Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Longitudinal diversity pattern”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Associations among active transportation, physical activity, and weight status in young adults.

OBJECTIVE: To describe prevalence of active, public, and car transit by overweight status and amount of leisure-time physical activity in a nationally representative cohort of ethnically diverse young adults. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Questionnaire data on patterns of transportation were collected from U.S. adolescents enrolled in Wave III (2001) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (N = 10,771). Measured height and weight data were used to calculate BMI and classify adults by overweight status (BMI > or = 25). Self-reported physical activity data were used to classify adults into those who achieved > or = 5 bouts of weekly moderate-vigorous physical activity and those who did not. Results were stratified by overweight and physical activity status. RESULTS: The vast majority of young adults used car transit (work, 90.4%; school, 74.7%). A small proportion of young adults used active means of transportation to work (8.1%) and school (26.7%), and fewer used public transportation to work or school (<10%). The proportion of individuals using active transportation was higher among the nonoverweight traveling to work (9.2%) and school (29.7%) and among the more active traveling to work (15.2%) and school (37.0%) relative to the overweight and less active young adults. DISCUSSION: The vast majority of young adults of all racial/ethnic backgrounds, particularly blacks and Hispanics, did not use active transportation to school and/or work. Active transportation was more common among nonoverweight and more active young adults, of high socioeconomic status, particularly full-time students. Population-level efforts (and environmental supports) to increase non-leisure physical activity, particularly active transportation, are sorely needed as a means of supporting and promoting overall physical activity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Longitudinal trends in race/ethnic disparities in leading health indicators from adolescence to young adulthood.

OBJECTIVE: To use ethnically diverse, national data to examine longitudinal trends in race/ethnic disparities in 20 leading health indicators from Healthy People 2010 across multiple domains from adolescence to young adulthood. Much of what is known about health disparities is based on cross-sectional measures collected at a single time point. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Nationally representative data for more than 14 000 adolescents enrolled in wave I (1994-1995) or wave II (1996) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) and followed up into adulthood (wave III; 2001-2002). We fit longitudinal regression models to assess and contrast the trend in health indicators among racial/ethnic groups of adolescents as they transition into adulthood. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Diet, inactivity, obesity, tobacco use, substance use, binge drinking, violence, sexually transmitted diseases, mental health, and health care access. RESULTS: Diet, inactivity, obesity, health care access, substance use, and reproductive health worsened with age. Perceived health, mental health, and exposure to violence improved with age. On most health indicators, white and Asian subjects were at lowest and Native American subjects at highest risk. Although white subjects had more favorable health in adolescence, they experienced greatest declines by young adulthood. No single race/ethnic group consistently leads or falters in health across all indicators. CONCLUSIONS: Longitudinal data indicate that, for 15 of 20 indicators, health risk increased and access to health care decreased from the teen and adult years for most US race/ethnic groups. Relative rankings on a diverse range of health indicators (and patterns of change over time) vary by sex and race/ethnicity, causing disparities to fluctuate over time.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

The diffusion of innovation in AIDS treatment: zidovudine use in two New Jersey cohorts.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigates patterns of utilization of zidovudine (ZDV) by gender, race, risk group, and other respondent characteristics following approval of this treatment. STUDY POPULATION: Longitudinal observational data were used on a demographically diverse population participating in New Jersey's Medicaid waiver program for persons with symptomatic HIV disease. DATA EXTRACTION METHODS: Claims data were merged with administrative data on demographic characteristics, risk group, and functional status. Periods of ZDV utilization were determined by analysis of pharmacy claims. DESIGN: The proportion of respondents ever using ZDV (treatment incidence) and the proportion of time on ZDV among users (treatment persistence) were analyzed for a cohort enrolling in 1987 and 1988, and for a cohort enrolling in 1989 and 1990, with follow-up of utilization through August 1992. For each cohort, bivariate analyses were used to compare incidence and persistence by patient subgroup; logistic regression was used to investigate the predictors of incidence in a multivariate model; and OLS regression was used to analyze proportion of time on ZDV among those with any ZDV use. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: For the 1987-1988 cohort, substantial race, gender, and risk group differences in utilization were observed, even though all participants in this Medicaid population had financial coverage for ZDV treatment. Treatment incidence was significantly lower for blacks than for others in bivariate comparison (45 percent versus 63 percent had any use of ZDV) and in a logistic regression controlling for a variety of demographic and health status indicators (relative risk .46, CI .31 a variety of demographic and health status indicators (relative risk .46, CI .31 to .69). Treatment persistence differences were also substantial in the 1987-1988 cohort: among ZDV users, women, blacks, and injection drug users (IDUs) had significantly less persistence in use, and the gender and risk group differences were significantly in a multivariate model. In the 1989-1990 cohort, however, both incidence and persistence of treatment converged: no significant differences were observed across demographic groups. CONCLUSIONS: Less-advantaged subgroups lagged in access to this new therapy, suggesting the presence of nonfinancial barriers to care. However, these initial differences subsequently converged. RELEVANCE/IMPACT: Socioeconomic differences have been observed in access to newly introduced treatments for a variety of diseases, reflecting nonfinancial as well as financial barriers to care. Such differences may or may not disappear as use of therapies becomes institutionalized. Monitoring patterns of treatment initiation as well as persistence of treatment over time, using merged data from claims and administrative files, can provide important information on the diffusion of treatments and the extent to which initial disparities are or are not reduced over time.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2002

A longitudinal study of plasma and salivary antibodies in HIV-1 infection.

The patterns of plasma and salivary IgG and IgA antibodies reacting to HIV-1 proteins were followed in seven HIV-1-infected individuals for a period of 18-40 months. Western blot analyses revealed diversities in specificity of these antibodies among subjects; however, for the same subject, the specificity profile remained consistent throughout the entire follow-up period. The staining intensities of plasma IgG from two subjects were associated with plasma viral load. The band intensities of salivary IgG were mostly determined by plasma IgG; the health of the oral cavity might also influence the transudation of salivary IgG antibodies. The binding intensities of plasma and salivary IgA antibodies specific for certain viral proteins were associated with plasma viral load in some subjects as well.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Fine structure of wide and narrow vertebrate muscle Z-lines. A proposed model and computer simulation of Z-line architecture.

A model of the structure of vertebrate Z-lines and Z-line analogs is introduced and supported by evidence from electron microscope studies of wide Z-lines (rat and feline soleus, and feline and canine cardiac muscles), narrow Z-lines (guppy, newt and frog skeletal muscles), and Z-rods (from a patient with nemaline myopathy and from cardiac muscles of aged dog). The model is based on a pair of Z-filaments (termed a Z-unit), which are linked near their centers at a 90 degrees angle and form bridges between neighboring antipolar thin (actin) filaments. A square lattice of four Z-filament pairs (the basic structure of the Z-line, termed a Z-line unit) defines the geometrical position of the I-square unit. In this native state of the Z-line, small square and large square net forms appear in cross-section. Other cross-sectional patterns of Z-lines, including basket-weave and diagonal-square net patterns, can be explained by detachment of the Z-filament from the Z-filament binding region within each Z-filament pair due to chemical or physical stress. Dissection of Z-lines and Z-line analogs with calcium-activated neutral protease provides evidence that the width of all wide Z-line structures is determined by the amount of overlap of antipolar thin filaments from adjacent sarcomeres. Longitudinal patterns of narrow and wide Z-lines are shown and described in relation to the model. To test the proposed model, the dynamics of the Z-line unit structure were computer-simulated. An attempt was made to correlate longitudinal (z direction) and cross-sectional (x and y directions) patterns and to determine the amount of movement of thin or Z-filaments that is required to explain the diversity observed in cross-sectional patterns of Z-lines. The computer simulations demonstrated that the structural transitions among the small square, and therefore large square net, as well as basket-weave and diagonal-square net forms seen in cross-sections could be caused by movements of thin filaments less than 10 nm in any direction (x, y or z).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Actins↗
PubMed2000

Evolutionary modification of development in mammalian teeth: quantifying gene expression patterns and topography.

The study of mammalian evolution often relies on detailed analysis of dental morphology. For molecular patterning to play a role in dental evolution, gene expression differences should be linkable to corresponding morphological differences. Because teeth, like many other structures, are complex and evolution of new shapes usually involves subtle changes, we have developed topographic methods by using Geographic Information Systems. We investigated how genetic markers for epithelial signaling centers known as enamel knots are associated with evolutionary divergence of molar teeth in two rodent species, mouse and vole. Our analysis of expression patterns of Fgf4, Lef1, p21, and Shh genes in relation to digital elevation models of developing tooth shapes shows that molecular prepatterns predict the lateral cusp topography more than a day in advance. A heterotopic shift in the molecular prepatterns can be implicated in the evolution of mouse molar, changing locations from which historically homologous cusps form. The subtle but measurable heterotopic shifts may play a large role in the evolution of tooth cusp topographies. However, evolutionary increase in the number of longitudinal cusps in vole molar has involved accelerated longitudinal growth and iterative addition of new cusps without changes in lateral cusp topography. The iterative addition of cusps after the establishment of lateral cusp topography may limit the independence of individual morphological features used in evolutionary studies. The diversity of mammalian molar patterns may largely result from the heterotopic and iterative processes.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Built and social environments associations with adolescent overweight and activity.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the patterning of neighborhood characteristics, beyond the basic urban, rural, suburban trichotomy, and its impact on physical activity (PA) and overweight. METHODS: Nationally representative data (National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, 1994-1995, n = 20,745) were collected. Weight, height, PA, and sedentary behavior were self-reported. Using diverse measures of the participants' residential neighborhoods (e.g., socioeconomic status, crime, road type, street connectivity, PA recreation facilities), cluster analyses identified homogeneous groups of adolescents sharing neighborhood characteristics. Poisson regression predicted relative risk (RR) of being physically active (five or more bouts/week of moderate to vigorous PA) and overweight (body mass index equal or greater than the 95th percentile, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/National Center for Health Statistics growth curves). RESULTS: Six robust neighborhood patterns were identified: (1) rural working class; (2) exurban; (3) newer suburban; (4) upper-middle class, older suburban; (5) mixed-race urban; and (6) low-socioeconomic-status (SES) inner-city areas. Compared to adolescents living in newer suburbs, those in rural working-class (adjusted RR[ARR] = 1.38, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.13-1.69), exurban (ARR = 1.30, CI = 1.04-1.64), and mixed-race urban (ARR = 1.31, CI = 1.05-1.64) neighborhoods were more likely to be overweight, independent of individual SES, age, and race/ethnicity. Adolescents living in older suburban areas were more likely to be physically active than residents of newer suburbs (ARR = 1.11, CI = 1.04-1.18). Those living in low-SES inner-city neighborhoods were more likely to be active, though not significantly so, compared to mixed-race urban residents (ARR = 1.09, CI = 1.00-1.18). CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate disadvantageous associations between specific rural and urban environments and behavior, illustrating important effects of the neighborhood on health and the inherent complexity of assessing residential landscapes across the United States. Simple classical urban-suburban-rural measures mask these important complexities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Molecular epidemiology and diversity of Salmonella serovar Typhimurium in pigs using phenotypic and genotypic approaches.

For epidemiological investigations of the most common and non-host-adapted Salmonella serotypes, such as Typhimurium, highly discriminatory approaches are essential. In the present study, we evaluated three genotyping methods; amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and repetitive palindromic extragenic-PCR (Rep-PCR) using 40 isolates. AFLP showed the highest discriminatory index (0.939), resolution and throughput. To determine clonality of Salmonella Typhimurium isolates and epidemiological relatedness in different commercial pig production units, we employed AFLP in combination with antimicrobial resistance pattern and phage typing. Salmonella serovar Typhimurium isolates (n=196) obtained from a longitudinal study of 18 pig farms over a 3-year period were studied. Using this approach, 16 distinct clonal types were identified. We found two common multidrug- resistant patterns including AmCmStSuTe and AmKmStSuTe. Two commonly multidrug- resistant phage types that are of known public health importance, DT104 and DT193, were also common. AFLP differentiated distinct clones within DT104, a phage type previously reported to be clonal. Fourteen of the clonal types were unique to one of the two production systems, showing diversity between independent commercial pig production systems located in the same geographical area. Clonal types obtained from nursery farms and corresponding finishing units were, however, similar.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1988

Achievement in the first 2 years of school: patterns and processes.

How successfully children adapt to the routine of schooling in the first grade or two likely has long-term implications for their cognitive and affective development. This study aims to understand how home and school factors either facilitate or impede this process of adaptation by examining longitudinal data on cognitive performance for a large and diverse sample of youngsters over grades 1 and 2 in Baltimore City Public Schools. Report-card marks in reading and mathematics and scores on verbal and quantitative subtests of the California Achievement Test (CAT) battery over the 2-year period are the achievement criteria. The analysis directs attention to some of the social-structural (socioeconomic background, gender, and minority/majority status) and social-psychological (significant others and self-reactions) factors that shape youngsters' development during this period, as measured by changes in their cognitive standing. Racial comparisons (black youngsters vs. white) and comparisons by school year (first vs. second) highlight some key differences in the transition to full-time schooling. We find more numerous social-structural and social-psychological influences on CAT gains over the first year than over the second, and fall to spring stability in testing levels is more pronounced in the second year than in the first. This pattern identifies the first year of schooling as a period of considerable consequence for shaping subsequent achievement trajectories, and, for this reason, it may be especially important as a key to understanding black-white achievement differences. Minority and majority youngsters in this sample began school with similar CAT averages, but, by the end of the first year, blacks' performances lagged noticeably behind those of whites, and the cleavage widened over the second year. Blacks also received lower report-card marks than whites. This, along with smaller CAT gains, reveals that the transition to school is more problematic for blacks than it is for whites. We also observed stronger persistence of blacks' marks from one period to the next, indicating that recovering from these initial difficulties is more challenging. Social-psychological aspects of these early achievement patterns also differ by race in important ways: blacks' achievements are less influenced by parent variables than are those of whites, and black youngsters' self-expectations are less affected by the expectations held for them by their parents than are those of whites. These results and others are discussed in terms of their implications for students' development and for what they reveal about social structure in relation to the early schooling process.

Achievement↗
PubMed2003

Mannose-binding lectin in HIV infection: relation to disease progression and highly active antiretroviral therapy.

To gain insight into the possible role of mannose-binding lectin (MBL) in HIV infection, we analyzed serum levels and the functional complement activation capacity of MBL in different clinical stages of HIV infection during cross-sectional analysis (n = 62) and longitudinal testing (n = 23) as well as during highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) (n = 40). The results were correlated with serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP). Our main findings were as follows. MBL levels and the capacity of complement activation by the MBL pathway were increased in HIV-infected patients with advanced clinical disease as shown in both cross-sectional analysis and longitudinal testing. There was no "normalization" of these parameters during HAART. In fact, MBL levels increased during therapy, and this increase was associated with a good virologic response. Although both MBL and CRP are regarded as acute-phase proteins, no correlation was seen between these proteins. Thus, the notably diverse patterns of MBL responses among patients with different clinical courses and treatments suggest that MBL and complement activation by the MBL pathway could be involved in the pathophysiology of HIV infection. It is not inconceivable that the net effects of MBL responses may vary in different clinical settings.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mother-infant interaction in low-income families.

PURPOSE: To describe interaction patterns of low-income mothers and infants and to compare the study sample to a larger, diverse sample from a national database. STUDY DESIGN AND METHOD: Data from 156 mothers with infants under 12 months of age were identified from the first wave of a longitudinal evaluation of an early childhood intervention program. Trained data collectors using the NCAST Teaching Scale conducted observations in the home. Differences among the study sample on selected demographic characteristics were calculated. Comparisons between the study sample and a sample of similar mothers from the NCAST database were performed. RESULTS: The study sample as a whole was most like a low-education adolescent comparison group, and least like a high-education adult comparison group. They scored significantly lower on most scales of the NCAST Teaching Scale than a NCAST database sample of educated adults. About 40% of the dyads had scores below the NCAST 10th percentile cutoff, with a higher percent of mothers having lower scores than infants. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Nurses should routinely assess parent-child interaction in all high-risk, disadvantaged families with very young children. Nurses can help mothers understand and capitalize on their infants' capacity to interact, particularly in early months of life. Future research should include changes in interaction patterns over time and exploration of factors that may have an impact on parent-child interactions.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Detection of emerging resistance patterns within longitudinal surveillance systems: data sensitivity and microbial susceptibility.

Communicating information from antimicrobial resistance surveillance study data to microbiologists and physicians can be challenging. Large amounts of data, commonly reaching millions of MICs or zone 20diameter endpoints, must be analysed and condensed to easily-read tables or figures. Furthermore, data must not be prejudged relative to susceptibility categories, because of the diverse nature of interpretive criteria available internationally. An attempt must be made to present results of all surveillance studies in a mode that can be reinterpreted for immediate use in different geographical areas, or used to compare future data with relative ease and high accuracy. Such data displays require peer-reviewed journals to permit greater numbers of more complex tables to present results. The Meropenem Yearly Susceptibility Test Information Collection (MYSTIC) study is a year-on-year global surveillance programme in medical centres where meropenem is available for use. We have developed a presentation strategy that expands the long-term clinical value of MYSTIC results. In addition to statistical parameters, tables of cumulative percentages or numbers of strains inhibited at each tested antimicrobial concentration will be presented. Alternative figures (Finland-o-grams) could also be used, but these generally lack precise extractable rates and require more journal space. Regardless of study design, promotion of this presentation philosophy enhances any surveillance study's value to each reader or user and facilitates application to locally appropriate interpretations. The widespread use of these analysis and presentation principles as benchmarks by various resistance studies and networks is strongly encouraged, particularly by investigations across international boundaries.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Pre-malignant and malignant lymphoproliferations in an HCV-infected type II mixed cryoglobulinemic patient are sequential phases of an antigen-driven pathological process.

Type II mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC) is a systemic vasculitis characterized by the presence in the serum of a monoclonal cryoprecipitable IgM with rheumatoid factor (RF) activity. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been recognized as its major etiologic factor. Because MC frequently evolves into overt B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), chronic HCV infection is hypothesized to lead to both benign and malignant lymphoproliferative disease. In this study, we investigated mutations in the V(H) and V(K) genes of the B-cell clone originating the overt B-cell lymphoma in a subject with MC. Mutational patterns were analyzed longitudinally in two bone marrow biopsies obtained at the stage of MC, as well as in multiple involved tissues (bone marrow, liver, and peripheral blood cells) at the stage of overt NHL. Hybridization of variable-diversity-joining (VDJ) PCR products with a probe specific for the neoplastic clone indicated that the lymphoma originated from one of the clones over-stimulated during MC. This clone producing an IgM highly homologous to a protein with RF specificity may explain the MC syndrome in the patient. Moreover, the presence of an IgH ongoing mutation process and the expression of an Ig antigen receptor significantly homologous to an anti-HCV protein support the hypothesis that the MC syndrome and the subsequent evolution to NHL are antigen-driven lymphoproliferative processes possibly sustained by HCV. Furthermore, the marked reduction in intra-clonal diversity in the last bone marrow biopsy obtained at the stage of overt NHL points out a minor dependence of the cells on the antigen-driven mechanism, although an intrinsic propensity of the neoplastic cell to undergo replacement mutations cannot be excluded.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Cluster analysis methods help to clarify the activity-BMI relationship of Chinese youth.

OBJECTIVE: To use cluster analysis to create patterns of overall activity and inactivity in a diverse sample of Chinese youth and to evaluate their use in predicting overweight status. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: The study populations were drawn from the 1997 and 2000 years of the longitudinal China Health and Nutrition Survey, comprised of 2702 and 2641 schoolchildren in the 1997 and 2000 cross-sectional samples, respectively, and 1175 children in the longitudinal cohort. Cluster analysis was used to group children into nonoverlapping activity/inactivity "clusters" that were subsequently used in models of prevalent and incident overweight. Results were compared with traditional models, with activity and inactivity coded separately, to assess whether further insight was gained with the cluster analysis methodology. RESULTS: Moderately and highly active youth were shown to have significantly decreased odds of overweight in both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses using cluster analysis. In incident longitudinal models, youth in the high activity/high inactivity cluster had the lowest odds of overweight [odds ratio=0.12 (0.03, 0.44)]; in contrast, results from traditional models failed to show any significant relationship between overweight and activity or inactivity. DISCUSSION: Cluster analysis methods allow researchers to simultaneously capture activity and inactivity in new ways. In this comparative study, only with the clustering methodology did we find a significant effect of activity on incident overweight, furthering our ability to examine this complex relationship. Interestingly, no effect of increasing levels of inactivity was observed using either method, indicating that activity seems to be the more important determinant of overweight in this population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Cognitive abilities in adolescent-limited and life-course-persistent criminal offenders.

T. E. Moffitt's (1993a) hypothesis that adolescent-limited criminal offenders will have higher scores on tests of cognitive ability than life-course-persistent offenders was tested with 12 tests of cognitive ability given to a large and diverse sample of delinquent juveniles whose arrest records were collected over 20 years. This is the first investigation to empirically evaluate this proposal with longitudinal data obtained from a sample for a long enough time to distinguish life course patterns of crime. This study provided only partial support for Moffitt's hypothesis because the results varied by ethnicity. We found relatively consistent support for the hypothesis for Caucasians and Hispanics but no support for the hypothesis for African Americans. These findings are interpreted in terms of differences in developmental contexts for individual ethnic groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Trends in growth and obesity in ethnic groups in Britain.

AIM: To estimate trends in growth for 5 to 11 year old ethnic minority and inner city children and comparative representative samples from 1983 to 1994. DESIGN: Mixed longitudinal. SUBJECTS: At each of six surveys, more than 2000 inner city white, 1500 Urdu or Punjabi speaking, 5000 English representative white, 3000 Scottish representative white, and around 1000 Afro-Caribbean, 500 falling to 300 Gujarati speaking, and 260 increasing to 300 other Indian children. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Height, weight for height, and triceps skinfold thickness. RESULTS: Height increased in all inner city groups by approximately 1.5 cm, but group differences were maintained. Trends in triceps skinfold varied, but increased by 4-12% in Indian subcontinent girls. Weight for height increased generally. Inner city white children showed conflicting trends in weight for height and fatness. CONCLUSIONS: Afro-Caribbean children are maintaining their tall, slim build, but other groups emphasise the diversity of obesity patterns in a multi-ethnic society, with a predominant trend towards greater obesity. Monitoring of these groups should continue.

Body Height↗
PubMed1994

A short-term longitudinal study of impulsivity and antisocial behavior.

This study analyzes the relationships between impulsivity and antisocial behavior in a noninstitutionalized sample, taking into account the multidimensional nature of impulsivity and the diversity of types of antisocial behavior. Data were obtained in 1989 and 1990 from 1,226 adolescents aged 12-18 years (583 boys and 643 girls) as part of a longitudinal study of risk factors for drug abuse and delinquency. The patterns of stability or change of the various dimensions of antisocial behavior (rule breaking, vandalism, theft, aggression, and drug taking) in relation to impulsivity were investigated. The results support that self-report measures of impulsivity are closely correlated with antisocial behavior among adolescents. The longitudinally oriented analysis of this work also shows that impulsivity is associated with a future increase in antisocial behavior.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Two geographically distinct isolates of Borrelia burgdorferi from the United States share a common unique ancestor.

The genetic diversity of Borrelia burgdorferi isolates from several geographic regions was evaluated by nucleotide sequence analysis of the genes encoding 23S ribosomal RNA and outer surface protein A. Comparison of nucleotide sequences spanning 738 bp of the 23S ribosomal DNA from two unusual isolates, DN127 (Del Norte County, California) and 25015 (Millbrook, New York), to homologous sequences from other B. burgdorferi isolates from the United States and Russia identified several nucleotide sequence polymorphisms that are unique to these two isolates. Sequence analysis of a 615 nucleotide segment of the gene encoding outer surface protein A also revealed greater similarity of strains DN127 and 25015 (94.1%) compared to other US and Eurasian isolates. These data were further corroborated by genomic macrorestriction analysis, in which DN127 and 25015 demonstrated unique restriction digestion patterns. Our findings suggest that substantial genetic diversity of B. burgdorferi, rivaling that of European strains, exists among isolates from the United States. Strains DN127 and 25015 are unique among all B. burgdorferi isolates tested to date, and though isolated from opposite longitudinal extremes of the North American continent, are closely related.

Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins↗