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At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Prevalence of contagious pathogens of bovine mastitis and use of mastitis control practices.

A cross-sectional study of 1,032 dairy herds in Ohio was conducted to determine the prevalence of the major contagious pathogens of mastitis (Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus) and the use of common mastitis control measures. Herd owners were surveyed by mail concerning their use of mastitis control measures. The survey focused on treatment of nonlactating cows, postmilking teat dipping, culling practices, milking machine maintenance, treatment for clinical mastitis, and premilking hygiene practices. Nearly 90% of questionnaires were returned. The prevalence of Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus was determined by use of bulk-tank milk samples. Most herds (n = 802) met the criteria for classification into 1 of 4 groups: (1) Free of contagious pathogens, as determined by inability to isolate coagulase positive staphylococci (CPS) and esculin-negative CAMP positive streptococci (ENCPS) from 3 bulk-tank milk samples, (2) CPS, but not ENCPS, isolated from at least 1 sample, (3) ENCPS, but not CPS, isolated from at least 1 sample, (4) both ENCPS and CPS isolated from at least 1 sample. The number of herds in which both ENCPS and CPS were isolated was low; therefore, these herds were grouped with herds in which ENCPS alone was isolated for the evaluation of mastitis control practices related to herd pathogen status. Herd somatic cell count (SCC) was determined using Dairy Herd Improvement Association data by calculating the geometric mean SCC from individual cow test day SCC. Twelve months of SCC data from 741 herds were included in this study.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Economics of mastitis and mastitis control.

Mastitis is the most costly disease of dairy cows. The major economic loss of all forms of mastitis results from reduced milk production. Because of the difficulty in controlling environmental mastitis organisms, mastitis will maintain this role in the foreseeable future.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Risk factors associated with the incidence of veterinary-treated clinical mastitis in Swedish dairy herds with a high milk yield and a low prevalence of subclinical mastitis.

We conducted a case-control study to investigate factors associated with the incidence rate of veterinary-treated clinical cases of mastitis (IRVTCM) in Swedish dairy herds with the overall objective to reduce the incidence of clinical mastitis (CM) and excessive use of antibiotics. Herds with documented high milk yield, low prevalence of subclinical mastitis and high (27.3-67.5 cases/100-cow years=case) or low (0.0-10.8 cases/100-cow years=control) IRVTCM were selected for this study. One hundred and fifty-eight herds participated. Logistic-regression models were used to assess statistically significant risk factors associated with a high or low IRVTCM. HI-herd farmers more often contacted a veterinarian for treatment of a cow with CM as soon as the milk appearance was altered, compared to LO-herd farmers that more often waited until the general condition of a cow was altered. HI-herd farmers also treated more cows due to high somatic-cell counts during lactation and/or at drying off. There were more high-yielding cows with dirty lower hind-legs, a higher percentage of first-parity cows and a higher incidence of veterinary-treated teat injuries in HI-herds. HI-herd farmers had their cows claw-trimmed more than once per year, compared to LO-herd farmers that had their cows claw-trimmed only once per year, and the condition of silage storage at HI-farms more often had one or more remarks. LO-herds consisted more often of cows of the Swedish Red and White breed, and their roughage diet was more often complemented with only commercial concentrates compared to HI-herds that more often fed grain in combination with commercial concentrates. The herds participating in this study were all well managed herds, and the attitude towards treatment and production seemed to influence the IRVTCM more than environmental factors.

Animals↗
PubMed1968

Silicone mastitis in "topless" waitresses and some other varieties of foreign-body mastitis.

Three cases of disfiguring prosthetogenic mastitis are reported.In two of the cases repeated injections of silicone fluid were followed by extensive bilateral granulomatous mastitis. The axillary lymph nodes were enlarged in both cases: in one of them a node was examined histologically and showed a remarkable proliferation of vacuolated histiocytes in the sinuses and medulla. Both patients had worked in "topless restaurants" and had been obliged to seek artificial means to maintain the excessively large bust that was necessary in that environment.The third patient's mastitis followed implantation of polyethylene prostheses designed to be varied in bulk by injection or withdrawal of saline. A foreign-body reaction developed round the prostheses. In addition, a sinus developed in a needle track on one side; this was accompanied by a local fungal and bacterial infection (Rhizopus species and Pseudomonas pyocyanea respectively).The indications for introducing foreign materials into the breasts to augment their size have to be weighed against the potential dangers that such procedures bring. The biological effects of injected silicones, particularly their long-term effects, are very imperfectly known. Statements implying that these compounds are harmless when injected are not correct. Among the hazards are (a) local sclerosing granulomatous reactions with permanent scarring, (b) histiocytosis secondary to carriage of silicones from their site of inoculation to regional lymph nodes and possibly to other parts of the lymphoreticular system, and, perhaps, (c) carcinogenic activity.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Mastitis history, California Mastitis Test, and somatic cell counts for identifying cows for treatment in a selective dry cow therapy program.

Mastitis history, California Mastitis Test scores, and filter-deoxyribonucleic acid cell counts from 232 cows were used to project the effectiveness of criteria which could be used to determine which cows to treat in a selective dry cow therapy program. Bacteriological analyses of quarter milk samples were used to identify infected cows. Effects of month, lactation parity, stage of lactation, and interaction of stage of lactation with lactation parity on somatic cell numbers in milk were determined. The various criteria singly or in combinations correctly identified from 50 to over 92% of the cows with one or more infected quarters at drying off. However, from 25 to 80% of the cows free of infection would have been treated as well. The most discriminating criteria were two monthly cell counts exceeding 500,000 cells per milliliter where 53% of the cows with infected quarters were identified correctly and only 25% of the uninfected cows would be treated, or the two monthly cell counts exceeding 500,000 cells per milliliter plus a California Mastitis Test score of +2 or +3 at drying off. Here 89% of the cows with infected quarters would be treated, and 56% of the uninfected cows would be treated.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[Studies of bovine mycoplasma mastitis. 1. Review of literature on the occurrence of bovine mastitis with Mycoplasma involvement].

The clinical pattern as well as the pathologico-anatomic or histological changes due to mycoplasma mastitis are neither specific nor pathognomic. Mastitis pathogens so far described included M. bovis, M. bovigenitalium, A. laidlawii, A. axanthum, M. alkalescens, M. canadense, M. dispar, M. bovirhinis, strains of Group 7 according to Leach, strain ST 6, and ureaplasma strains. In the GDR, enzootic mastitis has been confined to A. laidlawii and A. axanthum.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Differences in mastitis susceptibility between Holstein Friesian, Dutch Friesian and Dutch Red and White cows. Correlation between parameters for mastitis and for production.

On an experimental farm 3 dairy breeds were compared with regard to mastitis by various parameters. Higher cell counts and more udder infections were present in the Dutch Red and White (DRW) in comparison with the Holstein Friesian (HF) and the Dutch Friesian (DF). Within the HF breed a negative correlation between cell count and production was established and also in this breed, a negative correlation between maximum rate of milk flow and cell count. There is no evidence that higher production and easier milking are connected with more mastitis. On the contrary, within the breeds an opposite trend appeared. Selection against mastitis does not conflict with selection for production and ease of milking. An addition trial revealed that sampling after too quick preparation of the cows before milking resulted in much higher cell counts in quarter samples. Cows which were selected for drying off with antibiotics recovered from their infection but these more susceptible animals maintained a higher cell count to a certain extent.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1997

Effects of antimicrobial treatment at the end of lactation on milk yield, somatic cell count, and incidence of clinical mastitis during the subsequent lactation in a dairy herd with a low prevalence of contagious mastitis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether treating cows with antimicrobials at the end of lactation would lower the incidence of clinical mastitis, improve milk production, and decrease somatic cell count (SCC) in the subsequent lactation. DESIGN: Randomized blind field trial. ANIMALS: 233 Holstein cows from a single herd. All cows were in lactation 2 or greater. PROCEDURE: Cows were randomly assigned to treatment groups. Treated cows were given procaine penicillin G and novobiocin by intramammary infusion. Control cows were not treated. Farm personnel recorded cases of clinical mastitis. Milk yield and SCC were recorded during the subsequent lactation. RESULTS: Treatment did not significantly reduce the incidence of clinical mastitis when data for all cows were grouped or when data were stratified by lactation groups (lactation 2 vs lactation > or = 3) or by last SCC (< or = 500,000 cells/ml vs > 500,000 cells/ml). Somatic cell counts (first, mean of first 5, maximum of first 5) for treated and control cows were similar, and proportions of treated and control cows with SCC > 500,000 cells/ml at least once were not significantly different. Treated cows produced 179 kg (394 lb) more milk during the first 17 weeks of lactation than did control cows. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Treating cows with antimicrobials at the end of lactation increased 17-week milk production during the subsequent lactation and, at current milk prices, was financially preferable to not treating them.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1990

Summer mastitis in heifers: a bacteriological examination of secretions from clinical cases of summer mastitis in Denmark.

A total of 166 samples of secretions collected from Danish heifers suffering from clinically diagnosed summer mastitis were examined bacteriologically. One hundred and sixty three samples yielded positive findings whereas no growth was obtained from 3 specimens. The majority of samples revealed a mixed flora in which the predominant components were Actinomyces pyogenes, Peptostreptococcus indolicus, a microaerophilic coccus (Stuart-Schwan coccus), Fusobacterium necrophorum, Bacteriodes melaninogenicus and Streptococcus dysgalactiae. Pure cultures were recovered in only 7% of cases. P. indolicus was isolated from 875 of the cases, a microaerophilic coccus from 84%, A. pyogenes from 72%, Fusobacterium necrophorum from 52%, Str. dysgalactiae from 37%, B. melaninogenicus from 33% and various unidentified obligate anaerobic Gram-negative rods from 31%. The results confirm the complex bacterial aetiology of summer mastitis.

Actinomyces↗
PubMed1992

Comparative bacteriological studies on summer mastitis in grazing cattle and pyogenes mastitis in stabled cattle in Denmark.

A total of 143 secretions from clinical cases of summer mastitis (SM) in grazing cattle and from 89 cases of pyogenes mastitis (PM) in stabled cattle were examined bacteriologically. The typical bacteriological finding was a mixed flora in which the predominant organisms were Actinomyces pyogenes (SM-70%, PM-85%), Peptostreptococcus indolicus (54%, 54%), a microaerophilic coccus (Stuart-Schwan coccus) (26%, 25%), Fusobacterium necrophorum biovar B (22%, 12%), Bacteroides melaninogenicus (20%, 9%) and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (21%, 5%). All except six cases occurred in non-lactating animals or within three weeks after parturition. The majority of animals (about 90%) had only one quarter affected and no differences in quarter distribution were observed between the two groups.

Actinomyces↗
PubMed1988

[Self-inflicted necroses (mastitis factitia) as an unusual course of non-puerperal mastitis].

The present paper reports of a long lasting necrotising mastitis which, regarding the psychiatric aspect of the patient as well, has to be interpreted as artefactual mastitis. The uncommon localisation, the unusual history and histology as well as the hardly accessible personality may be indicative of a self inflicted injury with subsequent inflammation. Additional to the local therapy, these patients need a psychological guidance, avoiding direct confrontation with the suspected pathogenesis.

Abscess↗
PubMed2002

Assessment of beta-glucuronidase levels in goat's milk as an indicator of mastitis: comparison with other mastitis detection methods.

The use of somatic cell counts (SCCs) for the diagnosis of mastitis is not a well-established procedure for the caprine species, because nonleucocytic cell-like particles are normally observed as a result of the apocrine secretion process of the goat mammary gland. The infection levels of 124 goats were measured by the beta-glucuronidase test, which was compared with the SCC method and the California mastitis test (CMT). Seventy-nine of 124 samples (63.7%) showed SCCs lower than 1.3 x 10(3) cells per ml. Of these samples, 93% showed low levels of beta-glucuronidase activity (< 15 U/ml). In the remaining 36.3% of the samples, SCCs were higher than 1.3 x 10(3) cells per ml. Of these samples, 88% showed high levels of beta-glucuronidase activity (15 to 100 U/ml). The CMT gave similar results. In this study, the beta-glucuronidase test was standardized for goat milk and shown to be reliable, enabling one to count only the somatic enzyme cells in milk and avoiding the interference encountered with the SCC method.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Herd incidence of bovine mastitis in four danish dairy districts. III. Relation between frequency of mastitis and cell counts on bulk molk samples.

The correlations between monthly bulk milk cell counts and the actual frequency of mastitis was investigated in 399 Danish dairy farms with a total of about 7000 cows. The correlation coefficients varied from 0.3 to 0.5. Correlations were improved by using more than one cell count, but not further improved by using more than two cell counts. The correlations were higher for large than for small herds. It was not possible by combining cell counts in different ways, as indicated in (Table IV, to point out every heavily mastitis-affected herd without also pointing out some not so heavily affected ones. Table IV shows what infection levels can be expected when different criteria based on bulk milk cell counts are applied. The figures cannot be transferred directly from Danish conditions to conditions in other countries, but similar tendencies can probably be found anywhere.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[Studies of Mycoplasma mastitis in cattle. 7. Mycoplasma mastitis in 3 dairy cattle herds].

Reported in this paper is the occurrence of enzootic mastitis in three dairy cattle stocks. The outbreaks had been caused by Mycoplasma bovis, Acholeplasma laidlawii, Acholeplasma axanthum as well as by one unidentified strain of the family of mycoplasmataceae. All animals with positive response to mycoplasma tests were identified an selected by repetitive testing of cultures in milk samples which had been taken from all lactating and dry cows and heifers as well as by evaluation of organ samples obtained from slaughtered cows. Regular cleaning and disinfection of stands in cowsheds, cattle tracks, and milk parlours as well as disinfection of udders and milking cups worked extremely well throughout the action in control of those cases of enzootic mycoplasma mastitis.

Acholeplasma↗
PubMed1996

The detection of subclinical mastitis in the bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) by somatic cell count and California mastitis test.

Milk samples (n = 160) from 7 clinically healthy bactrian camels were cultured to detect subclinical udder infection. The samples were assessed by the Californian mastitis test (CMT) and somatic cell count (SCC). Bacteria were recovered from 36 (22.5%) of the milk samples. Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) were the main organisms found. Infected quarters had significantly higher mean values for the SCC (p < 0.01) and CMT (p < 0.001) than non-infected quarters. All 7 camels were infected with CNS but only 4 with S. aureus. CMT values for S. aureus-infected camels were significantly higher than for those only infected with CNS. The values for SCC and CMT were significantly influenced by the stage of lactation (p < 0.05). No significant difference was found from the effect of the quarters. Both SCC and CMT were of value in predicting the infection status of the udder.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Use of California Mastitis Test, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, and antitrypsin to diagnose caprine subclinical mastitis.

Analysis of 448 milk samples (11 herds) from caprine udder halves showed that microorganisms were isolated from 21.8% of the samples. California Mastitis Test (CMT) and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (NAGase) were superior to antitrypsin in detecting subclinical infections. Coagulase-negative staphylococci and micrococci were the main species isolated from halves showing no clinical disease. Coagulase-positive staphylococcal infections were associated with a significant increase of all inflammatory parameters. Significantly increased CMT and NAGase occurred when streptococci, other staphylococci or micrococci were present. Infection within one half was reflected as an increase in the inflammatory parameters in the milk of the infected half as well as a slight increase in the inflammation parameters in the adjoining half.

Acetylglucosaminidase↗
PubMed1993

[Tuberculous mastitis--a rare differential diagnosis of non-puerperal mastitis].

Tuberculosis in a case of non-puerperal mastitis is a rare clinical finding. A special case of a 28-year old Thai patient was diagnosed and successfully treated with an antituberculous chemotherapy. The most important diagnostic procedure was the microbiological and histological investigation to enable the diagnosis to be made. Surgical therapy was not necessary.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Host defence and bovine coliform mastitis. Host defence mechanisms and characteristics of coliform bacteria in coliform mastitis in bovine: a review.

This paper reviews the microbial properties that underlie the virulence of coliform microorganisms causing bovine mastitis. The interaction between the coliform bacteria and teat-duct defence, humoral defence and phagocytic cells is discussed. The functioning of these host-defence mechanisms seems to exert a major role in the course of a coliform infection of the udder.

Animals↗