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Library instruction in the medical school curriculum: a survey of medical college libraries.

Future physicians must learn to cope with continuing changes in access to medical information. New instructional techniques, such as problem-based learning, emphasize the importance of research skills to medical students. To investigate the feasibility of establishing library instruction as a required part of the East Tennessee State University College of Medicine curriculum for undergraduates, the university's medical library surveyed 123 medical school libraries to determine the level of instruction offered by other academic medical libraries. The survey asked whether formal instruction was offered or required, and which courses were taught at each level of undergraduate training. Analysis of the fifty-five responses revealed that 75% offered formal library instruction, and that 49% of these respondents (36% of the total sample) required all students to take such courses. The courses offered most often were library tours, online catalog instruction, and MEDLINE-on-CD-ROM classes. Overall, thirty-three different course titles were offered by responding libraries. The majority of classes involved second- and third-year students. The survey responses reveal the prevalence of required library instruction in medical school curricula, and a broad-scale commitment to the development of lifelong learning skills among future health professionals.

CD-ROM↗

Public librarians as a resource for promoting health: results from the Health for Everyone in Libraries Project (HELP) librarian survey.

Public libraries are located in all communities, and two thirds of adults visit one each year. Libraries give the public access to computers and the Internet, and librarians offer technical assistance for accessing information. The interests and training needs of public librarians for assisting the public in accessing health information have not been addressed. One public library/librarian in each North Carolina county was randomly selected to complete a written questionnaire to assess health-related information services and librarians' skills for providing these services. 84% of librarians (83/99) completed the questionnaire. Results indicate that librarians answer more than 10 health-related questions per week, feel moderately comfortable answering these questions, and are very interested in receiving additional training for addressing health-related questions. Creating public library/public health partnerships holds much promise for enhancing the ability of community members to access desired health information.

Data Collection↗

Identification of inhibitors of prohormone convertases 1 and 2 using a peptide combinatorial library.

A positional scanning synthetic peptide combinatorial library containing approximately 52 million hexapeptides was used to identify potential inhibitory peptides for recombinant mouse prohormone convertase 1 (PC1) and PC2 and to provide information on the specificity of these enzymes. The library surveys revealed that a P6 Leu, a P4 Arg, a P2 Lys, and a P1 Arg were most inhibitory against PC1, and a P6 Ile and a P4 Arg were most inhibitory against PC2. Using information derived from the library surveys, hexapeptide sets were synthesized and screened for inhibition of PC1 and PC2. The data obtained revealed the preference of both enzymes for a P3 Val. At P5, many substitutions were well tolerated. PC1 and PC2 proved to differ mainly in the selectivity of their S6 subsites. In PC1, this subsite displayed a strong preference toward occupation by Leu; the Ki value for peptide Ac-Leu-Leu-Arg-Val-Lys-Arg-NH2 was 28 times lower than that for peptide Ac-Ile-Ile-Arg-Val-Lys-Arg-NH2. In contrast, PC2 discriminated little between Leu and Ile at P6, as evidenced by the small (1.5-fold) difference in Ki values for these two peptides. Several hexapeptides synthesized as a result of the screen were found to represent potent inhibitors of PC2 (with Ki values in the submicromolar range) and, particularly, of PC1 (with Ki values in the low nanomolar range). The most potent inhibitor, Ac-Leu-Leu-Arg-Val-Lys-Arg-NH2, proved to be the same peptide for both enzymes and inhibited PC1 and PC2 in a competitive, fast-binding manner with Ki values of 3.2 and 360 nM, respectively. The four most potent peptide inhibitors of PC1 and PC2 were also tested against soluble human furin and found to exhibit a different rank order of inhibition; for example, Ac-Leu-Leu-Arg-Val-Lys-Arg-NH2 was 440-fold less potent against furin than against PC1, with a Ki of 1400 nM.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

Health sciences library building projects: 1995 survey.

The Medical Library Association's fifth annual survey of recent health sciences library building projects identified twenty-five libraries planning, expanding, or constructing new library facilities. None of the fifteen new library projects are free standing structures; however, several occupy a major portion of the project space. Ten projects involve renovation of or addition to existing space. Information regarding size, cost of project, type of construction, completion date, and other factual data was provided for twelve projects. The remaining identified projects are in pre-design or early-design stages, or are awaiting funding approval. Library building projects for three hospital libraries, three academic medical libraries, and an association library are described. Each illustrates how considerations of economics and technology are changing the traditional library model from a centrally stored information depository housing a wide range of information under one roof where users come to the information, into an electronic model gradually shifting from investment in the physical presence of resources to investment in creating work space for creditible information specialists who help in-house and distanced users to obtain information electronically from any place and at any time. This new model includes a highly skilled library team to manage, filter, and package the information to users trained by these resident experts.

Canada↗

Who uses NHS libraries? Preliminary results from a survey of postgraduate medical libraries in North East Thames.

Recent changes have made Regional Deans fund-holders for postgraduate medical education. Allocations from the Dean's budget often fund NHS library infrastructure and associated costs arising from the information and study needs of junior medical staff. To provide adequate levels of stock and services for all library users requires funding from all appropriate sources. This paper describes a survey carried out in North East Thames to facilitate appropriate funding by and for user groups other than junior doctors. The wide variation in results is discussed. The survey is not seen as definitive, but as part of the beginning of the evolutionary process of allocating funds for libraries serving postgraduate medical education and other users. Further research is suggested, particularly in other Regions, to provide comparative data.

Education, Medical, Continuing↗

Survey of audiovisual standards and practices in health sciences libraries.

A survey of audiovisual (AV) practices in health sciences libraries was conducted by the Audiovisual Standards and Practices Committee of the Medical Library Association. The objective was to determine the variety and extent of AV practices currently in use in health sciences libraries, as a preliminary step toward developing AV standards.

Audiovisual Aids↗

INFORMATION STORAGE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE CONTENTS OF THE WORLD'S LIBRARIES.

Three calculations of the number of different things stored in the world's libraries yield estimates from 7.5 x 10(7) to 7.7 x 10(8). At 10(5) words per volume, five letters per word, and 12 bits per letter, the information capacity used for storage is between 4.6 x 10(14) and 4.6 x 10(15) bits, and is increasing at about 2 x 10(6) bits per second.

Humans↗

MEDLINE and PsycLIT on CD-ROM: a survey of users in an academic medical library.

A survey of users of PsycLIT and MEDLINE on CD-ROM was performed at an academic medical library. The questionnaire was designed to gather information about the user population, satisfaction of the users, the assistance needed to use the systems, and the type of searches being performed. The majority of users were graduate students in the schools of medicine, nursing, and pharmacy. In general, users were satisfied with the performance of the systems. Assistance from a librarian, printed documentation, or another patron was required by 85% of users, and they were generally satisfied with this assistance. Most searches were performed to obtain information on a subject. The results were remarkably similar for both databases.

Consumer Behavior↗

Survey of the card catalog in medical libraries.

A survey of present uses and arrangement of medical library card catalogs was made in order to determine current practices and trends. Attention was focused on the influences of MeSH on the card catalog. The results indicate that the prevalent type of card catalog found in medical libraries is the divided catalog. In addition, it appears that this catalog arrangement is gaining acceptance, and the trend is toward division. MeSH has an effect on the organization of the card catalog; libraries indicate that it is an influential factor in the decision to divide the catalog.

Catalogs, Library↗

Sun protection initiatives in Cornwall.

Recent evidence indicates that there are significant numbers of cases of malignant melanoma in the UK. In order to assess the current position with regard to sun awareness in Cornwall, a questionnaire survey of all state primary school heads (n = 123) and a survey of a random sample of GP practices (n = 9) was carried out. The data obtained were supported by visits to libraries and Tourist Information Centres at urban and rural centres--this enabled the identification of sun awareness literature. Key health professionals who worked within the field of health promotion were also contacted. The findings showed that in Cornwall public campaigns organized around the issue of sun protection took place only sporadically, although GP surgeries usually organize a display at the appropriate time of the year. None of the public places (e.g. Tourist Information Centres, libraries) surveyed had sun protection messages on display. It is concluded that insufficient sun awareness initiatives were being undertaken in Cornwall. Although most primary schools included sun awareness education in their curriculum in a form based on the Sun Awareness Guidelines produced by the Department of Health in 1995, few schools considered further measures to protect pupils on hot and sunny days. In particular the provision of shade, the scheduling of outdoor activities and the use of sunscreen and protective clothing were not standard.

Child↗

Findings from the most recent Medical Library Association salary survey.

OBJECTIVE: The objective is to provide information on basic issues in library management identified by the Medical Library Association's (MLA's) seventh triennial salary survey. METHODS: The survey was a Web-based questionnaire. A nonrandom sample of persons was obtained by posting messages to MLA's membership and to the MEDLIB-L e-mail discussion list. Employed MLA members and nonmembers employed in medical library settings filled out a Web-based form designed using common gateway interface (CGI) programming. RESULTS: Six hundred forty-five usable responses were analyzed by the Hay Group and presented in the MLA publication, Hay Group/MLA 2001 Compensation and Benefits Survey. Results from the 2001 survey in this article focus on pay and job satisfaction. Salary survey results since 1983 were analyzed to review trends in seniority, diversity, and pay equity. CONCLUSIONS: Given the age progression of respondents from 1983 to 2001, it is clear that succession planning is a core issue for medical libraries. Although efforts to create more diversity in medical libraries in member organizations have started to yield results, pay for white respondents has increased at a higher rate than for other racial categories. The authors found that the pay-for-performance system in the organizations of approximately two-thirds of the respondents is suboptimized and that most of the reasons medical librarians cite for leaving their organization can be addressed and potentially changed by management. Results from the eighth salary survey, slated to be conducted in the fall of 2004, will further track these trends and issues.

Humans↗

Subject knowledge in the health sciences library: an online survey of Canadian academic health sciences librarians.

OBJECTIVES: This study investigated whether Canadian academic health sciences librarians found knowledge of the health sciences to be important and, if so, how they acquired and maintained this knowledge. METHODS: Data were gathered using a Web-based questionnaire made available to Canadian academic health sciences librarians. RESULTS: Respondents recognized the need for subject knowledge: 93.3% of respondents indicated that subject knowledge was "very important" or "somewhat important" to doing their job. However, few respondents felt that holding a degree in the health sciences was necessary. Respondents reported devoting on average more than 6 hours per week to continuing education through various means. Reading or browsing health sciences journals, visiting Websites, studying independently, and participating in professional associations were identified by the largest number of participants as the best ways to become and stay informed. CONCLUSIONS: Although more research needs to be done with a larger sample, subject knowledge continues to be important to Canadian academic health sciences librarians. Continuing education, rather than formal degree studies, is the method of choice for obtaining and maintaining this knowledge.

Canada↗