Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Life Expectancy--changes”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

The first one hundred AIDS cases in Hong Kong.

OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the first 100 reported AIDS cases in Hong Kong. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The case records of the first 100 AIDS cases reported to the Department of Health were retrieved. An analysis was made on their demographic data, clinical and immunologic profile, treatment received as well as mortality. RESULTS: The AIDS patients were reported over a ten-year period, from February 1985 to March 1994. The majority of them were male, Chinese and between the age of 20 and 49. More than 80% acquired HIV via sexual contact. The most common primary AIDS- defining illness was Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), which occurred in 46 patients. Eight episodes of Penicillium marneffei infection have been recorded. Fifty-nine patients have received antiretroviral therapy whereas PCP prophylaxis was given to 47 patients. The mean CD4 count at HIV and AIDS diagnosis was 394/microliters and 121 /microliters respectively. Sixty-seven patients were known to have died at the time of the analysis. PCP was the most common cause of death, accounting for over one-fifth of the cases. The median survival after AIDS diagnosis was less than 2 months for cases reported in 1985-1987 and over 15 months for those of 1990-1991. CONCLUSION: Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia was the most common initial AIDS-defining disease and cause of death in Hong Kong. Survival of the patients has gradually improved over the past few years.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1987

Computational model for insensible water loss from the newborn.

A mathematical model for predicting insensible water loss from the newborn infant has been developed, and its adjustable parameters have been evaluated using existing data for respiratory and transepidermal water loss components. Subsequently, the model was verified by using an independent set of available data on total insensible loss from naked infants who were not mechanically ventilated and who did not sweat. Under these conditions, the model was capable of correctly predicting the influence of ambient humidity, gestational age, and postnatal age, and in general, the predictions had a precision of +/- 14%, but they tended to underestimate insensible water loss by -16%. The straightforward algebraic form of the model makes it suitable for computerized calculations, which can be readily available at the bedside and quickly updated to account for changes in infant or environmental variables. The model is useful both for anticipating the abnormally large insensible water loss of the premature infant early in life and for computing expected changes in insensible water loss as a result of intentional manipulation of environmental factors, such as incubator temperature or supplemental humidification.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed1978

[3H] thymidine labelling kinetics of peripheral blood lymphocytes in adult thymectomized mice.

The appearance of labelled lymphocytes in the blood of adult thymectomized mice was followed for 21 days after a single injection of [3H] thymidine. The results showed that the expected changes in their life-span resulting from thymic deprivation were not reflected in the kinetics of labelling of these cells with this radioactively-labelled precursor for DNA synthesis. Turnover of DNA and exchange of label between cells must be considered in relation to the results, as had been previously concluded from similar studies of intact mice (Harris, 1975a).

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Electrical brain activity in preterm infants at risk for intracranial hemorrhage.

We studied the effect of preterm birth on electroencephalographic background activity in 20 infants < 32 weeks' gestation. Six infants developed periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage during the study period. Four-channel 24-h cassette recordings were obtained on day 1, 3-5 and 7-9. For each of the 24-h recordings, the percentage of the time showing stage I (continuous activity), stage II (mixed activity) and stage III (discontinuous activity) epochs was calculated. In infants without periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage, a positive linear relationship between gestational age and continuous activity and a negative linear relationship between gestational age and discontinuous activity existed in the first day recordings; in infants with periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage, such relationships were not found. To determine if the changes in continuous and discontinuous activities during the first week of extrauterine life were different from the expected changes during a corresponding time in utero, we calculated the expected amounts of stage I and III changes for each infant. The actual changes were not significantly different from the expected values in both study groups. However, during the onset and/or extension of periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage, depression of the electroencephalographic background activity was found.

Brain↗
PubMed1979

Urinary excretion of chlorpheniramine and pseudoephedrine in humans.

A specific high-pressure liquid chromatographic method for the determination of chlorpheniramine and pseudoephedrine in urine was developed and applied in a urinary excretion study of normal healthy subjects who received a sustained-release dosage form contianing 8 mgof chlorpheniramine maleate and 120 mg of pseudoephedrine hydrochloride. Five subjects received one dose on Day 1, followed by multiple dosing every 12 hr for 7 days without ammonium chloride administration. Four subjects received one dose of the sustained-release dosage form together with ammonium chloride. Urine samples were collected during the 1st day and at steady state. The method is specific and simultaneously determines choorpheniramine, two metabolites (mono- and di-desmethylchlorpheniramine), pseudoephedrine, and norpseudoephedrine. The assay recovery was less than 97% (0.06-3 microgram/ml) for chlorpheniramine maleate and less than 98% (1.5-75 microgram/ml) for pseudoephedrine hydrochloride. Excretion of chlorpheniramine and its two metabolites in urine was enhanced after ammonium chloride administration. At steady state, a change in urine pH from 5.69 to 6.46 resulted in more than a 25% decrease in chlorpheniramine and monodesmethylchlorpheniramine excretion. In spite of expected changes in its biological half-life, the overall amount of unchanged pseudoephedrine excreted in urine was not affected by urine pH, presumably because it is primarily excreted in urine as intact drug.

Chlorpheniramine↗
PubMed1993

Vocal communication in the first 18 months of life.

Fifty-one normally developing infants aged birth to 18 months, 10 or 11 in each of five age groups, were videorecorded in their homes before and after an expected change in the form of their vocalizations and under a set of conditions that reflected common daily occurrences. The vocalizations produced were coded according to their communicative contexts, defined in nonvocal behavioral terms. Communicative codes were assigned to seven major categories. The distribution of codes across categories was found to be different for different age groups. It varied between the first and second observations; however, the pattern of change differed across age groups. Data from individuals were transformed to proportions, to control for individual differences in productivity. They were then found to reflect differences in level of development of vocal communication. It was concluded that vocal communication follows an orderly developmental sequence in normally developing infants in the first 18 months of life.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Aging in one's occupation: occupational and life's perspectives of elderly male and female employees].

The consequences of social change for the workforce are discussed. In our society of the future we will have to deal with an aging industry as a result of the increasing number of older employees. Furthermore, we expect changes in relation to mandatory retirement in establishing the "Rentenreform 1992" (Retirement age policy). The necessity of intergenerational exchange to avoid "ageism" is explained. The impact of technology on life-long learning and qualifications of older workers is pointed out. Finally, we describe the pluralism of life courses as a characteristic of social change in relation to gender-effects.

Aged↗
PubMed2026

Relationship between participant-reported outcomes, residual beta cell function and metabolic parameters in youth with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Clinical trials of interventions to preserve beta cell function in new-onset type 1 diabetes frequently employ participant-reported outcome measures (PROMs). However, the expected changes in PROMs scores immediately following diagnosis and their association with residual beta cell function, metabolic markers and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) are unclear. METHODS: Repeated PROMs including Paediatric Quality of Life Inventory diabetes module (PedsQL) and hypoglycaemia fear survey (HFS) were recorded from participants aged 10-18 years with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes and their parents in two clinical trials: CLOuD (N=97, hybrid closed loop [HCL] vs multiple daily injections [MDI]) and USTEKID (N=72, ustekinumab immunotherapy vs placebo). Scores were compared with serial mixed meal-stimulated C-peptide levels (AUC C-peptide), HbA1c and CGM data. RESULTS: PedsQL and HFS scores for children/adolescents and their parents showed wide variation between individuals but did not change substantially within individuals over the first 48 months from diagnosis. Baseline scores were highly predictive of scores at 12-48 months (p<0.001). PedsQL scores were higher (better) in those reported by children/adolescents than by their parents (p<0.01). In contrast, HFS scores were higher in parents than children (p<0.001), indicating more fear. Strong correlations were observed between child and parent scores (p<0.001). No significant improvement in these scores was detected following intervention (ustekinumab or HCL). Meta-analysis revealed modest but statistically significant associations between HbA1c and PedsQL (&#x3b2;(std)=-0.11; 95% CI -0.20, -0.03) and HFS (&#x3b2;(std)=0.11; 95% CI 0.00, 0.21), and between CGM time in range and PedsQL (&#x3b2;(std)=0.14; 95% CI 0.03, 0.26) but not HFS (&#x3b2;(std)=-0.05; 95% CI -0.16, 0.06). Beta cell function (AUC C-peptide) was strongly associated with HbA1c (&#x3b2;(std)=-0.29; 95% CI -0.39, -0.20) and CGM time in range (&#x3b2;(std)=0.41; 95% CI 0.30, 0.52). Higher beta cell function showed a trend towards better PedsQL (&#x3b2;(std)=0.11; 95% CI -0.03, 0.25) and lower HFS (&#x3b2;(std)=-0.05; 95% CI -0.17, 0.07) but this did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: PedsQL and HFS scores changed little during the first 48 months after diagnosis of type 1 diabetes. These scores showed modest but statistically significant associations with measures of glucose management (HbA1c and CGM time in range), whereas the relationships with residual beta cell function (C-peptide) were weaker and did not reach significance. The modest size of these effects suggests current PROMs capture only limited aspects of the clinical benefit associated with beta cell preservation. Future research should incorporate psychometric instruments that are specifically adapted for young people using modern diabetes technologies and undergoing disease-modifying therapy, to ensure outcomes are meaningfully represented in early-stage type 1 diabetes trials.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Measuring function and health status in rheumatic disease clinical trials.

We have summarized the limitations of traditional outcome measures in rheumatology, reviewed the growing field of measures emphasizing the patient's perception of improvement, and provided guidelines for choosing a specific instrument for a clinical trial. Newer measures have measurement properties equal to or surpassing traditional measures, but no one ADL or quality-of-life instrument can be used to assess outcome in every situation as no one test can indicate success of a treatment in a chronic disease. An instrument needs to be judged by the following criteria: Is it metrically sound? Does it fit the socio-demographic characteristics of the target population? Does it measure the specific changes which are likely to be affected by the treatment? Will it capture or measure the expected changes?

Arthritis, Rheumatoid↗
PubMed1994

Targeted pharmacotherapy in depression management: comparative pharmacokinetics of fluoxetine, paroxetine and sertraline.

In contrast to tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have a high affinity for the serotonin uptake site with little or no affinity for alpha-adrenergic, cholinergic or histaminic receptors. SSRIs, again in contrast to TCAs, do not slow intracardiac conduction. These differences between TCAs and SSRIs are important in terms of both discomforting and more serious adverse effects. Despite their more focused effects, the SSRIs are as effective as TCAs in treating major depression. The SSRIs have similar properties in terms of their pharmacodynamics, but important differences in terms of pharmacokinetics and their effects on hepatic function. Sertraline, and the starting dose of paroxetine have an elimination half-life (t1/2) of approximately 24 h. However, the half-life of paroxetine, but not of sertraline, becomes longer at higher doses due to paroxetine's inhibition of its own clearance. At t1/2 of 24 h makes once-daily dosing feasible and allows for new steady-state concentrations and wash-out within a reasonable time after dose adjustment. Fluoxetine has a t1/2 of 2-4 days and has an active metabolite with a t1/2 of 7-15 days. Such a half-life makes dose titration more difficult, and can result in prolonged effects even after dose reduction or drug discontinuation. Sertraline has dose-proportional changes in plasma concentrations, in contrast to fluoxetine and paroxetine. Thus, dose increases with fluoxetine and paroxetine produce greater than expected changes in plasma drug concentration, and hence, in concentration-dependent effects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

1-Naphthylamine↗
PubMed1993

Pharmacokinetics of L-thyroxine after its oral administration in dogs.

Twelve mature (5 sexually intact males, 4 castrated males, and 3 females) mixed-breed dogs were surgically thyroidectomized and used in a Latin-square design pharmacokinetic study of orally administered L-thyroxine. The dogs were treated with 44, 22, and 11 micrograms of L-thyroxine/kg as a single morning dose or in divided doses, morning and evening. Serum concentration of thyroxine (T4) was evaluated to determine a number of pharmacokinetic variables for comparison. Mean steady-state concentrations (Css) were determined from the area under the curve. Variables were analyzed for comparisons between dosages by use of ANOVA. Concentration at steady state was highest for dogs of the 44-micrograms/kg of body weight once-daily group and was lowest for dogs of the group given 11 micrograms/kg in 2 daily doses. Single daily administration resulted in higher Css, except at the 22-micrograms/kg/d dosage. Clearance was faster for the 22- and 44-micrograms/kg/d dosages than for the 11-micrograms/kg/d dosage. The half-life (t1/2) and mean residence time (MRT) also were shorter for the 44-micrograms/kg/d dosage, possibly indicating more rapid elimination of the drug at higher doses and dose-dependent kinetics. Perhaps, as the dogs' metabolism increased with higher iodothyronine concentrations, hormone degradation was accelerated. Interval (divided vs single dose) caused some expected changes: maximal concentration was higher and minimal concentration was lower when single administration was used. These undulations resulted in iodothyronine concentrations above the physiologic range for a number of hours, whereas concentration closer to physiologic ranges was achieved by use of divided doses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1990

Effects of coronary risk reduction on the pattern of mortality.

Control of coronary risk factors is associated with lower age-specific risks, but people will then live longer, with increased exposure to the higher mortality rates of the elderly. Expected changes in pattern of mortality, based on the 15-year follow-up of men in the Whitehall study, have been calculated. Non-smokers live longer than smokers, but death (when it comes) is more likely to be due to heart attack and less likely to be due to cancer. By contrast a lower level of plasma cholesterol, which is also associated with longer life, is expected to reduce the lifetime risk of fatal heart attack, its place then being taken by a typical mixture of other causes of death.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1984

Flecainide: its proarrhythmic effect and expected changes on the surface electrocardiogram.

The proarrhythmic potential and electrophysiologic effect of flecainide acetate, a potent class IC anti-arrhythmic agent, are considered in this report. Although the definition of a proarrhythmic effect is arbitrary, several such definitions are discussed and applied to data on flecainide. In patients with chronic ventricular arrhythmias, an increase in VPC frequency developed in 0 to 4% of patients, compared with 1 to 8% of patients who received quinidine and 2% who received encainide, another class IC agent. In patients with acute hemodynamically significant ventricular arrhythmias, the proarrhythmic effects were noted in 5 to 12%. Proarrhythmic effects appear to be more common in patients with left ventricular dysfunction and life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. The depression of atrioventricular conduction produced by flecainide is similar to that seen with other class IC agents. Increases in PR and QRS intervals are related to dose and plasma concentration and are approximately 25% at therapeutic levels. These changes in the electrocardiographic intervals do not appear to carry important clinical implications and do not require discontinuation of flecainide. QT prolongation is absent or minimal with flecainide. Guidelines for management of patients with flecainide are suggested.

Anti-Arrhythmia Agents↗
PubMed1993

Coping with the Gulf war: subculture differences among ischemic heart disease patients in Israel.

The purpose of this study was to assess short term effects of the Gulf war on ischemic heart disease patients of different ethnic origin. Three dimensions of patients' reactions to the war situation were studied: psychological, physical and behavioral. The study first focused on changes in patients' responses on these dimensions over three stages of the war, differentiated according to degree of threat. Second, differences stemming from ethnic origin were examined among patients who live in the same geographical region, use the same health services and were exposed to the same threatening life event. One hundred ischemic heart disease patients were interviewed while waiting in outpatient hospital clinics for a regular examination at the end of the war. The results of intrapersonal comparisons showed that the intensity of responses, as expected, increased significantly on the three dimensions from the week before the war started to the first week of the war, which was the most stressful period for Israelis. During the last week of the war, however, when stress was significantly reduced, the expected change was found primarily with regard to psychologic responses. That is, worries were significantly reduced, but no significant reduction in frequency of anginal pain and in drug consumption followed, indicating differences in the adjustment process on the psychologic and physical levels. Subcultural differences were found in the studied responses: Patients of Asian or North African countries of origin reported having more frequent anginal pains, and consuming more drugs than patients from Western countries.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1996

Symptom experiences of midlife women: observations from the Seattle Midlife Women's Health Study.

UNLABELLED: Symptoms experienced by perimenopausal women are varied with little agreement about their nature, cause or stability. OBJECTIVE: To describe the type and stability of symptoms experienced by midlife women. METHODS: A community-based sample of 301 women ages 35-55 (Mean 41.1; S.D. = 4.2), had at least one menstrual period in the past year, and took no ovarian hormones. Women completed a daily symptom diary for at least one cycle for 3 consecutive years. Symptoms were rated from zero to four. The 5 premenses days were targeted for consistency and as those most symptomatic. Twenty-eight symptoms commonly reported as perimenopausal were factor analyzed using principal components analysis with varimax rotation. Test-retest reliability and stability estimates were calculated according to the method of Heise (Heise, D. Am Sociol Rev 1969; 34: 93-101) that accounts for expected change over time. RESULTS: Twenty-five of the 28 symptoms loaded on five factors labeled dysphoric mood, vasomotor, somatic, neuromuscular, and insomnia together accounting for 51.7% of the variance. Test-retest reliability estimates were highest for dysphoric mood (r = 0.78) and somatic (r = 0.70) symptoms. The reliability for the other three clusters ranged from r = 0.65 to r = 0.53). The stability of the clusters across 3 years was high for dysphoric mood, neuromuscular, and insomnia. The vasomotor and somatic clusters had the most change between years 1 and 3. DISCUSSION: These results indicate that dysphoric mood is not a part of vasomotor symptoms or insomnia or other somatic symptoms suggesting an origin for vasomotor symptoms apart from the other symptoms. The stability of dysphoric mood across 3 years suggests a chronic situation possibly due to high stress, overwork, or an ongoing emotional illness. The stability of the neuromuscular and insomnia symptoms suggests underlying chronic physical conditions. The reduction in stability of vasomotor symptoms may reflect the changing nature of hormones as women approach menopause. Finally, the low stability of somatic symptoms suggests that they represent acute episodic illnesses. Together the identification of five distinct symptom clusters with varying stability over 3 years suggests that they are due to different underlying mechanisms and are not all attributed to the changing hormone patterns associated with the menopausal transition. Many other events in a midlife woman's life can account for these symptoms including life stress and acute and chronic illnesses.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

An evaluation of an asthma quality of life questionnaire as a measure of change in adults with asthma.

In assessing the effectiveness of management strategies for patients with asthma, it is important to measure outcomes which are relevant to the concerns of patients. Quality of life is one such outcome which may not be adequately reflected in lung function measurements. We have developed an asthma quality of life questionnaire (the AQLQ) for this purpose. The aim of this study was to test the validity and responsiveness of the AQLQ as a measure of change. Forty four adults with asthma were assessed on two occasions 4 months apart. On each occasion subjects completed the AQLQ and the Sickness Impact Profile (SIP). Lung function and the degree of bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) were measured and diary cards were used to derive a symptom score and mean daily peak flow variability. The relation of change in AQLQ scores to change in the other outcomes was assessed. Questionnaire responsiveness was assessed by comparing the change in AQLQ scores between 19 improved and 20 stable subjects. Improvement was assessed on lung function and BHR criteria. As expected, change in AQLQ score was correlated with change in symptom score (r = 0.37, 95% CI -0.04 to 0.64) and change in BHR (r = 0.38, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.64). The associations with change in peak flow variability (r = 0.12, 95% CI -0.26 to 0.47) and change in SIP score (r = 0.18, 95% CI -0.12 to 0.45) were in the expected direction but weaker than expected. The AQLQ was capable of detecting differences between improved and stable subjects (p = 0.007).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

The development of migration expectations: changes throughout the lifecourse.

This research examines how the relative influence of factors that determine an individual's expectations of moving varies throughout the lifecourse. Factors representing personal characteristics, ties to origin, and ties to potential destinations were used to discriminate between expected migrants and nonmigrants in three population subgroups representing different stages of life. These subgroups included a general adult population, a preretirement population, and an elderly population. The results indicate that personal characteristics are most influential among preretirement persons, ties to origin are most influential among the general and elderly populations, and ties to potential destinations are influential among all population subgroups.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Perceived controllability of expected psychological change across adulthood and old age.

This cross-sectional study focuses on adults' beliefs about the controllability of developmental change in adulthood and old age. Young (n = 33; age range 20-36 years), middle-aged (n = 35; age range 40-55 years), and older (n = 32; age range 60-85 years) adults rated an extensive list of psychological attributes in terms of the degree of expected developmental increase across the adult life span (ages 20-90), the perceived controllability of these changes, their desirability, and their expected age-related timing. The findings indicate a substantial degree of similarity in young, middle-aged, and old adults' overall beliefs about controllability. The three adult age groups agreed in perceiving developmental changes in adulthood as fairly controllable, and with regard to their relative controllability (rank ordering of change-sensitive attributes). Changes expected to occur later in life were consensually perceived to be less desirable, and less desirable changes were perceived as less controllable. However, there were clear age-related differences involving both the age timing of expected changes and the age of respondents. A comparison between the three subject age groups revealed twofold differences: First, the relationship between desirability and perceived controllability was found to increase with subjects' age; second, Q-technique factor analysis showed that large subgroups of the young and the middle-aged adults, but not the old adults, tended to perceive psychological attributes associated with late onset decline as relatively lower in controllability.

Adult↗