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PubMed1989

Human cutaneous myiasis in Brisbane: a prospective study.

Although cases of human cutaneous myiasis do occur in Queensland, few have been reported in the medical literature. No prospective studies to record and to identify the Diptera that are responsible in a particular area seem to have been reported. Thus, a prospective study was undertaken in Brisbane hospitals between October 9, 1986 and March 15, 1988. Fourteen infestations were recorded and, in 12 cases, the larvae were bred through to adult flies. In 10 cases, Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) was identified and, in two cases, Parasarcophaga crassipalpis (Macquart) was identified. All cases, except one, occurred during warm weather. The patients mainly were old, ill and debilitated. Myiasis was present on admission to hospital in eight patients and occurred three days to two months after hospital admission in the other cases. It is believed that this is the first prospective study of human cutaneous myiasis to be published, with the largest series of Lucilia cuprina and the first study to incriminate Parasarcophaga crassipalpis in myiasis in humans. It also is the largest Australian series of human cutaneous myiasis, and the first to report Lucilia cuprina as an agent in human myiasis in Australia.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Traumatic myiasis of sheep in Europe: a review.

The two most important fly species causing traumatic cutaneous myiasis of sheep in Europe are Wohlfahrtia magnifica (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), which causes a form of myiasis known as wound myiasis, mainly in southern and eastern Europe, and Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae), which causes sheep strike, mainly in the middle latitudes of Europe. Other calliphorid blow-flies play a role mainly as secondary agents of myiasis, but in northern latitudes the L. caesar/illustris group are primary agents. Infestation levels vary greatly from region to region depending on a wide range of factors related to the composition of the parasite fauna, the host, animal husbandry and control practices, climate and geography. In some areas of Europe there have been recent increases in the incidence of traumatic myiasis due to changes in some of the previously mentioned factors. However, in other areas the incidence of myiasis is apparently low. More studies are needed to resolve this unclear situation and to explain regional differences. A number of areas for future research are highlighted including predicting the impact of environmental change, population modelling and development of novel control strategies.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2000

Wound myiasis in urban and suburban United States.

BACKGROUND: The epidemiologic characteristics of human myiasis in the United States remain undefined. OBJECTIVE: To describe the most common clinical conditions associated with human myiasis and the causative maggot species. METHODS: Multicenter, prospective observational study of urban and suburban patients who were infested with maggots. RESULTS: Forty-two cases of US-acquired myiasis were collected from 20 participating centers. Most infestations occurred within preexisting wounds. No cases of tissue invasion were recorded. Host age averaged 60 years, with a male-female ratio of 5.5:1. Homelessness, alcoholism, and peripheral vascular disease were frequent cofactors. Two patients (5%) were hospitalized at the time of their infestation. The most common species was Phaenicia sericata (green blowfly; family: Calliphoridae). Other blowflies, flesh flies (Sarcophagidae), and humpbacked flies (Phoridae) also were identified. In 6 cases, 2 coinfesting species were identified. CONCLUSIONS: Results of this prospective study of myiasis differ significantly from those of our analysis of previously published reports and suggest that most cases of human myiasis are caused by noninvasive blowflies laying eggs in preexisting wounds. Five percent of infestations were nosocomially acquired and not necessarily associated with patient neglect.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Cutaneous myiasis caused by Cordylobia anthropophaga.

Cutaneous myiasis is a temporary parasitic infestation of the skin of human and other vertebrates by fly larvae, primarily species of the flies Dermatobia and Cordylobia. In Central and South America cutaneous myiasis is mainly caused by the larvae of Dermatobia hominis; in Africa it is mostly due to the larvae of Cordylobia spp. We describe a case of cutaneous myiasis in a family who returned to Slovenia from a three-week trip to Ghana. The parasites, in tumor-like swellings about 1-2 cm in diameter and 0.5-1 cm high, were removed from the back of the 48-year-old man, the nose, shoulder and wrist of his 47-year-old wife, and the back of their 14-year-old daughter. The parasites were identified as larvae of the fly C. anthropophaga. After removal of the larvae, which were oval-shaped and about 8 mm long, the lesions healed in two weeks without further treatment. Human cases of cutaneous myiasis are most probably underreported because many remain undiagnosed or unpublished. Because of increasing travel to tropical and subtropical areas, clinical and laboratory staff will need to be more alert to the possibility of Cordylobia myiasis in patients with furuncle-like lesions, particularly in individuals who have recently returned from tropical Africa.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Genetic approaches for studying myiasis-causing flies: molecular markers and mitochondrial genomics.

"Myiasis-causing flies" is a generic term that includes species from numerous dipteran families, mainly Calliphoridae and Oestridae, of which blowflies, screwworm flies and botflies are among the most important. This group of flies is characterized by the ability of their larvae to develop in animal flesh. When the host is a live vertebrate, such parasitism by dipterous larvae is known as primary myiasis. Myiasis-causing flies can be classified as saprophagous (free-living species), facultative or obligate parasites. Many of these flies are of great medical and veterinary importance in Brazil because of their role as key livestock insect-pests and vectors of pathogens, in addition to being considered important legal evidence in forensic entomology. The characterization of myiasis-causing flies using molecular markers to study mtDNA (by RFLP) and nuclear DNA (by RAPD and microsatellite) has been used to identify the evolutionary mechanisms responsible for specific patterns of genetic variability. These approaches have been successfully used to analyze the population structures of the New World screwworm fly Cochliomyia hominivorax and the botfly Dermatobia hominis. In this review, various aspects of the organization, evolution and potential applications of the mitochondrial genome of myiasis-causing flies in Brazil, and the analysis of nuclear markers in genetic studies of populations, are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Myiasis in children: the Indian perspective.

A retrospective analysis of 94 cases of childhood myiasis admitted over a 6-year period is presented. Children formed 37.9% of all cases of myiasis. More than 50% of the children were less than 5 years of age and most (96.8%) belonged to a rural background. Of the 94 cases, 81 (86.16%) were of aural, 11 (11.7%) of nasal and 2 (2.12%) of ocular myiasis. The peak incidence was seen from September to October. The main symptoms in aural myiasis were passage of worms (81.48%), discharge (44.44%) and pain (41.97%). In nasal myiasis epistaxis (100%), foul smell (100%) passage of worms (90.9%) and pain (72.72%) were the prime presenting symptoms. All patients were treated with chloroform and turpentine oil in the ratio 1:4 which was followed by manual removal of the maggots and were made maggot-free in 2-3 days. No complications were seen.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

The evolution of myiasis in blowflies (Calliphoridae).

Blowflies (Calliphoridae) are characterised by the ability of their larvae to develop in animal flesh. Where the host is a living vertebrate, such parasitism by dipterous larvae is known as myiasis. However, the evolutionary origins of the myiasis habit in the Calliphoridae, a family which includes the blowflies and screwworm flies, remain unclear. Species associated with an ectoparasitic lifestyle can be divided generally into three groups based on their larval feeding habits: saprophagy, facultative ectoparasitism, and obligate parasitism, and it has been proposed that this functional division may reflect the progressive evolution of parasitism in the Calliphoridae. In order to evaluate this hypothesis, phylogenetic analysis of 32 blowfly species displaying a range of forms of ectoparasitism from key subfamilies, i.e. Calliphorinae, Luciliinae, Chrysomyinae, Auchmeromyiinae and Polleniinae, was undertaken using likelihood and parsimony methods. Phylogenies were constructed from the nuclear 28S large subunit ribosomal RNA gene (28S rRNA), sequenced from each of the 32 calliphorid species, together with suitable outgroup taxa, and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I and II (COI+II) sequences, derived primarily from published data. Phylogenies derived from each of the two markers (28S rRNA, COI+II) were largely (though not completely) congruent, as determined by incongruence-length difference and Kishino-Hasegawa tests. However, the phylogenetic relationships of blowfly subfamilies based on molecular data did not concur with the pattern of relationships defined by previous morphological analysis; significantly, molecular analysis supported the monophyly of blowflies (Calliphoridae), distinct from the bot and warble flies (Oestridae). Comparative analysis of the myiasis habit based primarily on the 28S rRNA phylogeny indicated that obligate parasitism, and the ability to initiate myiasis in higher vertebrates, has multiple independent origins across myiasis-causing flies (Calliphoridae and Oestridae) and in at least three subfamilies of blowfly (Calliphoridae). Finally, the general association of various blowfly genera and subfamily clades with particular continental and geographical regions suggests that these groups probably came into existence in the Late Cretaceous period, following the break-up of Gondwana.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Nosocomial myiasis.

When the larvae of flies invade man the clinical picture is referred to as 'myiasis'. When myiasis occurs in a patient after hospitalization the disease is termed nosocomial myiasis, a very infrequent phenomenon. The present investigation was conducted to record the cases of nosocomial myiasis documented worldwide. Twenty-three cases of this hospital infection, which have occurred in a number of countries were found in the literature, and analysed. Myiasis-related factors with respect to the patients and their hospitals are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Wound myiasis of sheep in Hungary.

In Hungary, 4388 sheep in six flocks were surveyed in June-August of 1992-1995 to gather basic data on wound myiasis, its incidence, the predominant fly species involved and the clinical manifestations of infestation. The pathogenesis and economic significance of wound myiasis, as well as the interrelation of breed and sex with infestation levels, were evaluated. Active wound myiasis was recorded in all flocks, in 17.6% (774/4388) of the inspected sheep. The incidence varied among flocks and inspections from 4.7% to 38.9%, but it was significantly greater in imported breeds (28.8%, 651/2257) than in indigenous breeds (5.8%, 123/2131). Lesions of wound myiasis were located more frequently on the external genital organs (in 87%, 673/774 of all cases) than on other body regions. Overall, significantly more males (74.3%, 61/82) than females (16.5%, 713/4306) were infested. With the exception of five cases (0.06% of the total), when larvae of Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae) were also found, Wohlfahrtia magnifica (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) was the only species identified in wounds in this study. Despite the fact that larvae of L. sericata were so rarely encountered in wounds, adults of L. sericata were much the more common of the two species observed around wounds, even those infested by W. magnifica. The vast majority of animals inspected had only one myiasis wound. Clinical signs depended on the body part affected. The most severe infestations, in terms of extent of wounds and numbers of visible larvae, were usually those of the vulva and prepuce. Wound consisted of from one up to six foci, each completely filled by larvae of W. magnifica. These foci were either isolated from each other or they merged into a large lesion. Larvae in any focus tended to be at the same stage of development, but, were wounds were very severe, a range of developmental stages was observed together, indicating that frequent restrikes of wounds occurred. The most common signs were restlessness, anxiety and reluctance to graze. The animals were obviously depressed when they suffered from severe infestations causing lameness or blindness. Some of the most severely affected animals displayed obvious loss of condition. However, overall, there was no significant difference between the mean bodyweights of a sample of infested (59.2 kg) and uninfested (60.9 kg) animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Vulvar myiasis due to Wohlfahrtia magnifica.

Myiasis is a condition resulting from the invasion of tissues or organs of man or animals by the larvae of dipterous flies. The distribution of myiasis is worldwide, with more cases being reported from tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate areas. The various forms of myiasis may be classified from an entomological or a clinical point of view. This report describes a rare case of vulvar myiasis due to Wohlfahrtia magnifica in an otherwise healthy 20-year-old Iranian female. To our knowledge, this is the first report of cutaneous myiasis of the vulva due to W. magnifica from Iran and the Middle East region.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Tracheopulmonary myiasis caused by a mature third-instar Cuterebra larva: case report and review.

Myiasis is the infestation of vertebrate tissues with fly larvae (Diptera). Most human cases in North America are subcutaneous forms due to Dermatobia hominis imported from Central and South America. Human cases of myiasis acquired in North America are rare and are primarily subdermal or ophthalmologic forms of infestation caused by early stages of Cuterebra larvae. We report an unusual case of tracheopulmonary myiasis, resulting from the in situ development of a mature cuterebrine larva associated with high eosinophilia. Only two other cases of tracheopulmonary cuterebrid myiasis have been reported in humans, and they are reviewed herein. Cuterebra myiasis (cuterebrosis) remains a rare and aberrant cause of tracheopulmonary disease and is a newly described cause of eosinophilia in humans.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Prevalence of traumatic myiasis in Hungary: a questionnaire survey of veterinarians.

Veterinarians in Hungary were asked to complete a questionnaire on traumatic myiasis; of the 664 veterinarians contacted, 247 replied (37.2 per cent) and of these 209 (84.6 per cent) reported myiasis to be a problem among the livestock they treated. Infestation levels of > 10 per cent of animals were reported in sheep, cattle and horses. The myiasis season lasted from March to November with most cases reported in July and August. Significantly more respondents reported that fly larvae were present deep in wounds rather than superficially, consistent with infestations due to the obligate parasite Wohlfahrtia magnifica (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Frequent inspections and the treatment of infested animals were reported by 64.1 per cent of respondents as contributing to the economic impact of traumatic myiasis, and approximately half of the respondents (51.4 per cent) reported that inspections and treatments were carried out at least weekly during the summer. The most common form of treatment was the manual removal of larvae followed by topical application of insecticides, particularly organophosphates. More than half of the respondents (56.6 per cent) reported that there had been no change in the importance of myiasis over the last five to 10 years, but of those who reported a change, more reported an increase (28.3 per cent) than a decrease (15.2 per cent).

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Observations on myiasis by the calliphorids, Bufolucilia silvarum and Bufolucilia elongata, in wood frogs, Rana sylvatica, from southeastern Wisconsin.

Larvae of certain species of blowflies (Calliphoridae) can cause myiasis in frogs and toads, but there are few reports from North American amphibians. Of these, most are from toads (bufonids). In this study, we observe primary myiasis in a population of juvenile wood frogs, Rana sylvatica, collected on 22-23 August 2003, from southeastern Wisconsin and compare our observations with previous studies on myiasis from toads. Two (5%) of 39 frogs were infected by the blow fly Bufolucilia silvarum, with an intensity of 28 and 31, whereas 1 (2.5%) of 39 frogs was infected by the blow fly Bufolucilia elongata with an intensity of 14. We found that (1) B. silvarum lay eggs on healthy wood frogs, (2) eggs hatch, with first-instar maggots penetrating under the skin, (3) maggots develop to mature third instars within 13-16 hr of egg hatching, (4) maggots kill the host within 7-47 hr of egg hatching, and (5) maggots consume the entire frog carcass reducing it to bones within 42-59 hr of egg hatching. Our observations on the time of death and how quickly carcasses of wood frogs were consumed by these maggots compared with previous studies on toads suggest that finding infected juvenile wood frogs may be uncommon. Therefore, myiasis by these flies on wood frogs and other small terrestrial anurans may be a phenomenon that is much more common than is currently observed. This is the first report of B. silvarum and B. elongata causing myiasis in wood frogs.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Myiasis with Lund's fly (Cordylobia rodhaini) in travelers.

Myiasis is an infestation of human tissue by the larvae of certain flies. There are many forms of myiasis, including localized furuncular myiasis, creeping dermal myiasis and wound and body cavity myiasis.1 Cordylobia anthropophaga (the Tumbu fly) and Dermatobia hominis (the human botfly) are the most common causes of myiasis in Africa and tropical America respectively. The genus Cordylobia also contains two less common species, C. ruandae and C. rodhaini. The usual hosts of C. rodhaini are various mammals (particularly rodents), and and humans are accidentally infested. Figure 1 shows the life cycle of C. rodhaini, which occurs over 55 to -67 days.3 The female fly deposits her eggs on dry sand polluted with the excrement of animals or on human clothing. In about 3 days, the larva is activated by the warm body of the host, hatches and invades the skin. As the larva matures, it induces a furuncular swelling. In 12 to -15 days, the larva reaches a length of about 23 mm, exits the skin and falls to the ground to pupate. The adult fly emerges in 23 to -26 days, and the life cycle resumes. In humans, the skin lesion starts as a red papule that gradually enlarges and develops into a furuncle. In the center of the lesion an opening forms, through which the larva breaths and discharges its serosanguinous feces. The lesion is associated with increasing pain until the larva exits the skin. The disease is usually uncomplicated and self-limiting.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Imported furuncular myiasis in Germany.

Furuncular myiasis is a parasitic infestation of human and other vertebrate tissues by fly larvae of primarily two species: Dermatobia hominis (human botfly, t6rsalo, or berne) in Mexico and South and Central America and Cordylobia anthropophaga (tumbu fly or mango fly) in Africa. Cuterebra species (rabbit and rodent botflies) are also rarely reported to cause furuncular myiasis only within the United States. Although these species inhabit different geographic regions and have different life cycles, their clinical presentations can be similar. We describe a case of "imported" human botfly (D. hominis) furuncular myiasis in a U.S. Army soldier stationed in Germany. We review the life cycles of human botflies and key aspects of their clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, and various therapeutic modalities. Most physicians may never encounter myiasis and attribute a patient's complaints to an insect bite or skin infection that will heal without treatment. However, the diagnosis of furuncular myiasis should be considered by remembering the basic elements of this condition: recent travel history to the tropics and a sterile, persistent furuncle with sensations of movement and pain.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Myiasis: maggot infestation.

Myiasis is a condition in which fly maggots feed off, and develop in, the tissues of living organisms. True myiasis results from files deliberately laying eggs in or on the tissues. There are two forms of myiasis: obligate, in which it is necessary for the maggots to feed on living tissues, and facultative, where files opportunistically take advantage of wounds or degenerative necrotic conditions as a site in which to incubate their larvae. In general obligate myiasis of humans is tropical in origin, whereas facultative myiasis can occur anywhere in the world.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Destructive ocular myiasis in a noncompromised host.

A case of destructive ocular myiasis resulting in complete loss of the globe in two days time is documented. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of such a severe involvement in a healthy and non-compromised host. Mechanical removal and good local hygiene helped heal the wound. The larvae were isolated to be that of Chrysomyia bezziana (screwworm fly). This is possibly the first report of destructive ocular myiasis caused by Chrysomyia bezziana from the Indian subcontinent and the second in world literature. Infestation of human eyes with larvae of flies (myiasis) has been reported. Serious consequences of destructive myiasis are seen in emaciated and diseased patients. Only one report of total destruction of the globe by maggots of Chrysomyia bezziana exists in the literature. As in previous communications, the patient in this report had no predisposing factors both systemic and local. We here in document a case of orbital myiasis leading to rapid destruction of the globe within two days in a healthy and a non-compromised patient.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Oral myiasis: a case report and literature review.

Myiasis is the infestation of tissues and organs of animals and humans by certain Dipteran fly larvae. This phenomenon is well documented in the skin, especially among animals and people in tropical and subtropical areas. Oral myiasis is a rare condition and can be caused by several species of Dipteran fly larvae and may be secondary to serious medical conditions. Upon removal of the larvae, the tissues seem to recover with no subsequent complications and with no need for further treatment. Here we describe a case of oral myiasis within the gingiva of a healthy young man caused by the larvae of Wohlfahrtia magnifica (Family Sarcophagidae), in which infection may have been due to ingestion of infested flesh. Reviewing the literature revealed that most cases of oral myiasis tend to be multiple and to occur in anterior segments of the jaws rather than in posterior segments as in the case we describe here.

Animals↗