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PubMedDate not supplied

A blackboard architecture for automating cephalometric analysis.

This paper describes a principled attempt to use artificial intelligence methodologies for interpretation of lateral skull X-ray images. Lateral skull X-ray images are routinely used in cephalometric analysis to provide quantitative measurements useful to clinical orthodontists. Manual and interactive methods of analysis are known to be error-prone, and time-consuming. Previous attempts have been made to automate this analysis, using conventional algorithmic approaches. Unfortunately such systems typically fail to capture the expertise and adaptability required to cope with the variability in biological structure and X-ray image quality found in cephalograms. The present system makes use of a blackboard architecture and multiple knowledge sources within an integrated model-based system. A data-gathering system allows models of feature appearance and location to be built from examples. Blackboard and task control modules allow specific knowledge-based modules to act on information available to the blackboard. Knowledge-based modules include location hypothesis, intelligent segmentation, and constraint propagation systems. Results from a working experimental system are given, and compare favourably with previous algorithmic solutions.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1990

Use of condoms as contraceptive and disease preventive measures among residents of Jos, northern Nigeria.

The effectiveness, acceptability and protective aspects of condoms as both contraceptive and disease control measures was evaluated in 168 male residents of Jos in Nigeria. They were aged between 15 and 40 years and were attending the Family Planning Clinic of the Jos University Teaching Hospital. The results showed that the majority (87.5%) of our patients were in the 21 to 30 years age group and most of the clients had used condoms for between 1 to 5 years. A good number of our clients (40.5%) used condom because it protects them against venereal disease while others felt it was safe and effective. The Family Planning Clinic was the main source of knowledge of the condom among our clients (42.9%), and the condom was rated as good or excellent by 137 (81.5%) clients. The only side effect of condom usage which featured prominently among our clients was reduced sexual excitement. The results were compared with studies carried out elsewhere. It was concluded that the condom could be an acceptable and effective form of contraception in this population. The users must, however, be highly motivated so as to use it during every act of coitus for optimal efficacy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

The cross-reactivity of IgE antibodies with pollen allergens. II. Analyses of various species of ragweed and other fall weed pollens.

Although the antigenic composition of short ragweed pollen has been extensively investigated, very few studies have analyzed the allergenic cross-reactivity among various types of ragweed pollens. Using a serum pool from patients sensitive to short ragweed, we studied the cross-reactivity of IgE antibodies to six ragweeds by the radioallergosorbent test. Extracts were analyzed for their inhibitory activities with solid-phase allergens prepared from all of the ragweed pollens. Also, samples of serum were absorbed with the various solid-phase allergens and the reactivity of the remaining IgE antibodies was determined. Two patterns of reactivity were observed. Short, giant, western, and false ragweeds displayed comparable reactivity in both inhibition and absorption experiments. Slender and southern ragweed were considerably less active, indicating that they lacked allergenic groupings possessed by the other species. These same patterns of cross-reactivity were found using ragweed pollens from four commercial sources. Knowledge of these patterns of cross-allergenicity is of importance for diagnosis and treatment of sensitive patients as well as for in vitro standardization of extracts.

Absorption↗
PubMed1990

Overcoming deficiencies of the rule-based medical expert system.

One of the current deficiencies of the rule-based expert system is its static nature. As these systems are applied to medicine, this shortcoming becomes accentuated by: the rapid speed at which new knowledge is generated, the regional differences associated with the expression of many diseases, and the rate at which patient demographics and disease incidence change over time. This research presents a solution to the static nature of the rule-based expert system by proposing a hybrid system. This system consists of an expert system and a statistical analysis system linked to a patient database. The additional feature of a rule base manager which initiates automatic database analysis to refresh the statistical correlation of each rule ensures a dynamic, current, statistically accurate rule base. The philosophical differences between data and knowledge are also addressed as they apply to this type of hybrid system. The system is then used to generate four rule bases from different knowledge sources. These rule bases are then compared.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1992

Cardioembolic stroke.

Approximately 15% of ischemic strokes are the result of an embolism from a cardiac source. Patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, acute myocardial infarction, ventricular aneurysm, rheumatic heart disease, prosthetic heart valves and other less common cardiac disorders are at an increased risk for cardioembolic stroke. Clinicians must distinguish cardioembolic from atherosclerotic strokes to provide unique management for each patient. The nurse plays a dynamic role in diagnosis, education and treatment of patients at risk or who have had a stroke from a cardiac source. Knowledge of the pathophysiologic mechanisms and treatment options is essential for the nurse to adequately manage patient care.

Anticoagulants↗
PubMed1977

Application of knowledge about prevention in social work education and practice.

The status of preventive social work in the United States is reviewed, as are the three knowledge sources used in the teaching and practice of prevention: public health, mental health, and social work. The integration of concepts of prevention in social work curricula and practice are discussed, and new directions for its use are projected.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1976

Community resources--why should we use them.

Professionals working with low vision persons may find themselves in the situation where they are either the first or only contact known to their patient. Because one person is usually not able to fulfill the diverse needs of the visually impaired individual, he may find it necessary to refer patients to other sources. Knowledge of the role of other related professionals and their availability in the community may make the difference between a fragmetned receipt of services or a total approach to vision rehabilitation.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Extending a natural language parser with UMLS knowledge.

Over the past several years our research efforts have been directed toward the identification of natural language processing methods and techniques for improving access to biomedical information stored in computerized form. To provide a testing ground for some of these ideas we have undertaken the development of SPECIALIST, a prototype system for parsing and accessing biomedical text. The system includes linguistic and biomedical knowledge. Linguistic knowledge involves rules and facts about the grammar of the language. Biomedical knowledge involves rules and facts about the domain of biomedicine. The UMLS knowledge sources, Meta-1 and the Semantic Network, as well as the UMLS test collection, have recently contributed to the development of the SPECIALIST system.

Information Storage and Retrieval↗
PubMed1990

Nutritional intervention in chiropractic clinical practice: the chiropractic student's perspective.

A survey of chiropractic students reveals that they regard chiropractors as a knowledgeable source of information about nutrition. While the dissonance produced by the use of nutrients in clinical practice may be overcome by denying that this constitutes drug therapy, the controversies of appropriate use need to be addressed. The challenge faced by chiropractic undergraduate nutrition education involves identification of justifiable nutritional interventions, selection of effective doses and an awareness of the potential side effects. By resolving to match or better the medical profession as a source of nutritional health care, the future chiropractor has unwittingly embraced the cost-benefit paradigm of medical drug therapy.

Chiropractic↗
PubMed1991

Level of knowledge and information sources used by patients with psoriasis.

One-hundred and eight patients with psoriasis completed a questionnaire concerning their knowledge about the condition. This was carried out at two departments of dermatology, at Bridgend General Hospital and Leeds General Infirmary. There were no significant differences between the two centres, and the main source of the patients' information about psoriasis was from a dermatologist, but several other sources such as newsletter were of help.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Oral contraceptive patient information. A questionnaire study of attitudes, knowledge, and preferred information sources.

A questionnaire was designed to assess attitudes, knowledge, and views and sources of drug information on oral contraceptives, with particular attention to the role of the patient-oriented package insert. An analysis of 828 completed questionnaires shows that many women are apprehensive about the safety of oral contraceptives. The impact of the patient-oriented oral contraceptive insert on the women surveyed appears to be positive. The present labeling is read and found useful by most oral-contraceptive users. Patients were variably informed about the correct use and side effects discussed in current labeling, suggesting a need for improved transmission of important drug information. Patients preferred information from health professionals and printed sources over media sources. Balanced label information about risks of oral contraceptives should be made available to improve the likelihood of sound risk-benefit judgments.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Medical literature as a potential source of new knowledge.

Specialized biomedical literatures have been found that are implicitly linked by arguments that they respectively contain, but which nonetheless do not cite or refer to each other. The combined arguments lead to new inferences and conclusions that cannot be drawn from the separate literatures. One such analysis identified one set of articles showing that dietary fish oils lead to certain blood and vascular changes, and a second set containing evidence that similar changes might benefit patients with Raynaud's syndrome. Yet these two literatures had no articles in common and had never before been cited together; neither literature mentioned the other or suggested that dietary fish oil might benefit Raynaud patients. Two years after publication of that analysis, the first clinical trial demonstrating such a beneficial effect was reported independently by others. A second example of literature synthesis, based on eleven indirect connections, led to an inference that magnesium deficiency might be a causal factor in migraine headache. A third example calls attention to implicit connections between arginine intake and blood levels of somatomedins, a potentially fruitful but neglected area of research with implications for the decline with age of thymic function and protein synthesis. A model and an online search strategy to aid in identifying other logically related noninteractive literatures is described. Such structures are probably not rare and may provide the foundation for a literature-based approach to scientific discovery.

Abstracting and Indexing↗