2 (60 mumol/kg) appears to offer significant cytoprotection from preoperative pelvic radiation therapy.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1978

The use of adenosine triphosphate with magnesium chloride in the treatment of post ischemic renal injury.

Minipigs (20 to 25 kg.) were subjected to bilateral renal artery occlusion for 60 minutes. Renal blood flow was reduced to 65 per cent and glomerular filtration rate to 40 per cent of normal in control animals. Administration of adenosine triphosphate with magnesium chloride intravenously immediately after the period of ischemia resulted in restoration of renal blood flow to normal and glomerular filtration rate to 74 per cent of normal 24 hours later. Bilateral renal artery occulsion for 90 minutes resulted in a more severe impairment of renal function, which was not improved by the administration of adenosine triphosphate with magnesium chloride. Adenosine triphosphate with magnesium chloride may exert its effect by improving renal blood flow through inhibition of post-ischemic intrarenal vasoconstriction or possible by enhancing restoration of intracellular adenine nucleotides. The exact mechanism remains unclear.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Electrophysiologic effects of magnesium chloride on the Purkinje fibers of the dog].

In order to relate the cardiac antiarrhytmic properties of magnesium chloride (MgCl2) to its electrophysiological effects, a comparison of its actions on three different models of automaticity of the isolated Purkinje fibers of the dog, has been carried out. The spontaneous activity of the Purkinje fibers perfused with Tyrode's solution containing 2.7 mM KC1 was gradually reduced as MgC12 concentration was increased from 3 to 9 mM/1. The automaticity induced adding barium chloride (BaC12) to the perfusion solution was suppressed increasing the concentration of MgC12 in the Tyrode's solution up to 5 mM/1. Previous increases in the concentration of MgCl2 prevents the electrophysiological effects BaC12. The negative chronotropic effects of MgC12, were less evident on the adrenalin induced automaticity of the Purkinje fibers. Simultaneous addition of adrenalin and MgC12 to the perfusion media increases membrane resting potential action potential amplitude and maximun rate of depolarisation of phase O in Purkinje fibers. It is concluded that MgC12 acts by distinct electrophysiological mechanisms against the different models of cardiac automaticity studied. This findings may provide interesting perspective in respect to the therapeutic properties of magnesium chloride.

Animals↗