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PubMed2004

Periodontal health of the elderly people in South East local government area in Ibadan, Nigeria.

Health problems involving physical and mental conditions directly or indirectly affect the oral health of the elderly. Other ways in which physical and mental health conditions influence their health result from the various drug prescriptions given for these ailments. Periodontal health is the most affected. Various studies have demonstrated that the elderly have the highest rate of gingival bleeding, calculus deposits and periodontal pocketing. It is the aim of this study to determine the health of the supporting tissues of the teeth using periodontal indices such as the C.PI.T.N and mobility index. The study was carried out on 690 elderly individuals (403 males and 287 females) who were 65 years and above living in various wards in the South East Local Government Area of Ibadan (S.E.L.G.A). A multistage sampling technique was used to select elderly individuals for the study. Two interviewers, 2 record clerks and 2 examiners were trained and the examiners were calibrated. The elderly individuals were interviewed and examined concurrently. The results highlighted the high prevalence of periodontal disease in the elderly in this local government area. Only 5.2% were free from periodontal disease. 94.8% had one or another stage of periodontal disease. It also demonstrated the poor oral cleanliness among these elderly. More than 42% had gross accumulation of calculus. Among the elderly in this local government area, 21.6% and 28.8% had shallow and deep pockets, respectively whilst 39.3% had one or more mobile teeth. Pockets and excessive mobility of the teeth represent advance stages of periodontitis. Majority (70.4%) of the elderly in the study claimed they use chewing sticks to maintain oral hygiene. The pattern of deposit of calculus along the interdental surfaces, mesio and distobuccal surfaces as well as lingual surfaces, question the effectiveness of the chewing stick in cleaning these surfaces. This study confirms findings of other authors, on oral hygiene in Nigeria. There is an urgent need to establish a community based outreach programme to prevent and treat periodontal disease among the elderly in this local government area.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Health promotion activities in annual reports of local governments: 'Health for All' targets as a tool for content analysis.

BACKGROUND: This article presents an instrument to study the annual reporting of health promotion activities in local governments within the three intervention municipalities of the Stockholm Diabetes Prevention Program (SDPP). The content of health promotion activities are described and the strengths, weaknesses and relevance of the method to health promotion discussed. METHOD: A content analysis of local governmental reports from 1995-2000 in three Swedish municipalities. A matrix with WHO's 38 'Health for All' (HFA) targets from 1991 was used when coding the local health promotion activities. RESULTS: There are many public health initiatives within the local governmental structure even if they are not always addressed as health promotion. The main focuses in the local governmental reports were environmental issues, unemployment, social care and welfare. CONCLUSIONS: Local governmental reports were found to be a useful source of information that could provide knowledge about the priorities and organizational capacities for health promotion within local authorities. Additionally the HFA targets were an effective tool to identify and categorize systematically local health promotion activities in the annual reports of local governments. Identifying local health promotion initiatives by local authorities may ease the development of a health perspective and joint actions within the existing political and administrative structure. This paper provides a complementary method of attaining and structuring information about the local community for developments in health promotion.

Government Agencies↗
PubMed1989

Predictors of a successful local government public immunisation program in western Sydney.

The public immunisation programs of 14 local government councils in Sydney's Western Region were examined to determine those variables which might predict an effective program. Independent variables included the demographic characteristics of the populations being served, as well as relevant aspects of each council's clinic program and administrative input. The dependent variables were three indices of immunisation reflecting the proportion of the 0-5 population reached by the public immunisation service. One variable, the amount of staff time spent on administration, was best able to explain the variance in public clinic immunisation rates across the local government areas. Components of effective staff time were examined and the results are discussed in relation to the planning and promotion of public immunisation programs.

Health Services Needs and Demand↗
PubMed1984

Effectiveness of state mandates to maintain local government health services for the poor.

State governments have used several types of mandates to assure that local governments fulfill state-defined responsibilities, including public health care for the poor. This article reports the findings of a study of procedural public-participation mandates and financial sanctions imposed by California to hold counties to their obligations to provide indigent health care. An inventory of the laws' implementation in all California counties found noncompliance by some counties, although all counties complied after a state Health Services Department unit was established to monitor the counties and provide them with state aid. Case studies in eight counties identified factors that influenced the effectiveness of the laws in modifying or reversing county proposals to close county hospitals or reduce other health services. Policy guidelines are suggested for states that want to develop mandates to enforce indigent-care responsibilities of local governments.

California↗
PubMed1991

[The role of local government in the development of health policies].

Analysing the evidences for local concern with health in the various historical phases of the organization of social life, especially relating to the discussion of the efficacy of the social rights written into some contemporary constitutions, the attempt is made to define the responsibility for the guarantee of the right to health. The possibility of defining the responsibility for the guarantee of social rights arises directly from the legal definition of such rights, practicable at the level of local government. Thus, after a thorough examination of the Brazilian constitutional organization in search of the guarantee of health for all, it is concluded that the promotion of the said responsibility is greatly favored, since Municipal competence regarding issues related to health are listed and discussed there in detail.

Brazil↗
PubMed1988

The state action doctrine and the Local Government Antitrust Act: the restructured public hospital model.

This Article analyzes the development and complexities of the antitrust state action doctrine and the Local Government Antitrust Act as these doctrines apply to both "municipalities" and private entities. The restructuring of a public hospital is used as a model to facilitate the antitrust analysis. The restructuring model, which typically involves the leasing of a hospital facility by a public entity to a private nonprofit corporation, offers the unique opportunity to compare the different standards employed under the state action doctrine and the Local Government Antitrust Act. As a practical matter, the Article provides a framework for a public hospital to evaluate the impact of corporate restructuring on its antitrust liability exposure and to develop strategies to minimize antitrust risks.

Economic Competition↗
PubMed2002

Parental characteristics and adolescent sexual behaviour in Bida Local Government Area of Niger State, Nigeria.

This study was conducted in Bida Local Government Area of Niger State, Nigeria, to examine how parental attributes influence adolescent sexual activity. Data were gathered through structured interview with 400 adolescents aged 12-24 years using a three-stage random sampling procedure. Findings show that more than one third of the adolescents interviewed had sexual intercourse in the month proceeding the survey. Less than one fifth of the sexually active adolescents were using a method of contraception to either prevent infections or avoid unwanted pregnancy. Further analysis confirmed the fact that adolescents with whom parents had discussed family life issues were less likely to be sexually active than those with whom parents had never discussed family life issues. The study also found a negative effect of family instability on adolescent sexuality. These findings call for the need for family-sensitive programs that will enhance family stability especially economically. The need for parental empowerment to be able to cope with the challenges of adolescent life in Nigeria is also stressed since adolescents who have family life education from parents are less likely to be sexually active.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[The role of regional research laboratories of the local government in administering regional EQA programs].

In 1981, the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare revised the enforcement of regulations of the Medical Technologists' Act. The amendments stipulate that all independent laboratories are legally obliged to introduce laboratory quality assurance programs and are responsible for the quality of all test results. To ensure adherence to these regulations, regional research laboratories of local governments such as the Tokyo Metropolitan Research Laboratory of Public Health should conduct regional external quality assessment (EQA) programs. We did a survey, in the form of a questionnaire, of the regional research laboratories of public health across the country. We found that commitment to the regional EQA in almost all of these public laboratories is insufficient. The main problem is that restructuring of local governments has resulted in lower budgets and so they are short of human resources. Nationwide EQA programs are only able to detect gross errors and use invalid methods for evaluating routine performance. We conclude that the regional EQA should be further developed.

Japan↗
PubMed1999

[Informationization policies of local governments].

In line with the rapid progress in technical innovation, the wave of informationization is now reaching every aspect of Japanese society. With the explosive spread of the Internet, local governments are implementing administrative policies to facilitate the construction of information network systems which will help promote the spread of information at the local level. The Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications, the Ministry of International Trade and Industry, and other organizations of the Japanese government are also implemending a variety of measures to assist these moves on the part of local governments. A look at administrative services for local residents reveals a great need for the proliferation of information within the areas of welfare and medical care; in particular, counselling concerning nursing care and medical services in remote areas are needed. In order to realize new measures promoting informationization, however, the cooperation and understanding of local governors or mayors are essential. Because these people are very busy, short video and computer graphic presentations should be prepared in order to make the greatest impact in the least amount of time.

Computers↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Tinea capitis in Awka local government area of Anambra State.

Between January and August 1984, a total of 1,555 Primary school children aged 4-18 years were surveyed for tinea capitis in Awka local government area of Anambra State, Nigeria. Specimens for mycological investigations were aseptically collected from 300 children showing evidence of tinea capitis and processed by standard method. A total of 158 (10.2%) mycologically proven cases of tinea capitis were detected. Prevalence of tinea capitis was higher in younger children (12.0%) aged 4-10 years than in older children (5.3%). Prevalence of 3.8% recorded for children over fifteen years of age. The species of dermatophytes Isolated were Microsporum audouini 38.0%, Trichophyton mentagrophytes (24%), Trichophyton soudanense (15%), Trichophyton tonsurans, (9%), Trichophyton Schoenlenii (9%) and Microsporum gypseum (5%). Overcrowding and poor sanitary living conditions were found to be factors favouring occurrance of tinea capitis in Awka local government area of Anambra State.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Guinea worm (Dracunculus medinensis) eradication: a pilot study conducted at the Ohaukwu Local Government Areas, Ebonyi State, Nigeria, West Africa.

The incidence and the prevalence of Guinea worm disease, a major cause of disability and a frequent cause of serious permanent deformity, were both drastically reduced in Ohaukwu Local Government Communities, with the provision (through bore holes) of a safer form of drinking water. Since 1986, the Carter Center program has been working to eradicate Guinea worm. The bore holes were dug through the Wasatan Project, a Japanese-funded grant awarded to the Enugu State Ministry of Health to help provide safer drinking water in the local communities. Bore holes were dug in several communities in Ohaukwu Local Government Areas between January 1991 and June 1991. The number of Guinea worm cases in the selected communities was ascertained and recorded by health workers. There was more than a 90% reduction in the number of Guinea worm (Dracunculus medinensis) cases after one year. Data collection began in June 1991, shortly after the completion of bore holes in the selected communities. By December 1998, when one of the villages was spot checked for Guinea worm infection, no active case was found. There is a need for post evaluation of all the villages studied to determine the current prevalence of Guinea worm disease.

Dracunculiasis↗
PubMed1991

Nondiscrimination on the basis of disability in state and local government services--Department of Justice. Final rule.

This rule implements subtitle A of title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act, Public Law 101-336, which prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability by public entities. Subtitle A protects qualified individuals with disabilities from discrimination on the basis of disability in the services, programs, or activities of all State and local governments. It extends the prohibition of discrimination in federally assisted programs established by section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 to all activities of State and local governments, including those that do not receive Federal financial assistance, and incorporates specific prohibitions of discrimination on the basis of disability from titles I, III, and V of the Americans with Disabilities Act. This rule, therefore, adopts the general prohibitions of discrimination established under section 504, as well as the requirements for making programs accessible to individuals with disabilities and for providing equally effective communications. It also sets forth standards for what constitutes discrimination on the basis of mental or physical disability, provides a definition of disability and qualified individual with a disability, and establishes a complaint mechanism for resolving allegations of discrimination.

Architectural Accessibility↗
PubMed1983

Making strategic planning work in local government.

Since decisions are made through the political process in local government, planners are being advised to modify their style of planning. Planners acknowledge the need to modify the practice of planning, but reforms are introduced within the framework of the comprehensive plan which continues to serve as the principal planning instrument. This results in internal conflicts within the planning process. In this paper a proposal is made for a planning system which is composed of a series of interacting building blocks. The planning process is molded to fit the management function and capability of those involved in the decision process. Plans are developed as management tools and the planning process accommodates the multiple centres which interact to produce a community's policies and strategies.

Government↗
PubMed1995

An ethnographic study of acute respiratory infections in four local government areas of Nigeria.

An ethnographic study was conducted in four local government areas of Nigeria. The techniques of informal unstructured interviews and participant observation were used. A total of 104 focus group discussions with 53 groups of mothers, 21 groups of grandmothers, and 30 groups of fathers were conducted. Perception of causes of ARI ranged from cold water, to heredity, poor hygiene, exposure to smoke and dust and the supernatural forces. Preventive measures described were related to the perceived causes. For those groups that discussed home remedies to the treatment of ARI, the remedies described for cough included herbal drinks (39% of groups); honey with lemon (19.5%); eating specific vegetables believed to relieve cough (8.4%); and preparations containing palm oil (21.7%). Remedies described for measles included herbal drinks (62%); local tropical creams (24%); and palm wine (13.7%). Those for ear infections included drops of herbal mixtures in the ear (29.4%); putting various type of oil in the ear (38%); plugging the ear with cotton wool previously dipped in honey, or alcohol (17%). The findings of this study have implications for the Health Education Component of the National ARI Control Programm which Nigeria recently embarked upon. There is also the need for research on the efficacy and any possible adverse effects of identified home remedies.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prevalence and causes of blindness and low vision in Dambatta local government area, Kano State, Nigeria.

In 1995 a population based cross sectional blindness prevalence survey was conducted in Dambatta local government area (LGA). 3596 people were examined. The prevalence of blindness was 1.14% with 95% confidence limit of (0.8-1.48%). The causes of blindness are cataract 54%, Trachoma 17%, Glaucoma 15%, Corneal opacity 7%, other blinding conditions 7%. The prevalence of low vision was 2.05% with 95% confidence limit (1.60-2.50%). One percent of the population were severely visually impaired (WHO category 2). The causes of low vision are cataract 55%, corneal opacity 14%, uncorrected aphakia 11%, Glaucoma 7%, Refractive error 5%, other conditions 8 percent. Cataract was the leading cause of uniocular blindness with 53%, others were phthisis bulbi 17%, Trauma 14%, corneal opacity 10%, and others 7 percent. Cataract was the single most important cause of blindness, low vision and uniocular blindness accounting for 54%, 55%, and 53%, respectively. Uncorrected aphakia accounted for 11% of the low vision group, 80% of these had couching. This study showed that 93% of the blindness was avoidable in the sense that it could have been primarily prevented or, is treatable. 92% of the causes of low vision are avoidable.

Blindness↗