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PubMed2006

[Influence of milking technique, milking hygiene and environmental hygiene parameters on the microbial contamination of milking machines].

It was the aim of this study to investigate the effect of various factors of the milking technique, milking hygiene and environment on microbial contamination of the milking machine. In 31 dairy herds, the degree of bacterial contamination was examined by taking swabs at four locations (teat cup liner, claw, short and long milk tube) before the milking procedure was started using a standardized protocol (DIN ISO 6887-1:1999). Furthermore, the total germ count was determined in the first milk entering the bulk tank as well as in the bulk tank milk following milking. For each farm, the quality of the milking process and the condition of the milking machine as well as of various environmental factors were recorded. A subjective evaluation of the status of the milking cluster or other parts of the milking machine ("good" or "moderate-poor") gave more information about bacterial contamination than the determination of age and type of material used. A temperature of the rinsing water of < 42 degrees C increased the contamination with Pseudomonas spp. and coliform bacteria. Milking clusters kept out of the cluster pick-up between milking had a higher risk of microbial contamination. Various methods of teat cleaning before milking or of postmilking teat disinfection did not affect the contamination of the milking machine and the bulk tank milk with environmental bacteria. Furthermore, type of bedding material affected bacterial contamination of milking clusters and bulk tank milk. In conclusion, our results suggest that the microbial contamination of the milking machine is not only influenced by the sanitation pro-

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Machine milking of Ostfriesian and Lacaune dairy sheep: udder anatomy, milk ejection and milking characteristics.

Mammary cistern anatomy derived from ultrasound measurement, milk ejection in response to exogenous oxytocin and oxytocin release and milking characteristics with and without manual prestimulation in early (months 2-4) and late (months 5-8) lactation were investigated in Lacaune and Ostfriesian dairy ewes. Vertical ultrasound cisternal cross sections of the cisternal cavities did not differ in the two breeds, whereas the cisternal area fraction located lower than the exit into the teat channel was larger in Ostfriesian than in Lacaune sheep. The cisternal area enlarged within 1 min in response to i.v. oxytocin injection, indicating milk ejection. During milking, oxytocin concentrations in Lacaune generally increased dramatically within 0.5 min from the start of prestimulation or milking, whereas only slight or no oxytocin release was detected during milking without prestimulation in Ostfriesian ewes. Prestimulation induced oxytocin release in Ostfriesian sheep within 1-2 min after the start of milking, indicating delayed response to stimulation. Two peaked milk flow curves were observed when oxytocin release and milk ejection occurred only after removal of cisternal milk. This type of milk flow was more frequent in Ostfriesian than in Lacaune ewes and was reduced in both breeds by prestimulation, while the frequency of one peaked milk flow curves increased. During the course of lactation, milk yield, main milk fraction and milk flow rates decreased, while stripping yield was almost unchanged. Although milk yield was similar in both breeds, milk flow was lower and stripping yield was higher in Ostfriesian than in Lacaune ewes. We conclude that milk ejection in ewes occurred in response to elevated oxytocin concentrations. In Ostfriesian ewes reduced and delayed oxytocin response to teat stimulation resulted in milk ejection only during stripping. Therefore, and probably because a larger volume of the cistern was located below the teat exit in the Ostfriesian breed, stripping yield was higher in Ostfriesian than in Lacaune sheep.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Milk cortisol concentration in automatic milking systems compared with auto-tandem milking parlors.

Milk cortisol concentration was determined under routine management conditions on 4 farms with an auto-tandem milking parlor and 8 farms with 1 of 2 automatic milking systems (AMS). One of the AMS was a partially forced (AMSp) system, and the other was a free cow traffic (AMSf) system. Milk samples were collected for all the cows on a given farm (20 to 54 cows) for at least 1 d. Behavioral observations were made during the milking process for a subset of 16 to 20 cows per farm. Milk cortisol concentration was evaluated by milking system, time of day, behavior during milking, daily milk yield, and somatic cell count using linear mixed-effects models. Milk cortisol did not differ between systems (AMSp: 1.15 +/- 0.07; AMSf: 1.02 +/- 0.12; auto-tandem parlor: 1.01 +/- 0.16 nmol/L). Cortisol concentrations were lower in evening than in morning milkings (1.01 +/- 0.12 vs. 1.24 +/- 0.13 nmol/L). The daily periodicity of cortisol concentration was characterized by an early morning peak and a late afternoon elevation in AMSp. A bimodal pattern was not evident in AMSf. Finally, milk cortisol decreased by a factor of 0.915 in milking parlors, by 0.998 in AMSp, and increased by a factor of 1.161 in AMSf for each unit of ln(somatic cell count/1,000). We conclude that milking cows in milking parlors or AMS does not result in relevant stress differences as measured by milk cortisol concentrations. The biological relevance of the difference regarding the daily periodicity of milk cortisol concentrations observed between the AMSp and AMSf needs further investigation.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Reduction of serum cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in a juvenile population after isocaloric substitution of whole milk with a milk preparation (skimmed milk enriched with oleic acid).

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of serum lipid levels by isocaloric substitution of whole milk intake in a group of children with a milk preparation (fat-free milk enriched with oleic acid containing a small amount of cholesterol) that is frequently consumed in our community. DESIGN: A crossover clinical trial was carried out with random selection. There were 88 children of both sexes, ranging in age from 3 to 9 years, selected at a Primary Care Center. The children were divided into two homogeneous groups. The first group consumed whole milk for the first 7-month study period, whereas the second group drank the milk substitute. At the end of the first test period, serum lipid levels were measured. Then the type of diet was reversed: Group 1 children consumed the milk substitute whereas Group 2 children drank whole milk. The rest of their intake did not vary throughout the study. At the end of the second 7-month period we measured serum lipid levels again. The levels of serum lipid evaluated were total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, Apoprotein A1, Apoprotein B, and lipoprotein (a). For the statistical analysis the nonpaired and paired t tests were used. RESULTS: The mean level of cholesterol after taking whole milk was 4.53 mmol/L (175.26 mg/dl), and the mean level after taking the milk preparation was 4.2 mmol/L (162.65 mg/dl), which indicates a 7.2% decrease. The mean level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol after whole milk intake was 2.73 mmol/L (106.1 mg/dl), whereas after consuming the milk preparation it was 2.47 mmol/L (96.1 mg/dl), which indicates a decrease of 9.5%. Triglycerides were reduced from 0.83 mmol/L (73.53 mg/dl) after whole milk to 0.72 mmol/L (63.79 mg/dl) after the milk substitute, which suggests a 13.25% decrease. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apoprotein A1, apoprotein B, and lipoprotein (a) did not undergo any significant change. CONCLUSIONS: To reduce serum levels of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, without reducing caloric intake, it may be beneficial to substitute the whole milk customarily consumed by children with a milk preparation of fat-free milk enriched with oleic acid.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

The effect of pre-milking teat-brushing on milk processing time in an automated milking system.

Cow throughput in an automatic milking system (AMS) is limited by system parameters such as the time required for pre-milking udder preparation and cup attachment, physiological responses of the cow (such as milk let-down and milking-out rate), milking machine features and cow behaviour. A single-factor cross-over design was used to investigate the effect of pre-milking teat brushing on milk processing time in an AMS operating in an extensive grazing farming system. Teat brushing consisted of two roller brushes tracking up each teat three times (total brushing time of up to 45 s/cow). Cows were allocated to one of two treatment groups with either no brushing (NB) or brushing (B) for a 4-week period before being changed to the other treatment. Teat brushing resulted in shorter average cups-on-time (B = 506.1 s, NB = 541.0 s, P = 0.0001), longer average milk processing time (B = 10.30 min, NB = 9.76 min, P = 0.001) and no difference in daily milk yield (B = 14.67, NB = 14.71 kg/cow, P = 0.826). There was no difference between the two treatments in the success of cup attachment (B = 3.76%, NB = 5.10% unsuccessful milking attempts, P = 0.285). The estimated time cost of pre-milking teat brushing was 53 min for every 100 milkings, equivalent to an additional 5-6 milkings for every 100 milkings by an AMS. The importance of these potential time savings is discussed in relation to automatic milking in farming systems that aim for a lower per cow milking frequency and high ratio of cows to AMS.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Effect of milking pipeline height on machine milking efficiency and milk quality in sheep.

This experiment studied the effect of milking pipeline height (mid- vs. low-level milking system) on milking efficiency and milk composition. The experiment was of 8 wk duration: 2 wk preexperimental period and 6 wk experimental, in crossover design (2 x 2). Ewes were milked in a 2 x 12 milking parlor with 2 milking pipelines set at a milking vacuum of 36 kPa with a pulsation rate of 180 cycle/min and ratio of 50%. Height of the milkline had no effect on yield of milk at the time of milking, yield after stripping, milk composition, SCC, and number of teatcup fall-offs. Nor did milkline height have any effect on milk lipolysis or on the distribution of fatty acids. The level of free fatty acids was higher in evening than in morning milk (60.5 vs. 25.6 mg/L). Likewise, the increase in the degree of lipolysis between the receiver (40.4 mg/L) and the refrigeration tank (45.8 mg/L) underlines the importance of the milk delivery line design. The parameters (time and flow rate) that define the first peak in the milk emission kinetics were statistically different between lines, so care must be taken when comparing milk emission curves from both types of pipeline.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The correlation between milk flow, vacuum fluctuations and decrease in vacuum in the long milk tube at the claw in different milking machines. An introductory examination (author's transl)].

Four different milking machines have been examined for vacuum fluctuations and vacuum decrease in the long milk tube at the claw. Measurements were performed in 3 cows milked with Alfa-Laval high line HP 100, 11 cows in 3 herds milked with Alfa-Laval high line Duovac 300, 5 cows milked with Erland low line milking equipment, and in 3 cows milked with Strangko high line milking equipment. The recordings were done in the cowhouse during the daily dairy management. The milk flow for each cow was measured 24 hrs after the vacuum recordings using Milko-Scope. Compared to the other 3 milking machines, Duovac 300 had a significant higher increase in vacuum fluctuations and vacuum decrease with the increase in milk flow. Just small differences existed between Alfa-Laval HP 100 and Strangko milk pipe line equipments. Smaller vacuum fluctuations and vacuum decrease were recorded in the low line milking equipments compared to the other types. The difference was significant (P = less than 0.001). Significant correlations between milk flow and decrease in vacuum, and between milk flow and vacuum fluctuations were not found for the low line milking machine examined.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Cow's milk challenge through human milk evokes immune responses in infants with cow's milk allergy.

OBJECTIVES: In order to measure the immune response evoked in breast-fed infants with cow's milk allergy (CMA) by cow's milk challenge through human milk, mothers were given increasing doses of cow's milk after they had been on a cow's milk elimination diet. Another objective was to study the secretion of beta-lactoglobulin (BLG) into human milk before and during milk challenge in relation to the appearance of symptoms in infants. STUDY DESIGN: Seventeen asymptomatic mothers who had infants with challenge-proven CMA and 10 asymptomatic mothers who had healthy infants were recruited. Infants ranged in age from 1.8 to 9.4 months. A solid-phase enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISPOT) was used to assess the total number of immunoglobulin-secreting and specific antibody-secreting cells. Flow cytometry was used to enumerate different lymphocyte subpopulations among peripheral blood lymphocytes primed during provocation by cow's milk antigens. BLG levels were assessed in human milk before the challenge and 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours after the commencement of the challenge. RESULTS: All but one of the infants with CMA showed symptoms of CMA during cow's milk challenge through human milk. There was a significant rise in the total number of immunoglobulin-secreting cells in the IgA and IgG classes associated with a positive cow's milk challenge response, but the proportions of peripheral blood B cells bearing CD19, CD23, CD19 and 23, CD5, or CD19 and CD5 were comparable. BLG levels were comparable in both study groups. CONCLUSIONS: Most of the infants with CMA reacted to cow's milk challenge through human milk. Hypersensitivity reactions to food antigens through human milk may be more common than previously thought.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

The effect of udder preparation before milking and contamination from the milking plant on bacterial numbers in bulk milk of eight dairy herds.

The effect of teat washing and drying on bacterial numbers in bulk milk was compared with that of no teat preparation in eight commercial herds over one year. Using in-line milk samplers, milk was collected at various points during its passage through the milking plant and the samples were used to establish the relative significance of the sources of contamination of raw milk. Teat washing and drying of cows housed during winter reduced the total counts by 40% and streptococcal and coliform counts by 50%. Bacterial counts were significantly lower in cows at pasture during the summer and there was no reduction in count due to teat washing and drying. Bacteriological counts increased at each stage as the milk passed through the milking machine. The milking equipment significantly increased the total colony count by between 2000 and 3000/ml, and the bulk tank added a further 1500 to 2000/ml. The mean rinse bacterial counts of the milking equipment were higher in summer than winter, averaging 4.4 X 10(7) bacteria/m2 compared with 3.5 X 10(7)/m2 respectively. Although this level of bacterial contamination of the equipment is high by current standards, very low bulk milk bacterial counts were nevertheless achieved, particularly in the summer. This confirms that organisms from this source are not a major contaminant of the bulk milk. There was a very poor correlation between rinse counts and the bulk milk bacterial count, but a strong correlation (0.98) between total and streptococcal counts of the bulk milk. The unreliability of the use of rinse techniques to assess the contribution of milking equipment to bacterial counts of raw milk is emphasized.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Genetic and phenotypic correlations between milk coagulation properties, milk production traits, somatic cell count, casein content, and pH of milk.

Genetic and phenotypic correlations between milk coagulation properties (MCP: coagulation time and curd firmness), milk yield, fat content, protein content, ln(somatic cell count) (SCS), casein content, and pH of milk and heritability of these traits were estimated from data consisting of milk samples of 4664 Finnish Ayrshire cows sired by 91 bulls. In addition, differences in average estimated breeding values (EBV) for the above traits between the cows with noncoagulating (NC) milk and those with milk that coagulated (CO samples) were examined. The estimations were carried out to study the possibilities of indirect genetic improvement of MCP by use of the above characteristics. The genetic and phenotypic correlations between MCP and the milk production traits were low or negligible. The genetic associations between desirable MCP and low SCS were rather strong (-0.45 to 0.29). Desirable MCP correlated both genetically and phenotypically with low pH of milk (-0.51 to 0.50). The rather high heritability estimates for curd firmness in different forms (0.22 to 0.39), and the wide variation in the proportion of daughters producing NC milk between the sires (0 to 47%) suggested that noncoagulation of milk is partly caused by additive genetic factors. Based on the genetic correlations between curd firmness and SCS and the high EBV for SCS obtained for the cows with NC-milk, it is possible that the loci causing noncoagulation of milk and increasing somatic cell count of milk are closely linked or partly the same. One means to genetically improve MCP and to reduce the occurrence of NC milk could thus be selection for low somatic cell count of milk.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

[Interrelations of the calcium concentration in breast milk with maternal intake of cow's milk and milk products, bone resorption and bone mineral density during lactation].

The interrelations of the calcium (Ca) concentration in breast milk with maternal intake of cow's milk and milk products, 24-hour urinary hydroxyproline and Ca concentrations adjusted by creatinine (H.P/Cre, Ca/Cre) and bone mineral density measured by ultrasonic bone densitometry were examined to study the mechanism regulating the calcium concentration in breast milk. Subjects were 105 lactating women, aged 21 to 42 years, at 21.590 days postpartum. 1) The geometric means (logarithmically transformed calculated M +/- SD) of H.P/Cre were 40.7 (31-61) and 36.3 (28-47) mg/g in women lactating less than 150 days and 150 days or more, respectively. These values indicated increased bone resorption. 2) Intake of cow's milk and milk products significantly negatively correlated with urinary H.P/Cre. For women consuming less than 100ml per day of cow's milk, a significant positive correlation was found between the urinary H.P/Cre and Ca concentration in breast milk. These results suggest that the extent of bone resorption depends on maternal Ca intake and the Ca transfer from maternal bone to breast milk in women with a low Ca intake. 3) For women with a cow's milk intake of less than 100ml per day, a significant positive correlation was found between the Ca concentration in breast milk and bone mineral density, indicating that women with bone mineral loss are not able to compensate for the low Ca level in breast milk. 4) Urinary Ca/Cre significantly negatively affected the Ca concentration in breast milk. This result indicates that some amount of Ca in breast milk is due to renal conservation.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Calibration of infrared milk analyzers: modified milk versus producer milk.

Mid-infrared (MIR) milk analyzers are traditionally calibrated using sets of preserved raw individual producer milk samples. The goal of this study was to determine if the use of sets of preserved pasteurized modified milks improved calibration performance of MIR milk analyzers compared with calibration sets of producer milks. The preserved pasteurized modified milk sets exhibited more consistent day-to-day and set-to-set calibration slope and intercept values for all components compared with the preserved raw producer milk calibration sets. Pasteurized modified milk calibration samples achieved smaller confidence interval (CI) around the regression line (i.e., calibration uncertainty). Use of modified milk calibration sets with a larger component range, more even distribution of component concentrations within the ranges, and the lower correlation of fat and protein concentrations than producer milk calibration sets produced a smaller 95% CI for the regression line due to the elimination of moderate and high leverage samples. The CI for the producer calibration sets were about 2 to 12 times greater than the CI for the modified milk calibration sets, depending on the component. Modified milk calibration samples have the potential to produce MIR milk analyzer calibrations that will perform better in validation checks than producer milk-based calibrations by reducing the mean difference and standard deviation of the difference between instrument values and reference chemistry.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Effects of consumption of oat milk, soya milk, or cow's milk on plasma lipids and antioxidative capacity in healthy subjects.

A drink based on oats has been developed with new technology. In this study the effects of this oat milk, soya milk and cow's milk on plasma lipid, glucose, insulin, and antioxidant status (measured as the ability of serum to suppress the formation of the radical cation ABTS*+) were compared in 24 healthy men and women. Half of the subjects (group A) consumed 0.75-1 liters/day of oat milk and soya milk for 4 weeks each, and the other half (group B) consumed oat milk and cow's milk for two 4-week periods. In the combined groups A plus B the oat milk regimen resulted in decreased plasma cholesterol (4%) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (9%) levels as compared with baseline, but no changes in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) and triglyceride values were observed. Also soya milk consumption resulted in decreased LDL cholesterol concentrations. The only significant plasma lipid change observed during consumption of cow's milk was an increase in HDL cholesterol. No consistent changes in body weight, fasting blood glucose, serum insulin, and antioxidant status occurred after consumption of any milk regimen. A significant correlation between baseline antioxidant status and total plasma cholesterol was found (r = -0.56). It is proposed that the high content of beta-glucans in oat milk was responsible for the decreased plasma cholesterol and LDL cholesterol concentrations, but the effect could also be due to a replacement of saturated fat in the customary diet by unsaturated fat. It is concluded that oat milk can be used as an alternative to other milk drinks by subjects who would benefit from reduced LDL cholesterol values.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Milk-borne transmission of HIV. Characterization of productively infected cells in breast milk and interactions between milk and saliva.

OBJECTIVES: Definition of the cellular constituents of breast milk and infant saliva that are involved in milk-borne transmission of HIV infectivity. STUDY DESIGN/METHODS: Productively infected cells in colostrum and milk of HIV-1-seropositive mothers were identified by in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry. Additionally, normal cells from mature milk were infected in vitro to determine which cell types were capable of supporting productive HIV-1 infection. Cellular interactions and transfer of HIV-1 in saliva-milk mixtures were studied to monitor the viability of milk cells and the potential for transfer of infectious virus during ingestion of milk. RESULTS: Colostrum and early milk from HIV-1-seropositive mothers contained 0.1% to 1% productivity infected macrophages and T cells. Macrophages and epithelial cells from mature milk were susceptible to productive HIV infection in vitro. When milk was mixed with saliva, milk cells became disrupted or were bound and endocytized by salivary epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS: Productively infected milk cells may contribute directly to transmission of HIV infectivity in breastfed infants during both early and late lactation. Macrophages are the principal cellular carriers of productive HIV-1 infection in milk. Cellular complexes produced during milk-saliva interactions may play a key role in oral transmission of HIV.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Proteolysis in milk: the significance of proteinases originating from milk leucocytes and a comparison of the action of leucocyte, bacterial and natural milk proteinases on casein.

The caseinolytic activities at pH 6.8 of polymorphonuclear (PMN) and mononuclear leucocyte homogenates (equivalent to a level of 10(6) cells/ml milk) were less than the levels of natural milk proteinase activity found in milk from healthy cows. Bulk milks contained approximately 4 times more milk proteinase activity than the composite milks from individual healthy cows. Isolated blood leucocytes, when added to raw milk of good bacteriological quality and stored at 5 degrees C, did not readily degenerate and had no detectable effect on the milk proteins even when these cells were completely disrupted by homogenization of the milk. Pasteurization of milk which contained leucocytes caused loss of cell vitality. Extracellular proteinases of psychrotrophic bacteria growing in milk were not detected until the early stationary phase of growth. The total viable count at which this occurred varied greatly. Proteinase production by a pure culture of Pseudomonas fluorescens was not detected in milk stored at 5 degrees C until a viable count of approximately 10(9) colony forming units (c.f.u.)/ml was obtained, whilst normal bulk milks stored at 5 degrees C produced detectable levels of extracellular proteinase(s) when the psychrotrophic flora reached 10(7)-10(8) c.f.u./ml. Casein proteolysis by PMN and mononuclear leucocyte homogenates resulted in similar polypeptide maps, but plasmin and bacterial proteinase isolated from a strain of Serratia marcescens resulted in polypeptide maps different from each other and from that produced by the leucocyte proteinase(s). The rate of proteolysis of caseins by the different proteinase sources appeared to be in the order alpha s1- greater than beta- greater than greater than kappa-casein for the leucocyte extracts, beta- greater than alpha s1- greater than greater than greater than kappa-casein for bovine plasmin and beta- approximately kappa- greater than alpha s1-casein for for S. marcescens proteinase.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of milk sampling techniques on milk composition, bacterial contamination, viability and functions of resident cells in milk.

Three different milk sampling techniques were evaluated during milk sampling: a direct aseptic collection from the udder through a sterile cannula was used as the reference technique, compared with either a manual or a mechanical sampling method. In this study 30 high-yielding Holstein-Friesian dairy cows at different stages of lactation and free of udder infection were used. For each milk sample, the influence of milk sampling techniques was determined for the following parameters: somatic cell count, milk composition, bacterial contamination, viability, in vitro phagocytosis and overall killing of Staphylococcus aureus Newbould 305, and cellular chemiluminescence. Because milk sampling occurred throughout lactation, the differences between early, mid- and late lactation were estimated. It was concluded that bacterial contamination was not significantly different in manual milking samples and the reference technique; bacterial contamination was, however, significantly (P < 0.001) higher in machine milking samples than in the reference technique. Among the different sampling techniques, no significant effects on SCC, milk composition, viability and functions of the cells isolated from milk were observed. It was found that viability, intracellular killing and cellular chemiluminescence of milk PMN were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in early lactation compared to mid-lactation. Phagocytosis was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in early lactation compared to mid- and late lactation, and no significant differences were observed between mid- and late lactation. From this study, it can be concluded that despite a higher bacterial contamination obtained with the mechanical sampling method, the 3 milk sampling techniques described in this study can be used for the evaluation of milk cell functions.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Clinical trial of modified whole milk, lactose-hydrolyzed whole milk, or cereal-milk mixtures for the dietary management of acute childhood diarrhea.

A randomized, double-masked clinical trial was completed to compare the effects of four dietary regimens for the nutritional management of 116 Peruvian children between 3 and 24 months of age with acute diarrhea. Diets consisted of a modified whole milk formula (group M), a lactose-hydrolyzed milk formula (HM), wheat noodles and whole milk (N-M), or wheat noodles and lactose-hydrolyzed whole milk (N-HM), all offered in amounts up to 55 kcal/kg body weight/day for the first 2 days of treatment and up to 110 kcal/kg/day for 4 days thereafter. The clinical characteristics of the patients in each group were similar initially. Treatment failure rates in the two milk groups combined (M = 14.3%, HM = 20.0%) were greater than in the two noodle-milk groups combined (N-M = 3.4%, N-HM = 3.4%), p = 0.03. The average stool outputs by children in both M groups (range 40-66 g/kg body weight per day on all study days) were consistently greater than those by children in both N-M groups (range 29-50 g/kg/day). The differences by dietary group were statistically significant on days 3 and 4 (p less than 0.04, analysis of variance). The estimated median durations of illness [and 95% confidence limits (CL)] in each milk group (M = 138 h, CL: 88-214; HM = 113 h, CL: 75-170) were significantly greater than in each noodle-milk group (N-M = 52 h, CL: 35-76; N-HM = 67 h, CL: 45-100), p less than 0.001-0.071. In this group of patients, noodle-milk mixtures produced fewer treatment failures, lower fecal outputs, and shorter durations of diarrhea than did milk alone, regardless of the lactose contents of the respective milks or mixed diets. Small differences in intestinal absorption and changes in body weight by dietary group that were identified were of minor clinical importance during the short duration of study. Thus, the noodle-milk diets employed during this study were safer than the milk diets for the dietary management of children with acute diarrhea.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1986

Influence of milk fat, milk solids, and light intensity on the light stability of vitamin A and riboflavin in lowfat milk.

Retinyl palmitate and riboflavin were quantified in milk samples exposed to fluorescent light. Effects of compositional factors were determined by comparing rates of loss of riboflavin and vitamin A in milks with different amounts of milk fat and milk solids. Upon exposure to fluorescent light, rates of vitamin A and riboflavin loss were lower in whole milk than in skim milk. Riboflavin degraded more slowly in skim milk with 1% added nonfat dry milk than in skim milk with no added solids. No additional protective effect for riboflavin was found when added solids were increased from 1 to 3%. Compared with milk with no added solids, 1% added nonfat dry milk did not increased protection for vitamin A, but a protective effect was noted when the skim milk was fortified with 3% nonfat dry milk. Increasing light intensity increased the rates of loss of both vitamins, and riboflavin was lost at a greater rate.

Animals↗