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Radiologic diagnosis of labyrinthitis ossificans.

Labyrinthitis ossificans is the pathological ossification of the membranous labyrinthine spaces in response to processes which are destructive of the membranous labyrinth or the endosteum of the otic capsule. It has been primarily a histopathologic diagnosis. Complex motion tomography however, allows a detailed view of the osseous labyrinth and permits the diagnosis in the living state. Radiologic documentation of labyrinthitis ossificans is objective evidence of a process destructive of the membranous labyrinth. It supports the likelihood of an absence of cochlear and vestibular function. It alerts the surgeon to the possible obliteration of key inner ear anatomical landmarks.

Aged↗

PubMed1995

MR imaging of intralabyrinthine schwannoma, labyrinthitis, and other labyrinthine pathology.

This article reviews recent imaging developments in various diseases of the membranous labyrinth. Membranous labyrinth is the initial receptor for acoustic stimuli. Exciting progress has been made in the imaging evaluation of the normal and diseased labyrinth. Structures of the membranous labyrinth, such as the cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals, and endolymphatic duct and sac can be visualized on routine MR scans. Using high-resolution MR imaging techniques, researches have been able to visualize the cochlear duct, scala tympani, scala vestibuli, and even the otolithic mass. The sensitivity of gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging is such that labyrinthitis or other labyrinthine pathology, including small intralabyrinthine schwannomas, can be diagnosed on routine MR study.

Ear Neoplasms↗

PubMed1991

Labyrinthitis ossificans: histopathologic consideration for cochlear implantation.

Labyrinthitis ossificans may be a hindrance to cochlear implantation by making electrode insertion difficult. We performed a histopathologic study of 24 temporal bones with labyrinthitis ossificans from multiple causes. The organ of Corti was graphically reconstructed and the degree of obstruction was estimated for each millimeter of the cochlea. Correlations were calculated between the degree of new bone formation and the cause, patient's age and sex, and time from the original temporal bone insult. Our results demonstrate that complete cochlear ossification is rare. The scala tympani in the basal turn of the cochlea is the most frequent area of ossification, regardless of the cause of the labyrinthitis ossificans. Meningogenic labyrinthitis, usually a childhood disease, was associated with the greatest amount of ossification. When ossification resulted from tympanogenic labyrinthitis, the scala tympani was completely ossified near the round window niche in all temporal bones. Neo-ossification of the basal turn associated with otosclerosis was limited to the proximal 6 mm of the scala tympani in all cases. Three temporal bones had a patent round window niche and basal turn, but significant apical and middle-turn ossification. Peripheral sensorineural elements were severely degenerated in the region of the ossification in all specimens, and spiral ganglion cell counts were decreased.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Comparative studies on the vascular organization of carotid labyrinths of anurans and caudates.

The three-dimensional structures of the carotid labyrinth in five species of anurans representing four families (Rana nigromaculata, Rana catesbeiana, Bufo japonicus, Hyla arborea, and Xenopus laevis), and three species of caudates representing three families (Cynops pyrrhogaster, Hynobius nebulosus, Ambystoma mexicanum) were compared using vascular corrosion castings and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Anuran carotid labyrinths are spherical in shape and are classified into two groups according to the origin of the external and internal carotid arteries. One group, which included Rana, Hyla, and Bufo, is characterized by the presence of a vascular ring at the proximal end and some vascular routes at the distal end of the labyrinth. The external and internal carotid arteries originate from these structures. The other group, which includes only Xenopus, is characterized by the external carotid artery opening directly from the central chamber or the common carotid artery, and by the internal carotid artery originating from within the vascular maze. The vascular maze is most complex in Xenopus, less so in Rana and Bufo, and simplest in Hyla. The carotid labyrinths in Cynops and Hynobius are oblong in shape. The fundamental organization in salamanders is similar to that in anurans. The vascular maze, however, is much simpler than in Hyla. There is no specialized swelling in Ambystoma mexicanum. The present findings suggest that most amphibian carotid labyrinths have the appropriate architecture for controlling vascular tone.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

Vascular corrosion replicas of chemo-baroreceptors in fish: the carotid labyrinth in Ictaluridae and Clariidae.

Scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion replicas and light microscopy revealed a pair of highly vascularized tissues, the carotid labyrinths, in the dorsal head region of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, the black bullhead, I. melas, and the walking catfish, Clarias batrachus. The labyrinth consists of a myriad of arterioles that arise from the common carotid artery immediately distal to the origin of the common carotid from the efferent branchial (epibranchial) artery of the first gill arch. The arterioles anastomose with each other to form: (1) the internal carotid artery which supplies the brain, and (2) several anteriolateral arteries that extend into the anterior head. In the ictalurids the common carotid artery emerges from the labyrinth intact and continues anteriorly as the large olfactory artery, whereas in Clarias all postlabyrinthine vessels result from arborization of the common carotid and subsequent anastomosis of the arterioles. Similarities between piscine and amphibian carotid labyrinths and the anatomical proximity of the former with the gills suggest that, in Ictaluridae, the labyrinth has a chemo- or baroreceptor function.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Localization of substance P, CGRP, VIP, neuropeptide Y, and somatostatin immunoreactive nerve fibers in the carotid labyrinths of some amphibian species.

Immunohistochemical localization of substance P (SP), CGRP, VIP, neuropeptide Y (NPY), and somatostatin (SOM) in the carotid labyrinth were compared in some species of amphibians using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. Immunoreactivity of SP, CGRP, VIP, and NPY was found in the nerve fibers distributed in the intervascular stroma of the carotid labyrinth. SP, CGRP, and VIP immunoreactive varicose fibers were densely distributed in the peripheral portion of the carotid labyrinth. Some SP-immunoreactive fibers were distributed similarly to CGRP-immunoreactive fibers. The density of NPY and SOM immunoreactive varicose fibers was low. No immunoreactivity of enkephalins was observed in the labyrinth. The intensities of these peptides were varied from species to species. No glomus cells showed immunoreactivity for any of the 7 peptides studied. These results suggest that the vascular regulatory function, which is one of the possible functions of the carotid labyrinth, is controlled by the peptidergic mechanisms in addition to regulation through intimate apposition of glomus and smooth muscle cells (g-s connection).

Ambystoma↗

PubMed1983

Relation between cell size and response characteristics of medullary reticulospinal neurons to labyrinth and neck inputs.

The activity of presumably inhibitory reticulospinal neurons with cell bodies located in the medial aspects of the medullary reticular formation and axons projecting to lumbosacral cord has been recorded in decerebrate cats and their response characteristics to sinusoidal stimulation of labyrinth receptors (134 neurons) and neck receptors (110 neurons) have been related to cell size inferred from the conduction velocity of the corresponding axons. No significant correlation was found between resting discharge and conduction velocity of the axons. Among the recorded reticulospinal neurons, 64/134 (i.e. 47.8%) units responded to roll tilt, while 66/110 (i.e. 60.0%) units responded to neck rotation (0.026 Hz, +/- 10 degrees). A positive correlation was found between gain (imp./s/deg) of the labyrinth and neck responses and conduction velocity of the axons. Thus, due to absence of correlation between resting discharge and conduction velocity of the axons, larger neurons exhibited a greater percentage modulation (sensitivity) to the labyrinth and the neck input than smaller neurons. These findings are attributed to an overall increase in density or efficacy of the synaptic contacts made by the vestibular and neck afferent pathways on reticulospinal neurons of increasing size. Units receiving neck-macular vestibular convergence showed on the average an higher gain of the neck (GN) response with respect to the labyrinth (GL) response (GN/GL: 1.95 +/- 1.49, S.D.; n = 43); however, due to a parallel increase in gain of the reticulospinal neurons to both neck and labyrinth inputs, the relative effectiveness of the two inputs did not vary in different units as a function of cell size. The reticulospinal neurons were mainly excited by the direction of animal orientation and/or neck displacement. In particular, most of these positional sensitive units were excited by side-up animal tilt (37/58, i.e. 63.8%) and by side-down neck rotation (47/60, i.e. 78.3%). These predominant response patterns were particularly found between large size neurons, whereas small size neurons tended to show also other response patterns. The evidence indicates that in addition to intrinsic neuronal properties related to cell size, the quantitative and qualitative organization of synaptic inputs represents the critical factor controlling the responsiveness of reticulospinal neurons to vestibular and neck stimulation.

Afferent Pathways↗

PubMed1985

Placental steroid production by the basal and labyrinth zones during the latter third of gestation in the rat.

Progesterone (P) and testosterone (T) production were investigated in minced rat placental preparations on Days 16, 18, 20, and 22 of pregnancy. Whole placentae were minced or dissected into basal and labyrinth zones and minced prior to a 2-h incubation. Production of P from whole placental minces (pg X mg tissue-1 X 2 h-1) was greatest on Day 16 (P less than 0.05), dropped slightly on Day 18, and fell by nearly 50% on Days 20 and 22. Basal zone P production was greater on Days 16 and 18 (P less than 0.01) than that of the labyrinth zone, but then decreased to become equivalent to that of the labyrinth zone thereafter. Production of T from whole placental minces was greatest on Day 18 (P less than 0.05) and fell to low levels thereafter. The basal zone was almost entirely responsible for T production on all days. Incubation with the 17 alpha-hydroxylase inhibitor Su 10603 [7-chloro-3,4-dihydro-2-(3-pyridyl)-1-(2H)-napthalenone] completely blocked T production concomitant with increased P values. Placental weight increased from Days 16 to 20 because of rapid labyrinth zone growth. Estimated daily P production per placenta was not different among days, although production shifted from the basal to the labyrinth zone as term approached. Production of T per whole placenta reached maximum levels on Day 18 (P less than 0.05) and decreased thereafter. The marked (P less than 0.01) basal zone T production per placenta on Days 16 and 18 fell precipitously on Days 20 and 22.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

Asymmetric tonic labyrinth reflexes and their interaction with neck reflexes in the decerebrate cat.

1. Tonic labyrinth and neck reflexes were studied separately and in combination in the decerebrate cat with C1 and C2 spinal roots cut. Reflex effects were observed as changes in length of the isotonically loaded medial head of triceps. 2. The tonic labyrinth reflexes acted asymmetrically on the medial head of triceps. Side-down rotation of the head produced shortening in medial triceps, whereas side-up rotations of the head resulted in a lengthening. 3. The tonic neck reflexes acted asymmetrically on the medial head of triceps. Side-down rotations of the neck produced a lengthening of medial triceps, whereas side-up rotations of the neck resulted in shortening. 4. Labyrinth and neck reflexes produce opposite effects on the same limb extensor muscle so that, if the neck innervation is intact, head tilting produces no change in muscle length. 5. It is suggested that the interaction between the labyrinth and neck reflexes contributes to the stability of the trunk, allowing the head to move freely on the body without affecting this stability. Labyrinth and neck reflexes need therefore to be considered together as a single system.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Morphological changes of stria vascularis in congenital hearing impairment due to membranous labyrinth underdevelopment.

Congenital malformations of the inner ear may involve either the bone and membranous labyrinth or the membranous labyrinth alone. The same labyrinth structures can be affected with an acquired disease, toxaemia or viral labyrinthitis, for instance, with the same or very similar histologic findings. So far, there have been no studies examining the possible morphological changes of stria vascularis in different diseases with sensorineural anomalies. We examined the temporal bones of 16 patients, from whom audiograms and history data on hearing impairments present at birth or later were obtained previously. When malformation of the membranous labyrinth was caused by a congenital anomaly, three groups of typical changes of stria vascularis were observed: i) pseudocystic formation which replaced the strial tissue, with dark-stained deposits: ii) accumulation of endothelial cells or irregularly shaped cells in the basal coil of the cochlea: and iii) atrophy of the stria vascularis tissue in all coils. These findings may prove important for accurate diagnostic procedures.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1981

Intracellular "labyrinths" in acute leukaemia. Do they indicate the maturational ability of leukaemic cells?

The occurrence and ultrastructure of the so-called "labyrinths" were investigated in the bone marrow cells from 13 patients with preleukaemia and acute leukaemia. Except for one patient, labyrinths were found in the myeloid cells from patients with preleukaemia and acute myelogenous leukaemia. Labyrinths could not be detected in lymphoblasts from patients suffering from acute lymphoblastic leukaemia or in plasma cells from a patient with plasma cell leukaemia. In patients with preleukaemia and smoldering leukaemia, labyrinths could be detected in all differentiation forms, from myeloblasts to mature polymorphonuclear granulocytes. Since it is improbable that labyrinths develop in consequence of exogenous effects, their presence in the mature granulocytes points to the in vivo maturational ability of leukaemic precursors in certain cases of acute myelogenous leukaemia and preleukaemia.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1994

Computer-aided three-dimensional reconstruction and measurement of bony and membranous labyrinth.

We used three methods to reconstruct a same bony and membranous labyrinth by an image processing work station (IPWS). Three dimensional (3-D) models of the bony and membranous labyrinth were thus obtained. Different parts of the labyrinth were measured and the spatial relationship between the bony and membranous labyrinth was observed. Many 3-D parameters such as cochlear length, volume of different parts of the labyrinth, angles among the three semicircular canals were measured. The results of this experiment are useful in the study of the cochlear and vestibular function.

Ear, Inner↗

PubMed1996

[Computed tomography of the ethmoid labyrinth and adjacent structures].

In order to study the relation of ethmoid labyrinth to the adjacent structures, continuous axial CT scan of the ethmoid labyrinth was performed on 9 normal subjects. Meanwhile, coronal and axial CT scans of ethmoid labyrinth were obtained in 20 normal subjects. On an average, 22 scan sections were done on each subject. The relation of ethmoid labyrinth to adjacent structures was observed and the remarkable intersubject variations in this anatomic area were noted. The relation of posterior ethmoid cells or sphenoid sinus to the optic canal, and the relation of internal carotid artery to the sphenoid sinus were clearly demonstrated on axial scans. The detailed anatomic structure of the ostiomeatal complex and the anatomic relation of ethmoid labyrinth to orbit and anterior skull base were revealed by coronal CT scans. CT scan of the paranasal sinuses was of great importance in clinical practice for the purpose of etiological analysis of sinusitis, design of endoscopic sinus surgery and prevention of complication.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1986

[Experimental viral labyrinthitis--an immunohistochemical investigation of the cochlear lesion].

Pathogenesis of viral labyrinthitis is still poorly understood despite the dimension of clinical problem. This study was undertaken in order to elucidate the pathogenesis of viral labyrinthitis by the immunohistochemical investigations of infected cochleas. HVJ (Sendai virus) and mumps virus have been used to create an animal model of viral labyrinthitis. The cochleas of adult guinea pigs with intralabyrinthine inoculation of virus through the round window membrane and with intravascular injection of virus were investigated by histopathological and immunohistochemical techniques (immunofluorescent and Avidin-Biotin-Peroxidase Complex method). Control animal received only the culture medium. Histopathologically, fibrosis of scala tympani, vacuolization of stria vascularis, cell infiltration in perilymph were observed in the animals with intralabyrinthine inoculation, whereas no significant changes were observed in those with intravascular injection. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that viral antigen of HVJ was found in stria vascularis (6/11), Reissner's membrane (5/11), Organ of Corti (2/11) and viral antigen of mumps was found in stria vascularis (3/11), Reissner's membrane (1/11), Organ of Corti (1/11) in inoculated side of cochlea. In animal with intravascular injection, viral antigen of HVJ was found in stria vascularis (4/6), Organ of Corti (1/6) and viral antigen of mumps was found in stria vascularis (5/18), Organ of Corti (2/18). Cochleas of control animal showed no evidence of viral antigen. Viral antigen of both viruses were found in stria vascularis, Reissner's membrane, and Organ of Corti. Of these, Stria vascularis showed stronger affinity to these viruses. The results of intravascular injection indicate that endolymphatic labyrinthitis may ensure as a result of viremia.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Acute labyrinthitis associated with systemic Candida albicans infection in ageing mice.

The yeast Candida albicans is an important opportunistic pathogen that has been associated with disease of the inner ear. This study describes the histopathology of acute labyrinthitis caused by systemic infection with C. albicans in aging inbred mice. Within four days after infection, yeast and hyphal forms of C.albicans were found in the membranous labyrinth. The utricle and the adjacent parts of the ampullary regions of the semicircular canals were most severely affected, but damage was also seen in the scala media, the scala tympani, the saccule, and the scala vestibuli. In the utricle, the lining epithelium of the membranous labyrinth was disrupted, and the lining cells of the vestibular membrane showed foci in which the membrane was disrupted. The data suggest that age may represent a risk factor for fungal labyrinthitis.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1996

Comparative perilymph permeability of cephalosporins and its significance in the treatment and prevention of suppurative labyrinthitis.

Cephalosporins are nonototoxic antibiotics that provide excellent coverage for almost all bacteria that can cause suppurative labyrinthitis. In this study we performed comparative perilymph permeability determinations of the three cephalosporins that we deemed to have the most clinical potential in these varied situations. Perilymph pharmacokinetic profiles were established for ceftazidime, cefuroxime, and cefotaxime and its metabolite desacetylcefotaxime in 36 guinea pigs by using the technique of high-performance liquid chromatography. At 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 hours after intravenous administration of the three cephalosporins at a dose of 100 mg/kg of body weight, ceftazidime consistently exhibited the highest perilymph concentration. Desacetylcefotaxime showed the next highest capacity for penetration into perilymph. Keeping in mind that the choice of drug for the treatment of suppurative labyrinthitis should be based foremost on culture and sensitivity studies, we consider ceftazidime to be the first-line agent for treatment and prevention of both meningogenic labyrinthitis and labyrinthitis complicating acute or chronic otitis media.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Quantitive studies of the reactions to horizontal angular accelerations in axolotls. II. head-turning reflexes in animals with a supernumerary pair of labyrinths.

In axolotls (Ambystoma mexicanun) the labyrinths and the associated parts of the medulla were doubled artificially. In these so-called tandem-heads the vestibular afferent fibres from both labyrinths on one side united within the medulla to form common bundles. The head-turning reflexes following impulse acceleration and during long-lasting acceleration were measured quantitatively and compared with those for normal animals. The form and the time-course of the reactions were almost identical in both groups. Tandem-heads showed a linear relationship between stimulus intensity and reaction strength, parallel to that in normal animals but with a greater reaction for a given stimulus. Consequent to this shift in the relationship, there was a significant decrease in the reaction threshold. The removal of one horizontal semicircular canal in tandem-heads proved that both pairs of labyrinths were functionally connected with the brain. It was suggested that during ontogenesis there exists a kind of specificity in the connexion of vestibular fibres. From the parallel shift of the intensity functions it was concluded that the input from both pairs of labyrinths in tandem-heads is not simply accumulate but compared with a reference parameter, which is also double in tandem-heads.

Ambystoma↗

PubMed1990

The vascular anatomy of the vestibular labyrinth in man.

1. A survey of the literature on the vascular anatomy of the vestibular labyrinth in Man is presented, and the methods of investigation used to visualize the vessels are evaluated. A generally correct picture of the subject is provided by the various studies published since Siebenmann's monograph. There are, however, some conflicting points as well as some lack of data with regard to the course and relationships of the large vessels and the capillary areas of the cristae and maculae. 2. This study presents a systematic description of the vascular anatomy of the vestibular labyrinth in Man, from the main arterial and venous stems to the capillary areas, with particular attention to the relationships between the vessels and the osseous walls, neural, and membranous structures. The vessels were visualized by a composite method including the selective injection of the internal auditory artery with coloured silicone or India ink; the counterstaining of the labyrinth with osmic acid; the cutting of the petrous bone in 1-mm thick, serial sections that were cleared with methylsalicylate. The sections were studied by stereomicroscopy, using mainly reflected light. Photos and drawings were made to illustrate the findings. New names were introduced for vessels hitherto unnamed, and some traditional names were modified in order to give a more precise and descriptive terminology. 3. The description followed the two main arteries, the capillary areas and the three main veins. The vestibular labyrinth is supplied by the superior vestibular artery and by the inferior vestibular artery which is a branch of the vestibulo-cochlear artery. The superior vestibular artery runs along the anterior aspect of the vestibule from the utricular nerve up to the cristae of the superior and lateral canals. It supplies the macula of the utricle, the cristae and ampullar crures of the superior and lateral canals. The inferior vestibular artery runs mainly along the medial wall of the vestibule. It supplies the last tract of the scala media and the vestibular caecum with a peculiar pattern which appears to be an adaptation of the common cochlear arrangement to the different spatial condition. It also supplies the macula of the saccule, the crista and ampullar crus of the posterior canal as well as the simple crures of the three canals. The vascular arrangement of the maculae and cristae has a similar three-layered architecture.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Arteries↗