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PubMed2001

The validity of Hodkinson's Abbreviated Mental Test for dementia screening in Guipuzcoa, Spain.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the validity of Hodkinson's Abbreviated Mental Test (AMT) in screening for dementia and to identify the optimum cut-off point to use in a prevalence survey. The study included two groups of persons: (i) a random sample of 183 individuals selected from census data, 96 of whom completed the study and (ii) another 36 persons with dementia were selected from a hospital outpatients department by sampling consecutive cases. The DSM-IV criteria were used as the "gold standard" to establish a diagnosis of dementia. The AMT was administered to the 132 participants who subsequently underwent independent clinical evaluation. In the community sample, 11 persons were diagnosed with dementia and 85 without. In the total sample, a score of 7 maximizes the efficacy of the test. The sensitivity for this cut-off point is 91.5% (78.7-97.2%) and the specificity is 82.4% (72.2-89.5%). A score of 9 gives 100% sensitivity, but the proportion of false positives rises to 66%. Our results are consistent with other studies and suggest that the AMT is a valid instrument for use in screening for dementia in populations similar to the one in this study.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2002

[The abbreviated mental test in a German version for detection of postoperative delirium].

OBJECTIVES: Delirium is the most common acute organic psychosis postoperatively, and occurs more frequently in the elderly than anticipated. The abbreviated mental test (AMT) is a widely used cognitive test in Great Britain. The present study assessed the AMT in a German version for diagnosis of postoperative delirium. METHODS: 40 patients (older than 65 years), scheduled for total knee or hip replacement, were tested repeatedly for delirium according to the ICD-10. These patients were investigated with the AMT simultaneously by a second investigator. RESULTS: Delirium was present in four orthopaedic patients (10 %) and was diagnosed correctly in these patients by the AMT. All but one patient without delirium showed no deterioriation in AMT score. CONCLUSION: As in Great Britain, the AMT in its German version is useful in diagnosing delirium. We recommend the use of the AMT preoperatively in elderly patients at risk for delirium.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

"I ain't been reading while on parole": experts, mental tests, and eugenic commitment law in Illinois, 1890-1940.

This article analyzes professional challenges to the 1915 commitment law and the ultimate demise of eugenic institutionalization in Illinois. It reveals the pivotal role of psychologists and intelligence testing in the debate over the necessity and viability of a state-sponsored system of eugenic commitment. It focuses primarily, but not exclusively, on a specific group of young female test subjects and the female professionals who attempted to measure their intelligence. The article relies on published studies as well as case records chosen at random from the Illinois State Training School for Girls at Geneva to explain and analyze the complex relationships among mental testing, feeblemindedness, and eugenics. Focusing on Geneva enables the author to highlight and evaluate previously underanalyzed social and environmental factors that affected testing as well as the experience of women in both eugenics and intelligence testing.

Commitment of Persons with Psychiatric Disorders↗
PubMed2006

[Postoperative delirium in patient neurosurgical: evaluation by means of the Abbreviated Mental Test].

OBJECTIVES: To assess the incidence and characteristics of postoperative changes in the higher cerebral functions after elective intracranial surgery under general anesthesia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This is a prospective study of 60 patients, aged 18-81 years, submitted to neurosurgical operations, allocated into two groups of 30 patients each: intracranial surgery group, patients submitted to craniotomy, and extracranial surgery group or control group, patients submitted to spinal procedures. All patients were given the Abbreviated Mental Test (AMT) on the day before to the operation, and then 2 and 24 hours after the end of the procedure. All individuals were managed with the same anesthetic technique. RESULTS: No differences in regard to demographics, duration of the operation, ASA physical state, and habits were found between the two groups. No differences in the pre-surgical and post-surgical AMT mean score were encountered between patients submitted to intracranial 9.87 +/- 0.35 or to spinal surgeries 9.80 +/- 0.41. Similarly, there were no significant differences between the two groups in the results of the AMT performed at 2 and 24 hours after the end of the surgeries. Only two subjects undergoing spinal procedures had a score of < or = 8 in the AMT performed 2-hours after the operation, while none showed a decrease in the 24-hour test score. CONCLUSIONS: Patients submitted to intracranial surgery did not show any changes in cognitive or attention functions during the first postoperative 24 hours as assessed by the AMT.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

GOAL: a simplified mental test for emergency medical admissions.

BACKGROUND: Several scoring systems are used in screening for cognitive impairment, but none are suited to the busy medical assessment environment. AIM: To construct, validate and assess the reliability of a simple scale (Gwent Orientation and Awareness Listing, GOAL) for this purpose, and to examine its application in consecutive emergency admissions in two general hospitals. DESIGN: Prospective cohort studies. METHODS: The validity and reliability of GOAL was assessed in three studies of patients aged > or =65 years who had been pronounced medically fit for discharge. The evaluation studies were carried out over 4-week medical intake periods in each participating hospital. RESULTS: Correlation of GOAL with the standard 30-point Mini-Mental State Examination was 0.89, and the inter-observer reliability was 0.90. Based on Receiver Operating Characteristics Curves, patients scoring <8 on GOAL were deemed to be cognitively impaired. Assessment by GOAL took half the time required for the widely used Abbreviated Mental Test Score. Of 1037 consecutive patients admitted to two hospitals' acute medical intakes and remaining for >24 h, 952 were able and willing to be scored by GOAL, and of these 201 (21%) 'failed', with a score of <8. DISCUSSION: Loss of orientation and awareness is common among patients admitted via medical intakes. GOAL is a practical brief screen for identifying and following-up these patients.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1977

The use of the Vineland Social Maturity Scale, the Merrill-Palmer Scale of mental tests (non-verbal items) and the Reynell Developmental Language Scales with children in contact with the services for severe mental retardation.

Psychological tests were administered to a complete population of severely retarded children aged 0-14, from one area of south-east London. The fifty-six children selected for the present study included all those who had obtained scores on measures of social maturity, visuo-spatial skills not involving symbolic concepts, and level of language comprehension. The results show very low correlations between the age-related quotients obtained for each measure. This suggests that, in severely retarded children, marked discrepancies can occur between different areas of cognitive and social development. Some children could be classified as moderately or mildly retarded on one type of test but as profoundly retarded on another. The profiles on the tests can be related to diagnosis and behaviour pattern. The findings highlight the problems of assessment and educational placement of retarded children.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1978

Senile confusion: limitations of assessment by the face-hand test, mental status questionnaire, and staff ratings.

Three of the most common and convenient measures of senile confusion are informal staff ratings, the Face-Hand Test (FHT) and the Mental Status Questionnaire (MSQ). A group of 112 geriatric patients in two extended care facilities, and a volunteer sample of 40 community aged were examined by means of the FHT and MSQ. These instruments proved valuable in differentiating patients rated as confused from those rated as lucid and alert, and from the community subjects. However, each of these measures, as well as the staff ratings, produced false negative findings. Staff ratings incorrectly identified a hypochondriacal and paranoid patient as confused. The FHT scores of lucid and alert patients with some brain damage were low. MSQ scores of some poorly educated immigrants were very low, even though these patients were rated as lucid and alert by the staff and passed the FHT. One normally lucid and alert patient with a fever and an irregular rapid pulse failed both the FHT and the MSQ. Guidelines for further use of these instruments are presented.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

A comparative study of Mini-Mental Test, Clock Drawing task and Cognitive-FIM in evaluating functional outcome of elderly hip fracture patients.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the clock drawing task with other cognitive tests used for the prediction of discharge functional outcome, in elderly hip fracture patients. DESIGN: Cohort study. SETTING: A department of geriatric-orthopaedic rehabilitation of a tertiary hospital. PATIENTS: One hundred and forty-three consecutive patients undergoing inpatient comprehensive rehabilitation following hip fracture. MEASUREMENTS: Cognitive status was assessed by the Clock Drawing Task, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Cognitive-FIM (cognFIM). Functional status outcome was evaluated by the Functional Independence Measure (FIM), using absolute and relative parameters of efficacy and efficiency. RESULTS: Correlation coefficients (Pearson correlation) between the three cognitive tests resulted in values ranging from 0.607 to 0.732 (p < 0.001). Similar correlation coefficients were observed for all cognitive tests when correlated with relative efficacy and efficiency outcome parameters (p < 0.001), but not with absolute outcome parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Clock Drawing Test is similar to Mini-Mental and Cognitive-FIM with respect to the evaluation of functional status outcome following rehabilitation of hip fractures. The similar correlations with functional outcome parameters as well as the simplicity of administration favour the use of either Clock Drawing Task or MMSE in the initial assessment of elderly patients with hip fractures.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

Confusion ratings and abbreviated mental test performance: a comparison.

Ninety-nine residents, 10% of the total population of elderly in Part III accommodation in Newcastle upon Tyne, were examined for the presence of psychiatric disorder, tested for cognitive impairment, and rated for the presence of confusion. Those allocated a diagnosis of dementia were most impaired and confused, and those living in specialist homes for the mentally infirm were more impaired than other residents. Confusion ratings, which proved very simple and quick to perform, correlated highly with the results of testing for the presence of cognitive impairment--a slightly more laborious and less universally applicable procedure. The Confusion Rating therefore offers a reliable and easy method for identifying the prevalence of dementia among residents of institutions.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Mental tests and fossils.

This article investigates the origins of the intelligence test item known as the Ball and Field in Lewis M. Terman's Stanford Revision of the Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale. The question was initially raised by the resemblance of paleontological ocean bed floor tracings left by ancient creatures to the responses produced by children given the Ball and Field Test. A version of the Ball and Field Test was invented by Clifton F. Hodge, one of Terman's graduate school instructors who devised it as a result of his observations about how birds and other animals navigated and found their way. He then tested how humans and children located hidden objects and found that, in many ways, animals and humans used similar strategies for getting home or finding objects.

Adult↗