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PubMed1991

Comparison of respiratory response of jogging in place and Bruce treadmill exercise test.

A comparison of the respiratory responses of jogging in place, an alternative exercise test we recently proposed, was made with those of the Bruce exercise test. We obtained on-line measurements of heart rate, ventilation, oxygen uptake, and carbon dioxide production from 9 healthy subjects of mean age 25 years. There was a higher heart rate and ventilatory response with jogging than with the Bruce test, but by 10 minutes the responses of the two tests were similar. Oxygen consumption, while higher with jogging, rose in parallel with that of the Bruce test from the second to the seventh min, and the change of the ratio of minute ventilation to oxygen consumption indicated that the anaerobic threshold occurred earlier during jogging. These results show that jogging in place is more vigorous than the graded exercise test and may produce ischemia earlier.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Cardiorespiratory strain of a five day jogging relay.

The heart rates of 14 voluntary subjects (seven male and seven females) participating in a 5 d jogging relay were recorded. The jogging speed was controlled at 3.0 m.s-1 on average. The heart rate measurements were related to cardiorespiratory responses obtained during VO2max test on a treadmill. The mean (s.d.) VO2max values were 53(2) and 48(2) ml.kg-1.min-1 and the anaerobic threshold was 42(1) and 38(2) ml.kg-1.min-1 for male and female subjects respectively. During the relay the mean(s.d) heart rate values of male and female subjects were 150(1), and 167(3) beats.min-1 (P < 0.001), corresponding to 68(1) and 76(2)% VO2max (P < 0.01) as calculated from the individual HR/VO2 regression equations. The jogging time above anaerobic threshold heart rate level was 9(3)% for the males and 43(7)% for the females (P < 0.001) of the total jogging time. The results indicate that even in a leisure oriented jogging event, cardiorespiratory strain can be rather high and that the strain can be significantly higher for female than for male subjects. The determination of the anaerobic threshold as well as VO2max is important when quantifying the level of cardiorespiratory strain of exercise.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Correlating intraocular pressure, blood pressure, and heart rate changes after jogging.

PURPOSE: To examine the effects of jogging on intraocular pressure (IOP), blood pressure (BP), and heart rate (HR). METHODS: Twenty-nine healthy individuals-25 athletes and 4 untrained-were studied. IOP, systolic and diastolic BP, and HR were measured before and just after 20 minutes of jogging (submaximal--70%--aerobic exercise). RESULTS: IOP decreased after jogging. Only three individuals had unchanged IOP in one eye and one individual in both eyes. The IOP decrease (1 to 8 mmHg) was statistically significant (p<0.001). BP increased after jogging (systolic: 0 to 60 mmHg, statistically significant changes, p<0.001; diastolic: 0 to 15 mmHg, statistically significant changes, p<0.001). HR increased as well (15 to 80 pulses/min, statistically significant changes, p<0.001). However, there were individuals who presented a significant decrease of IOP and a mild BP rise and vice versa, and also individuals with mild IOP decrease and significant HR change and vice versa. The statistical analysis clearly showed that there are no linear quantitative correlations between BP or HR changes and IOP changes. CONCLUSIONS: IOP decreases after jogging. Changes in BP and HR values have no linear quantitative correlation with IOP decrease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

The effect of jogging on P300 event related potentials.

Physical exercise has beneficial effects not only on cardiovascular system and fat metabolism, may also directly effect the cognitive process. We studied the effect of physical exercise on cognitive processes by measuring the P300 event related-potential (ERP) after jogging. Seven well-trained joggers were enrolled in this study and the P300 potentials using auditory oddball paradigm. ERPs were measured before and after 30 minutes of jogging. The amplitude of the P300 significantly increased after jogging compared to values recorded before jogging. These findings suggest that jogging has the effect of facilitating cognitive processes involved in generation of the P300.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Jogging: cardiovascular benefits and risks.

The cardiovascular benefits and risks of jogging are frequently debated. This article presents information on the effects of jogging and other aerobic exercise on heart rate, cardiac output, tissue oxygen consumption and blood pressure. The indirect effects of jogging on cardiac risk factors, such as serum lipids, blood clotting and glucose metabolism, are discussed. Along with the positive outcomes from jogging, the risks to the cardiovascular system are presented. These risks include a sudden drop in blood pressure at the cessation of intense jogging, cardiac arrhythmias and ischemia. The primary care nurse practitioner can play an important role in prescribing a level of exercise that is safe and will enhance physical fitness, particularly cardiovascular fitness. Guidelines for prescribing an exercise program for a variety of patient populations are reviewed, and the need for exercise monitoring by the individual is stressed.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Incidence of death during jogging in Rhode Island from 1975 through 1980.

In the six years from 1975 through 1980, a total of 12 men died during jogging in the state of Rhode Island. The cause of death in 11 was coronary heart disease (CHD). One man died of an acute gastrointestinal hemorrhage. The prevalence of jogging in the Rhode Island population was determined using a random-digit telephone survey. Among men aged 30 through 64 years, 7.4% +/- 2.6% (mean +/- SEE) reported jogging at least twice a week. The incidence of death during jogging for men of this age group was one death per year for every 7,620 joggers, or approximately one death per 396,000 man-hours of jogging. This rate is seven times the estimated death rate from CHD during more sedentary activities in Rhode Island and suggests that exercise contributes to sudden death in susceptible persons. The occurrence of only one death per 7,620 joggers per year demonstrates that the risk of exercise is small and suggests that the routine exercise testing of healthy subjects before exercise training in not justified.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Effects of consecutive exercise days of jogging or cycling on the resting metabolic rate and nitrogen balance.

The resting metabolic rate (RMR) following recovery from level jogging, which includes an eccentric component, was hypothesized to be greater and remain elevated longer than following concentric cycling due to repair of exercise-induced muscle damage. Nine males participated in both a jogging and cycling protocol. RMR measurements were determined by indirect calorimetry before and on the seven mornings following three consecutive days of 45-min exercise sessions performed at equal energy expenditures. Daily protein intake and urinary nitrogen (N) output were measured throughout both protocols. No differences were observed in the resting oxygen consumption, respiratory exchange ratio, or heart rate between baseline measurements and from any of the postexercise days following the third exercise bout. Urinary N and the estimated N balance during postexercise also did not change from baseline values over time or mode x time. However, the overall estimated N balance for the jogging protocol was less positive than for the cycling protocol (p < 0.05). Muscular soreness was greater (p < 0.05) and lasted longer from the jogging protocol. Although, muscle damage may have been more severe in the jogging protocol, RMR and N balance were not different between the two exercise modes.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Relationship between vertical ground reaction force and speed during walking, slow jogging, and running.

OBJECTIVE: To obtain descriptive information between vertical ground reaction force (GRF)-time histories and gait speed, running style, and gender. DESIGN: GRF-time history measurements were obtained from male and female subjects during walking, slow jogging, jogging and running on an indoor platform. BACKGROUND: Previous studies have established GRF descriptor variables for male subjects running at speeds from 3 to 6 m s(-1), but very little descriptive data exists for slower or faster running, nor have previous studies reported GRF descriptors separately for female subjects. METHODS: GRF-time histories were recorded for 13 male and 10 female recreational athletes during walking and slow jogging at speeds between 1.5 and 3.0 m s(-1), and running at speeds between 3.5 and 6.0 m s(-1). Vertical GRF-time data for trials with speeds within 0.2 m s(-1) of the prescribed speed were analysed to determine thrust maximum GRF (F(z)) and loading rate (G(z)). RESULTS: In both male and female subjects, F(z) increased linearly during walking and running from 1.2 BW to approximately 2.5 BW at 6.0 m s(-1), remaining constant during forward lean sprinting at higher speeds. F(z) was linearly correlated to G(z), the latter ranging from 8 to 30 BW s(-1) over this speed range. Slow jogging was associated with a > 50% higher F(z) and G(z) in comparison to walking or fast running. CONCLUSIONS: Similar GRF descriptor data and velocity relationships were obtained for male and female subjects. Impact forces were greatest when the subjects adopted a higher, less fixed centre of gravity during slow jogging. RELEVANCE: These results suggest that vertical GRF norms can be established for male and female subjects alike, and that slow or fast running with a lower, fixed centre of gravity decreases impact forces.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1994

Effect of anterior cruciate ligament deficiency on economy of walking and jogging.

The metabolic cost of walking and jogging following injury to the anterior cruciate ligament is unknown. Economy of motion refers to the oxygen consumption for a submaximal work rate. The purpose of this study was to compare the economy of walking and jogging of an anterior cruciate ligament-deficient population with that of a control population without orthopaedic abnormalities. Steady-state oxygen consumption was measured in 30 patients and 98 controls while they were on a treadmill at various speeds. Deficiency of the anterior cruciate ligament was diagnosed arthroscopically. The patients also were tested for isokinetic knee extension-flexion strength, hip flexion, and abduction and adduction strength and underwent arthrometric measurement of anterior tibial displacement. The patients had a statistically significant increase in oxygen consumption when jogging at 160.9 m/min (p = 0.007); however, there was no significant effect of anterior cruciate ligament deficiency on economy at the other speeds tested. The patients had significant deficits in strength of all muscle groups tested. Steady-state oxygen consumption at 160.9 m/min tended to be inversely related to the deficit of strength of knee flexion (r = -0.44, p = 0.07). Arthrometric measurements and chronicity of injury were unrelated to steady-state oxygen consumption. These data indicate that anterior cruciate ligament deficiency increases oxygen consumption during jogging. In long-distance running, this decreased economy translates into significant additional caloric requirements, which may result in earlier fatigue.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Endothelin-1 concentration in plasma is increased after jogging but decreased after cycling in healthy men.

Endothelin-1 plays an important role as a paracrine factor in the regulation of regional blood flow. Plasma levels may represent the net result of spill-over from local stimulation/release and elimination of endothelin-1. In order to compare changes in the concentration of endothelin-1 in the plasma of subjects performing different types of sports exercises we measured immunoreactive endothelin-1 in healthy volunteers ( n=20) performing in random order jogging on a treadmill and cycling on a bicycle ergometer, for 30 min each. Plasma immunoreactive endothelin-1 increased significantly after jogging (2.13+/-0.8 pg/ml versus 2.6+/-0.8 pg/ml, before and after exercise, respectively, P<0.03), whereas it decreased after cycling (2.45+/-0.76 pg/ml versus 2.25+/-0.9 pg/ml, before and after exercise, respectively, P<0.03). We suggest that microtraumatizing effects on the endothelial lining are more pronounced during jogging than during cycling, resulting in a greater increase in plasma endothelin-1, which is too high to be immediately eliminated by the lung despite exercise-induced enhanced pulmonary perfusion. In contrast, similarly enhanced lung perfusion together with a relatively lower stimulation of endothelin-1 compared with jogging, may explain the net decrease in plasma after cycling.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Fetal heart rate reactivity before and after maternal jogging during the third trimester.

A paucity of data exists concerning the fetal effects of exercise during pregnancy. Seven women who jogged at least 1.5 miles three times per week prior to and during pregnancy were studied during the third trimester of pregnancy (28 to 38 weeks' gestation). Fetal status was evaluated by the nonstress test (NST) before and immediately after maternal jogging of at least 1.5 miles. The seven pregnant women had a total of 30 NSTs--15 prior to and 15 immediately after jogging. All 30 tests were reactive, and there was no significant difference in the monitoring time required to obtain a reactive NST before and after jogging. The prejogging fetal heart rate (FHR) ranged from 140 to 150 bpm, and the postjogging FHR ranged from 180 to 204 in nine of the 15 NSTs. It took a mean of 22 minutes (range, 12 to 30 minutes) for the FHR to return to the prejogging baseline.

Female↗
PubMed1991

[Jogging--stress-induced damage of the musculoskeletal system].

During a period of 8 months 121 male and 99 female joggers were interviewed by a standardised questionnaire in respect of their running behaviour and problems caused by jogging. Only such runners were included who had jogged regularly on at least 2 days, regarding women on at least one day per week for at least 30 minutes during the last 2 years. Additionally a detailed orthopaedic examination was carried out in the ambulance of the Orthopaedic University clinic. The overwhelming majority of male and female joggers had a secondary education and practised easy physical activities. Only 4 per cent of the interviewed persons worked physically hard. In connection with jogging, 67 male and 44 female joggers developed signs at the locomotor system. Among the major problems with regard to running were Achilles tendinitis, calf muscle strain, shin splints and complaints referring to foot deformities. Injuries were seen only rarely. Jogging on forest grounds and cinder paths is less strenuous compared to asphalt tracks or tartan paths. Training errors were among the main causes of complaints occurring during running. Traumatic or posttraumatic influences as well as incorrect footwear were of secondary importance regarding the occurrence of complaints.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Effect of regular Tai Chi and jogging exercise on neuromuscular reaction in older people.

OBJECTIVES: to investigate the effects of regular Tai Chi (TC) or jogging exercise on neuromuscular reaction in older people. DESIGN: cross-sectional study. SETTING: university biomechanics laboratory. SUBJECTS: 21 long-term elderly TC practitioners were compared with 18 regular elderly joggers and 22 sedentary counterparts. MEASUREMENTS: electromyography (EMG) was used to detect the neuromuscular reaction of the leg muscles to an unexpected ankle inversion perturbation. The latency of the muscles, which was defined as the time that the moment of perturbation began to the onset of the EMG response, was evaluated. RESULTS: a one-way ANOVA revealed that there were significant differences in the latency of the rectus femoris (R) and anterior tibialis (T) muscles between the three groups, but that there were no differences in the latency of the semitendinosus (S) and gastrocnemius (G) muscles. Further tests indicated that the R and T muscles in the TC and jogging groups were activated significantly faster than those in the control group. No significant difference was found for the muscle onset latencies between the TC and jogging groups. CONCLUSION: maintaining information processing speed during ageing is important, because of the role that it plays in many everyday events. The R and T muscles in the regular TC and jogging groups showed faster responses to unexpected ankle inversion perturbations, which is helpful for the timely correction of postural disturbances, than those in the sedentary control group.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Intensity of jogging. Relationship with menstrual/reproductive variables.

The relationship between intensity of jogging and various menstrual/reproductive factors in women were investigated. Data were collected by questionnaire from 319 women who participated in a running event that included both a 6.2-mile (10 K) run and a 26.2-mile marathon in northeastern Ohio. Findings reaffirmed the notion that scant menstrual flow, skipped menses, and menstrual irregularity are significantly related to the intensity of jogging; age at menarche, infertility, and uterine prolapse were not. Thirty-two percent of the women felt that jogging decreased their menstrual discomfort, and 44% reported better jogging performance right after or between menstrual periods.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1989

Jogging in place. Evaluation of a simplified exercise test.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate jogging in place as an electrocardiographic exercise test. Jogging in place continuously recorded via an ordinary single-channel electrocardiograph was compared with the Bruce treadmill protocol with a three-channel monitor and recorder in 141 cases with a wide spectrum of chest complaints. Agreement for the presence or absence of electrocardiographic ischemia (ST-segment displacement greater than or equal to 1 mm at 80 ms from the J point, or U-wave inversion) for the two tests was observed in 91 percent of the cases (95 percent confidence intervals: 86 percent to 95.5 percent). One hundred of the previous cases with paired electrocardiographic exercise tests were compared with the presence of reversible defects on exercise myocardial thallium-201 scintigraphy. The electrocardiographic ischemia had a similar correct classification rate in both methods (83 percent with jogging in place and 85 percent with Bruce treadmill protocol; not significant) against the finding of scintigraphic ischemia. This was also true for 52 cases having selective coronary arteriography. The correct classification rate was 54 percent (28/52) with jogging in place and 48 percent (25/52) with Bruce treadmill protocol (not significant). Given the safety and the easy applicability, even in older persons, this simplified test can be recommended as a valid alternative to the established multistage exercise tests.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Estimation of energy expenditure during walking and jogging by using an electro-pedometer].

Using an electro-pedometer which is commercially available, energy expenditure during walking and/or jogging was assessed, and was compared with that obtained by oxygen uptake (VO2). Thirteen male students and 12 female students exercised on 6 minutes duration treadmill tests which velocities were 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120m/min for walking and 100, 120, 140, 160, and 180m/min for jogging, respectively. During exercise, energy expenditure was calculated by VO2 value and respiratory exchange ratio, and was estimated by an electro-pedometer. There was a significant linear relationship between energy expenditures estimated by the pedometer and calculated by VO2 during walking and jogging. To predict energy expenditure more precisely by the electro-pedometer, it is suggested that more precise value of stride should be inputted into the pedometer. In conclusion, the present study showed that commercially available electro-pedometer is able to use for the estimation of energy expenditure with precise validity during walking and/or jogging.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Jogging causes acute changes in the knee joint: an MR study in normal volunteers.

As MR imaging allows evaluation of soft-tissue structures not previously possible with imaging techniques, we undertook a preliminary study to evaluate the effects of a popular form of exercise (jogging) on the knee. The specific question prompting our investigation was, does repetitive impulse loading produced by jogging cause acute structural changes within the knee that are visible by MR imaging? The knees of 10 healthy subjects were examined on a 1.5-T MR system before and immediately after 30 min of continuous jogging. The same extremity was examined each time, and the imaging sequences and photographic technique (meniscal windows) were identical for both examinations. Effusions developed in five of 10 subjects after exercise. In addition, five of 10 subjects had subtle increased signal intensity within their menisci. These results suggest that jogging frequently leads to acute changes in the knee that are visible on MR imaging. The significance of these changes is unknown.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Changes in thyroid hormone levels in persons jogging].

The levels of the thyrotropic and thyroid hormones were studied in the serum of 115 persons going in for jogging and in 271 persons not going in for jogging, using a radioimmunoassay. Jogging was shown to cause an increase in blood T3 concentration. The author discussed the role of the thyroid hormones in the regulation of oxygen supply of tissues, shifts in water, electrolytic and carbohydrate metabolisms, and lipid levels in persons going in for jogging.

Female↗