Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “JUDGMENT”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

A dynamic theory of proportional judgment: context and judgment of length, heaviness, and roughness.

Subjects judged the length of lines, the heaviness of weights, or the roughness of sandpaper in 2 conditions. In 1 condition, they were instructed to make all their judgments relative to a long-term reference point, which consisted of a reference response and sensation. In the other condition, they were told to use a short-term reference point, namely, the response and sensation of the previous trial. A dynamic model of proportional judgment (L. T. DeCarlo, 1989/1990) predicts that the autocorrelation of successive responses will be larger for the latter instructions. This prediction was confirmed for the 3 continua. In addition, fits of a recently proposed dynamic regression model show that there is little or no effect of the previous stimulus intensity on the current response, whereas the results for an earlier model suggest a large contrast effect. The theory and experiments provide insight into judgmental and sensory processes in magnitude scaling.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Global judgments versus decision-model-facilitated judgments: are experts internally consistent?

A widely used method for evaluating the appropriateness of medical procedures and practices is the "modified Delphi" approach using expert panelists' global ratings. However, several difficulties in the assignment of global ratings have led to a search for alternative methods, including the use of decision models. To examine the potential impact of using decision models with an expert panel, the authors compared a panel's global ratings for the appropriateness of carotid endarterectomy with the results of a decision-analytic model in which expert panelists estimated probabilities and utilities that were used as inputs for the model. For 17 different patient scenarios, the nine expert panelists showed variability in "calibration" between the two methods, with their expected utilities calculated from the model generally being higher than their global ratings. However, the correlation between the two methods was excellent. When the panel's median global utility was compared with the panel's median expected utility calculated from the model, the Spearman correlation coefficient was 0.88. This study demonstrated that an expert panel's appropriateness ratings and their expected utilities were highly correlated. In addition, the panelists appeared to be internally consistent in that their judgments about individual probabilities and utilities were correlated with their global judgments. These results should encourage additional efforts to incorporate decision models into the process of clinical guideline development. The authors believe that decision models can help improve a panel's capacity to understand and reconcile discordance, and increase their satisfaction that the process reflects the best possible judgments.

Carotid Stenosis↗
PubMed2002

Hemispheric asymmetries in categorical judgments of direction versus coordinate judgments of velocity of motion.

Three experiments on visual field differences in motion perception are reported. Experiment 1 employed circular stimuli that grew or shrank either quickly or slowly. Experiments 2 and 3 employed circles that moved upward or downward either quickly or slowly. Judgments based on categorical equivalence classes (i.e., grow/shrink, upward/downward) generally yielded small and nonsignificant right visual field advantages. Judgments based on the precise coordinates of motion (i.e., quickly/slowly) yielded significant left visual field advantages across all three experiments. Results are interpreted in light of Kosslyn's (1987) model of hemispheric differences in the processing of categorical versus coordinate spatial relations.

Attention↗
PubMed2005

Latency facilitation in temporal-order judgments: time course of facilitation as a function of judgment type.

The paper is concerned with two models of early visual processing which predict that priming of a visual mask by a preceding masked stimulus speeds up conscious perception of the mask (perceptual latency priming). One model ascribes this speed-up to facilitation by visuo-spatial attention [Scharlau, I., & Neumann, O. (2003a). Perceptual latency priming by masked and unmasked stimuli: Evidence for an attentional explanation. Psychological Research 67, 184-197], the other attributes it to nonspecific upgrading mediated by retino-thalamic and thalamo-cortical pathways [Bachmann, T. (1994). Psychophysiology of visual masking: The fine structure of conscious experience. Commack, NY: Nova Science Publishers]. The models make different predictions about the time course of perceptual latency priming. Four experiments test these predictions. The results provide more support for the attentional than for the upgrading model. The experiments further demonstrate that testing latency facilitation with temporal-order judgments may induce a methodological problem resulting in fairly low estimates. A method which provides a more exhaustive measure is suggested and tested.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Frequency of judgment as a context-like determinant of predictive judgments.

Several studies have shown that predictive and causal judgments vary depending on whether the question used to assess the relationship between events is presented after each piece of information or only after all the available information has been observed. This effect could be understood by assuming that in the two cases people perceive that the test question requires that different sets of evidence be taken into account. This hypothesis is tested in the present experiments through contextual manipulations that take place at the time of training and at the time of test. Our results show that people use this contextual information to infer which set of events should be considered when making their subjective assessments. The results are at odds with current theoretical approaches, but it is possible to develop mechanisms that would allow these models to account for the observed evidence.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Metacognition in psychophysical judgment: an unfolding view of comparative judgments of mental workload.

An experiment is reported in which it was found that when subjects were required to indicate which of two visual extents was more difficult to categorize as "long" or "short," they executed these categorizations and then measured the distance of the representation of each stimulus from the long-short category boundary; the stimulus nearer the boundary was judged to be the more difficult. When they were requested to indicate which was easier to categorize, they selected the alternative that was farther. Coombs's theory of data (1952, 1964) and his unfolding theory of preferential choice (1950, 1964) provided the conceptualization of metacognition in this psychophysical task context. Strong support for the probabilistic version of unfolding theory was obtained from the observed selective effects of laterality on the levels of stochastic transitivity attained for various classes of triples and the reliably longer times for comparisons with bilateral pairs than with unilateral pairs. The semantic congruity effects obtained, together with the changes in the form of the relationship between probability and response time as a function of practice, can be best accounted for by an evidence accrual theory in which the distances from the active reference point are measured and compared with a criterion on each evidence accrual. No support is provided for the view that propositionally based semantic "ease"-"difficulty" codes serve as the basis for these metacognitive comparative judgments of ease and difficulty.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Impaired recency judgments and intact novelty judgments after fornix transection in monkeys.

Over four experiments based on the delayed matching-to-sample task, fornix-transected and normal control monkeys were presented with a sequence of five sample stimuli and then received intermixed within-session recency (WSR) and between-session recency (BSR) tests in experiment 1, only BSR tests in experiment 2, only absolute novelty (AN) tests in experiment 3, or only WSR tests in experiment 4. In WSR tests, monkeys chose which of two samples had occurred more recently in the immediately preceding sequence. In BSR and AN tests, monkeys were required to choose one sample from the immediately preceding sequence in preference to a foil unseen in the present session (BSR) or an AN foil that had never been presented before. When tests of WSR and BSR were intermixed (experiment 1), fornix monkeys performed below the level of the control monkeys in both types of test, although this difference was not statistically significant. In experiment 2, fornix monkeys were significantly impaired on tests of BSR alone, in which memory for a stimulus presented in an immediately preceding sequence could compete with memory for a foil presented in an earlier training session. In tests of AN (experiment 3), fornix monkeys performed at the same level as control animals in distinguishing a previously experienced stimulus from a previously unseen foil. In experiment 4, fornix transection significantly impaired tests of WSR alone. Taken together, these results suggest that one specialized role of the fornix is to process temporal information.

Animals↗