Recognition of Class 3 malocclusions and treatment of Class I, Type 3 malocclusions.
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Crowns↗
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[The prevalence of malocclusion in school children of Uchinada-machi. 2. The influence of dental caries on the prevalence of malocclusion].
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Child↗
[Statistical analysis of classification, etiological factors and orthodontic treatment of malocclusion (according to the malocclusion classification by Mao Xiejun].
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Female↗
[Study on the dental arch width in Class II malocclusion].
PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare the transverse dimensions of the dental arches of Class II division 1 and Class II division 2 malocclusion groups with mild Class I malocclusion subjects. METHODS: Measurements were performed on dental casts of 40 mild Class I malocclusion (mean age: 16.2 years),40 Class II division 1 (mean age: 15.6years), and 40 Class II division 2 (mean age: 15.8 years) malocclusion subjects respectively. The dental arch width in the canine, first premolar, second premolar, and molar regions were measured and the arch differences of each groups were calculated. Independent-samples t test was applied for comparisons of the groups. RESULTS: The results indicated that the maxillary canine, premolar and molar width were narrower in subjects with Class II division 1 malocclusion than in the mild Class I malocclusion sample, but the difference was not significant statistically (P>0.05), and the mandibular widths were not significantly different in subjects with Class II division 1 malocclusion and in the mild Class I malocclusion sample (P>0.05); the maxillary premolar, molar width and mandibular width were significantly narrower in subjects with Class II division 2 malocclusion than in the mild Class I malocclusion sample (P<0.05) statistically; the mandibular width were significantly wider in subjects with Class II division 1 malocclusion than in the Class I division 2 malocclusion sample (P<0.05); the width difference was narrower in subjects with Class II division 1 malocclusion than in the mild Class I malocclusion sample, the canine and second premolar width differences were significantly narrower (P<0.05); the width differences were not significant in subjects with Class II division 2 malocclusion and in the mild ClassI malocclusion sample (P>0.05); the width difference was less in subjects with Class 2 division 1 malocclusion than in Class II division 2 malocclusion sample, the canine width was significantly narrower (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The development of the transverse dimensions of the dental arches are not sufficient in the maxilla of Class II division 1 malocclusion and in the maxilla and mandible of Class II division 2 malocclusion. For that reason, expanding upper arch width of Class II division 1 and both the upper and lower arch width of Class II division 2 are often indicated in clinic.
Adolescent↗
Diagnostic criteria for pseudo-Class III malocclusion.
The aim of this study is to identify the diagnostic criteria for pseudo-Class III malocclusion and compare it with Class I malocclusion in the southern Chinese population. Sixty-seven patients (mean age, 10.9 +/- 1.8 years) were included in this study; 36 patients represented pseudo-Class III malocclusion. Selection criteria included the following: (1) anterior crossbite (at least 2 incisors with negative overjet and overbite); (2) mandibular displacement; (3) all patients were southern Chinese who had been followed after the growth spurt, none had developed a skeletal Class III malocclusion; (4) the patients were treated for an average of 7 months to procline upper incisors and retrocline lower incisors. None of the cases received any treatment that might affect skeletal growth. Thirty-one patients with Class I malocclusion were included in the Class I malocclusion group for the comparison of dentoskeletal characteristics with the pseudo-Class III malocclusion group. Selection criteria included the following: (1) skeletal Class I malocclusion with normal overjet and overbite, (2) mild to moderate crowding with Class I molar relationship, (3) straight facial profile. The following were included in the assessment of pseudo-Class III malocclusion cases: (1) family history, (2) molar and canine relationships at habitual occlusion and centric relation, and (3) dentoskeletal morphology. The results were that 72% of the examined cases in the pseudo-Class III malocclusion group showed no family history and 75% showed Class I molar relationship at habitual occlusion. Compared with the Class I malocclusion group, subjects in the pseudo-Class III malocclusion group showed a significantly decreased midface length, increased maxillary-mandibular difference, more retroclined upper incisors, and a retrusive upper lip. In conclusion, a pseudo-Class III malocclusion is characterized by retroclined upper incisors, retrusive upper lip, decreased midface length, and increased maxillary-mandibular difference. Findings of this study showed that patients with a pseudo-Class III malocclusion exhibit certain morphologic, dental, and skeletal characteristics that should be of aid in the diagnosis of pseudo-Class III malocclusion.
Centric Relation↗
The characteristics of pseudo class III malocclusion in mixed dentition.
OBJECTIVE: To find the dentoskeletal characteristics of pseudo Class III malocclusion in mixed dentition. METHODS: Thirty-six patients (15 females, 21 males with mean age: 10.7 +/- 2.0 years) were included in the pseudo Class III malocclusion group. Forty patients (21 females, 19 males with mean age: 9.7 +/- 2.2 years) with Class III incisor relationship and Class III molar relationship were included in the skeletal Class III malocclusion group. All the subjects were followed up after growth spurt and were diagnosed either as pseudo Class III malocclusion or skeletal Class III malocclusion. Thirty-one patients with Class I malocclusion were included in the Class I malocclusion group. Selection criteria included: 1. skeletal Class I malocclusion with normal overjet and overbite. 2. mild to moderate crowding with Class I molar relationship. 3. straight facial profile. Cephalograms were taken in the mixed dentition for pseudo Class III malocclusion, skeletal Class III malocclusion and Class I malocclusion groups to compare the dentoskeletal characteristics. RESULTS: Females in the pseudo Class III malocclusion group showed more retrusion of "A" point with an average value of -1.63 mm compared with 0.52 mm in the Class I malocclusion group (P < 0.05). The upper incisors in the pseudo Class III malocclusion group were upright. CONCLUSIONS: Pseudo Class III malocclusion is characterized by decreased midface length, mandibular displacement, retroclined upper incisors and normal vertical development.
Adolescent↗
Tooth size discrepancies and arch parameters among different malocclusions in a Jordanian sample.
The objectives of this study were to determine the mean mesiodistal tooth width of the dentition, Bolton anterior and overall ratios, arch length, and arch width in the different malocclusions in a Jordanian sample. The mesiodistal tooth width, arch width, and length were measured on a total of 140 orthodontic models of school students aged 13-15 years of different occlusal relationships (Class I, Class II division 1, Class II division 2, and Class III malocclusions). Anterior and overall Bolton ratios were calculated. The mean and standard deviation were calculated. Student's t-test and analysis of variance were used for the statistical analysis. The results show that (1) females have smaller teeth than males; (2) Class III malocclusion showed larger teeth than the rest of the other occlusal categories; (3) no statistically significant differences were found in Bolton ratios between the different malocclusions; (4) Class II division 1 showed the narrowest maxillary arch compared with the other types of malocclusion; (5) the mandibular intercanine width was significantly larger in Class III group than in Class II division 1 and Class II division 2 groups; (6) the maxillary arch was significantly longer in Class II division 1 than in Class II division 2; and (7) the mandibular arch of both Class II categories was significantly shorter than Class III malocclusion group. In conclusion, tooth size differences were found between right and left sides, between females and males, and between the different malocclusions. Arch width and length also showed differences among the different malocclusions.
Adolescent↗
[A study of Bolton tooth-size discrepancies of malocclusion patients].
OBJECTIVE: To analysis the sum and frequencies of Bolton tooth-size discrepancies Angle Class I, II, III malocclusion patients. METHODS: Measured each tooth crown mesial-distal size between the first molar of 439 dental plaster casts of malocclusion patients and obtained the sums of six anterior tooth-size and twelve tooth-size between the first molar of upper or lower and calculated the anterior and total tooth-size discrepancies by Bolton rate standards, then statistic analyses were done. RESULTS: Patients whose sums of anterior tooth-size discrepancy were pass 1.5 mm or less than -1.5 mm was 14.02% in Angle Class I malocclusion patients and 9.49% in Class II and 19.32% in Class III. Patients whose sums of total tooth-size discrepancy were pass 1.5 mm or less than -1.5 mm was 19.63% in Angle Class I malocclusion patients and 15.33% in Class II and 20.45% in Class III. The upper sum of anterior tooth-size of Class I malocclusion patients whose sums of anterior tooth-size discrepancies were pass 1.5 mm or less than -1.5 mm was always smaller than normal and the lower sum was always larger. The sums of anterior tooth-size discrepancy of Class I, II, III and total tooth-size discrepancy of Class I were always between 1.5 mm-2.5 mm or -2.5 mm(-)-1.5 mm. Patients whose sums of anterior tooth-size discrepancy were pass 3.5 mm or less than -3.5 mm was 2.34% in Class I malocclusion patients and 0 in class II and 0 in class III. Patients whose sums of total tooth-size discrepancy were pass 3.5 mm or less than -3.5 mm was 4.21% in Class I and 1.46% in Class II and 4.54% in Class III. CONCLUSION: Tooth-size discrepancy of malocclusion patients was not the general cause of malocclusion.
Adolescent↗
Psychosocial implications of malocclusion: a 15-year follow-up study in 30-year-old Danes.
Long-term psychosocial effects of malocclusion should be studied longitudinally from childhood to adulthood in orthodontically untreated populations. In 1965-66, the occurrence of morphologic traits of malocclusion was recorded in 977 Danish adolescents who had no access to organized orthodontic care. In a follow-up study 15 years later, a questionnaire was mailed to the subjects; this contained general questions about body image and specific inquiries concerning self-perception and social implications of dental appearance. The response rate was 86%. Ten percent had received orthodontic treatment. In the remaining individuals, only one entry among thirteen items of body image--the teeth--was rated significantly less satisfactory by subjects with malocclusion at adolescence than by subjects without malocclusion at adolescence. The lowest ratings were observed in subjects with extreme maxillary overjet, extreme deep bite, and crowding. Highly significant differences were found between the two groups (subjects with and without malocclusion) in recalling adolescent awareness of malocclusion, dissatisfaction with the appearance of the teeth, and unfavorable appearance of the teeth compared with those of peers. Schoolmates' teasing occurred seven times more often in the presence of malocclusion. Differences were less marked in the perceptions of the same individuals in adulthood. However, in both adolescence and adulthood unfavorable perceptions of the teeth were expressed significantly more often by subjects with extreme maxillary overjet, extreme deep bite, and crowding. No association was found between malocclusion and present occupational status. It was concluded that certain malocclusions, especially conspicuous occlusal and space anomalies, may adversely affect body image and self-concept, not only at adolescence but also in adulthood.
Adolescent↗
Pathognomonic cephalometric characteristics of Angle Class II Division 2 malocclusion.
The Class II division 2 (Class II/2) malocclusion as originally defined by E.H. Angle is relatively rare. The orthodontic literature does not agree on the skeletal characteristics of this malocclusion. Several researchers claim that it is characterized by an orthognathic facial pattern and that the malocclusion is dentoalveolar per se. Others claim that the Class II/2 malocclusion has unique skeletal and dentoalveolar characteristics. The present study describes the skeletal and dentoalveolar cephalometric characteristics of 50 patients clinically diagnosed as having Class II/2 malocclusion according to Angle's original criteria. The study compares the findings with those of both a control group of 54 subjects with Class II division I (Class II/1) malocclusion and a second control group of 34 subjects with Class I (Class I) malocclusion. The findings demonstrate definite skeletal and dentoalveolar patterns with the following characteristics: (1) the maxilla is orthognathic, (2) the mandible has relatively short and retrognathic parameters, (3) the chin is relatively prominent, (4) the facial pattern is hypodivergent, (5) the upper central incisors are retroclined, and (6) the overbite is deep. The results demonstrate that, in a sagittal direction, the entity of Angle Class II/2 malocclusion might actually be located between the Angle Class I and the Angle Class II/1 malocclusions. with unique vertical skeletal characteristics.
Adolescent↗
Postpharyngeal lymphoid tissue in Angle Class I and Class II malocclusions.
Opinions differ with regard to the relationship of adenoids and type of malocclusion. To study this possible relationship, xeroradiographic lateral cephalograms were made of eighty Class I (Angle) and sixty-four Class II, Division 1 (Angle) malocclusions to obtain reliable measures of the epipharyngeal lymphoid tissue, the nasopharyngeal airway, the nasopharynx, and certain cephalometric landmarks. Xeroradiographic cephalograms provide superior visualization with edge-enhancement effect for both soft and hard tissues. Electronic digitization and a comprehensive computer analysis were used to assess the head films. Significant differences were found for some of the linear and angular cephalometric criteria between the two malocclusion categories. A sexual dimorphism was observed. These skeletal and dental differences were anticipated in this mixed malocclusion sample, as prior cephalometric studies which compare different classes of malocclusion have shown. Airway space did not appear to vary with the type of malocclusion. Some low-level correlations were found between the size of the nasopharyngeal area and certain skeletal characteristics. These correlations depended on both the malocclusion type and the sex of the individual. The lateral, two-dimensional cephalogram does not seem to offer satisfactory information relating the nasopharyngeal area to Class I or to Class II, Division 1 malocclusions.
Cephalometry↗
Upper and lower pharyngeal airways in subjects with Class I and Class II malocclusions and different growth patterns.
INTRODUCTION: Associations of Class II malocclusions and vertical growth pattern with obstruction of the upper and lower pharyngeal airways and mouth breathing have been suggested. This implies that these malocclusion characteristics have a predisposing anatomical factor for these problems. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare upper and lower pharyngeal widths in patients with untreated Class I and Class II malocclusions and normal and vertical growth patterns. METHODS: The sample comprised 80 subjects divided into 2 groups: 40 Class I and 40 Class II, subdivided according to growth pattern into normal and vertical growers. The upper and lower pharyngeal airways were assessed according to McNamara's airways analysis. The intergroup comparison of the upper and lower airways was performed with 1-way ANOVA and the Tukey test as a second step. RESULTS: The results showed that the upper pharyngeal width in the subjects with Class I and Class II malocclusions and vertical growth patterns was statistically significantly narrower than in the normal growth-pattern groups. CONCLUSIONS: Subjects with Class I and Class II malocclusions and vertical growth patterns have significantly narrower upper pharyngeal airways than those with Class I and Class II malocclusions and normal growth patterns. However, malocclusion type does not influence upper pharyngeal airway width, and malocclusion type and growth pattern do not influence lower pharyngeal airway width.
Airway Obstruction↗
Cleft type and Angle's classification of malocclusion in Korean cleft patients.
This study was performed to investigate the contributing factors, such as cleft type, side of cleft, patient's age, and gender, associated with Angle's classification of malocclusion in Korean cleft patients. The records of 250 cleft patients (175 males, 75 females) who attended the Department of Orthodontics, Seoul National University Dental Hospital between 1988 and 1999 were examined. The percentages of subjects with cleft lip (CL), cleft lip and alveolus (CLA), cleft palate (CP), and cleft lip and palate (CLP) were 7.6, 19.2, 9.6, and 63.6, respectively. The overall distributions of unilateral and bilateral clefts were 76 and 24 per cent, respectively. The overall percentages of Class I, II, and III malocclusions were 18.5, 8.8, and 72.7. The frequency of Class III malocclusions was most prevalent in all age groups. Bivariate analysis showed that whilst gender was not significant, the type of cleft significantly influenced the development of a Class III malocclusion (P < 0.01). Using logistic regression analysis, subjects in the CP (P < 0.05) and CLP groups (P < 0.01) were 3.9 and 5.5 times more likely to have a Class III malocclusion than those in the CL group. There was, however, no statistical difference in the prevalence of a Class III malocclusion between the CL and the CLA groups (P > 0.05). When the degree of cleft involvement in the palate increased, so did the predominance of a Class III malocclusion.
Age Determination by Teeth↗
Cephalometric evaluation of craniofacial pattern of Syrian children with Class III malocclusion.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the morphologic characteristics of the craniofacial complex of Syrian children with Class III malocclusion. Lateral cephalometric radiographs of 69 patients with Class III malocclusion (23 male and 46 female; ages 5 to 12 years) were selected on the basis of molar relationship. Cases were analyzed and compared with a Class I control group that was matched for age, sex, and ethnic origin. The children with Class III malocclusion exhibited a distinct craniofacial morphologic characteristic that was manifest in a combination of alterations in angular and linear measurements on the lateral cephalogram. Both the anterior cranial base (SN) and posterior cranial base (SAr) were significantly shorter than normal in the Class III group, and the cranial base angle (NSAr) was slightly smaller than normal. Maxillary length (Co-A) was significantly smaller, and the maxilla was more posteriorly positioned in the patients with Class III malocclusion. The mandible was within the neutral range of protrusion, and there was a slight increase in total mandibular length (Co-Gn), accompanied by a more forward positioning of the glenoid fossa in patients with Class III malocclusion. Dental aberrations in the patients with Class III malocclusion were manifested essentially by a significant decrease in the angulation and protrusion of the maxillary incisors relative to the A-Pog line, whereas the mandibular incisors showed only a slight amount of linguoversion. Patients with Class III malocclusion also tended to have a significantly smaller vertical face dimension and shorter lower anterior facial height (ANS-Me). Because of these distinct morphologic features, early orthopedic intervention with protraction face mask therapy may be the method of choice for most of the patients with Class III malocclusion included in this study.
Case-Control Studies↗
The impact of malocclusion and its treatment on quality of life: a literature review.
AIM: The aim of this paper is to review the literature relating to the impact of malocclusion, and the treatment of malocclusion, on physical, social and psychological health (i.e. quality of life, QoL). DESIGN: English-language papers, including cross-sectional studies, retrospective and prospective longitudinal studies, randomized controlled trials, and reviews and meta-analyses were reviewed to determine the impact of malocclusion and its treatment on QoL. RESULTS: Malocclusion and its treatment can affect physical health in terms of pain (e.g. temporomandibular disorders, and dental and gingival trauma), speech and mastication. In terms of psychological health, malocclusion and its treatment is reported to affect self-concept. Socially, malocclusion and its treatment can affect perceived attractiveness by others, social acceptance and perceived intelligence. However, the evidence is conflicting owing to differences in study designs, population's studied and methods of assessment of psychical, social and psychological health. CONCLUSION: Much controversy exists about the impact of malocclusion and its treatment on QoL. There is a need for a more comprehensive and rigorous assessment of the impact of malocclusion and its treatment on QoL, employing standardized, valid and reliable data collection instruments.
Humans↗
Emotional effects of malocclusion in Nigerian orthodontic patients.
AIM: To assess the emotional effects of malocclusion among Nigerian orthodontic patients. DESIGN: A questionnaire survey. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A questionnaire was completed by 221 Nigerian orthodontic patients undergoing routine orthodontic care at the Orthodontic Unit, Department of Preventive Dentistry, University College Hospital, Ibadan and the Department of Child Dental Health, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, both in South-West Nigeria. The participants were comprised of 97 (43%) males and 124 (56.1%) females with age range of 6-40 years (mean age, 13.82 +/- 8.01 SD). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square test. RESULTS: About 44% of all participants had not yet accepted their malocclusions, while 56.6% of all subjects reported for orthodontic care due to aesthetic reasons. Twenty-seven percent of the subjects were depressed the first time they notice their malocclusions. Over 40% of the participants reported feeling less confident as a result of their malocclusions and about 55% of them felt their malocclusions negatively affected their general facial appearances. Normal activities restricted in some of the subjects due to malocclusion included laughing in public (48.9%), meeting people in public (32%), and forming close relationships (20.4%). The majority (64.7%) of the subjects discussed their malocclusions with their parents, followed by dentists (35.3%). CONCLUSION: The psychosocial effects of malocclusion in Nigerian orthodontic patients were considerable with no significant gender differences. Considering such factors, professional counseling of Nigerian orthodontic patients is encouraged.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Psychosocial implications of malocclusion among 12-18 year old secondary school children in Ibadan, Nigeria.
The main purpose of this study was to analyze the current psychosocial implications of malocclusion in Ibadan, Nigeria. The study sample comprised 614 secondary school children (327 males and 287 females) aged 12-18 years (mean age, 14.9 +/- 2.9 SD) who filled in a questionnaire containing general questions about body image and specific inquires concerning self-perception and social implications of dental appearance. The children's occlusions were also assessed using the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) and the malocclusion traits related to body image, self-perception, and social implications of dental appearance. Subjects with malocclusion rated only the teeth significantly least satisfactory among other twelve items of body image. The lowest rating was observed in subjects with crowding of the maxillary and mandibular incisor segments. Highly significant differences (P < 0.001) were found between subjects with normal or minor malocclusion and those with marked malocclusion in indicating awareness of malocclusion, dissatisfaction with the appearance of the teeth, and unfavourable appearance of the teeth compared with those of peers. Schoolmates' teasing occurred significantly more often in the presence of malocclusion (P < 0.001). Unfavourable perceptions of the teeth were expressed significantly more often by subjects with anterior maxillary irregularities of up to 1 mm and more, spacing of both maxillary and mandibular incisor segments, midline diastema, crowding (especially of the mandibular incisor segment), anterior open bite and molar relation deviations. It was concluded that certain malocclusions, especially occlusal and space anomalies, may adversely affect body image and self-concept of Nigerian adolescents.
Adolescent↗
Distribution of malocclusion types in 7-9-year-old Iranian children.
This study assessed the malocclusion types, very severe crowding and need for serial extraction among a random sample of 7-9-year-old children in Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran. Of the 3776 children 30.6% had normal occlusion, 47.4% class I malocclusion, 13.7% class II division 1 malocclusion (male/female ratio 3:2), 1.0% class II division 2 malocclusion (male/female ratio 3:1) and 2.1% class III malocclusion. Among the children examined, 47.9% had crowding problems and 14.7% of them had class I malocclusion with very severe crowding-more girls (17.3%) than boys (12.1%). No correlation was observed between the types of malocclusion and family size, parents' occupation or level of education.
Child↗