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PubMedDate not supplied

[Report on 5 years of expanded program of vaccination in an experimental zone in Ivory Coast].

Started in june 1978 in the Abengourou District (Ivory Coast) the expanded program on immunization (E.P.I.) was assessed in june 1983 by the mean of a vaccinal survey, after five years of implementation. This survey was conducted in both urban circle where E.P.I. was fully in operation from 1978, and rural circle where it was progressively implemented to reach about 3/4 of the villages by 1983. The authors report and compare the findings in terms of global vaccinal coverage towards the six diseases covered by the E.P.I. in town (71,7%) and in rural area (42,6%). Their report includes the results of a survey about the sanitary protection of the children and about the respect of the ideal immunization schedule and recommended in Ivory Coast (39,9% in town and 6,2% in rural area). In considering measles, they attempt to understand the true benefit of such a plan in terms of reduced mortality and morbidity rate from 15,8% to 0,9%. Considering their findings, the authors recommend to concentrate efforts in two directions for the coming years. To better cover the rural zones. To better respect the ideal immunization schedule.

BCG Vaccine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Some epidemiologic aspects of yaws in the Ivory Coast.

Because of the prevailing high levels of yaws, a mass treatment campaign was conducted in the Ivory Coast from 1956 to 1970. In 1970, at the end of the mass campaign, less than 30,000 cases of yaws were reported. After 1970, a program of detection and treatment of remaining foci of infection was carried out to control the disease. The number of cases reported annually continued to decline until 1974, when the number of reported cases began to rise. Since 1980, the annual reported incidence of yaws has declined. It is concluded that the mass campaign of 1956-1970 reduced the endemicity of yaws in the Ivory Coast. However, significant foci of the disease remain, and efforts to detect and treat yaws must be continued to prevent a resurgence of this infection in the Ivory Coast.

Cote d'Ivoire↗
PubMed1994

[Stegomyian indices and epidemiological status of yellow fever in a rural area of the Ivory Coast].

The M'bahiakro region, located in the center of Ivory Coast and inhabited by the N'gain, has been the scene of a yellow fever epidemic since 1982. This region reunites all the conditions for cyclic emergence of the flavivirus given the current epidemiologic pattern of yellow fever in Africa. In view of this situation ORSTOM, in collaboration with the Pasteur Institute of Ivory Coast, has created a pilot zone for epidemiologic surveillance of yellow fever in this region. The N'gain region which has a total population of 12,000 living in 20 villages with between 100 and 2000 inhabitants is located in a preforest area with an attenuated transitional climate characterized by a dry season and a rainy season with two peak periods of precipitation (May and October) but a low mean annual rainfall (1172 mm). There are few springs, wells and rivers and maintaining water supplies is difficult. As a result villagers stockpile rainwater in various types of containers. Inspections were carried out from February to July in the 20 villages of the region. Each room of every dwelling was registered and visited. Water reserves were inspected and those containing pre-imaginal stage Culicidae were counted as positive. Nymphs and larva were sometimes collected. Nymphs were raised and larva preserved. Species identification by the laboratory was based on these larva and imagos obtained by raising the nymphs. Correspondence tables established by the World Health Organization between stegomiyan indices (dwelling), container, BRETEAU) and flavivirus in the population were used to exploit the results.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1988

[Tropical African neuromyelopathies: 61 studied cases in the Ivory Coast].

Sixty one cases of tropical myeloneuropathies (TNM) from Abidjan, Ivory Coast, are reported. The mean age of patients was 35 years. The socioeconomic level was often very low and puerperality was a common initiating factor. Several clinical forms are noted: pure pyramidal (16 cases), pure ataxic (11 cases), sensory motor polyneuritis (8 cases), combined sclerosis of the spinal cord (1 case), ataxic polyneuritis (25 cases). In fact the extent of the pathobiological process was more severe as shown by slowings of peripheral motor nerve conduction velocities, prolonged central conduction time determined after cortical and spinal stimulations, and a severe sensory axonal impairment on nerve biopsies. These changes were observed with varying degrees in all clinical forms. As long as the etiological factors of TMN are not known (preventing from the possibility to split this disease in several entities) it is preferable to speak about one global disorder and not isolated various clinical forms (e.g. particulary: tropical spastic paraplegia). HTLV-I retrovirus seems to play a limited role in the etiology of TMN in Ivory Coast (1 positive case).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

A genetic approach to the geography of hypertension : examination of Na+ - K+ cotransport in Ivory Coast Africans.

Outward Na+ - K+ cotransport in erythrocytes from essential hypertensive Caucasian subjects was found to be excessively low (Co -) compared to normotensives (Co +) carefully selected for their negative family history of hypertension. Since the frequency of essential hypertension varies widely among different populations and is particularly high in certain coloured peoples, we compared erythrocyte Na+ - K+ cotransport in normotensive and hypertensive subjects in Paris (France) and in Abidjan (Ivory Coast) to seen whether defective cotransport was related to high blood pressure in the African group as well. Of the 66 French unselected normotensives investigated, 26 (39%) were Co - whereas 14 of the 18 Ivory Coast unselected normotensives (79%) were Co -. 64 (80%) of the 80 essential hypertensives examined in France were Co -, but the proportion of Co - subjects among the Ivory Coast hypertensives was even higher. In addition, both hypertensives and normotensives in the African groups often had undetectable outward Na+ effluxes, a rare finding in the French subjects. We suggest that the high incidence of abnormal Na+ - K+ cotransport in the Ivory Coast series may reflect a genetic propensity to hypertension in this population, and that consequently, Na+ - K+ erythrocyte cotransport measurements might prove useful in defining geographic variations in hypertension.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

[Aspects of malaria in a village of the humid savannah of the Ivory Coast].

Malaria is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Ivory Coast. This fact justifies further epidemiological investigations to define regional features and allow implementation of the most suitable control measures. To this end, a study focusing on transmission of malaria was conducted between January and May 1993 concurrently with malarial parasite identification in Allokoukro, a village in the humid savannah in the central region of Ivory Coast. Two vectors of malaria were found in the village, i.e. Anopheles gambiae s.l. and Anopheles funestus. These two species accounted for 53.7% of Culicides captured during the study with important monthly variations depending on rainfall. Anopheles gambiae s.l. accounted for 92.2% of the anopheles captured and thus was the main vector identified in the village. As a result of its persistence and high density, this species ensured uninterrupted transmission of malaria. Anopheles funestus was scarce and thus played a limited role in infection at the beginning of the rainy season. Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium malariae were the main parasite species identified in the population of the village. The incidence of malarial infection was high in children between the ages of 0 and 14 years. Plasmodium indices stood at 45.5% in March and 82.2% in May. The prevalence of malarial infection in may was associated with an increase in mean serum parasite levels in children. Clinical studies showed that malaria motivated 64.4% of consultations during the rainy season and was one of the mean causes of morbidity in particular among children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Preliminary cost-effectiveness analysis of an AIDS vaccine in Abidjan, Ivory Coast.

A preliminary assessment was made of the cost-effectiveness of a hypothetical AIDS vaccine in Abidjan, Ivory Coast. A total cost of $20,079 per HIV positive case in the Ivory Coast was projected by estimating the indirect and direct costs of infection. The HIV vaccine was then estimated to increase by $5.28; the costs of a fully immunized child (plus costs of the vaccine). After using this data and taking into account that at least 5% of a cohort of vaccine-eligible infants would become HIV positive at approximately age 26, a cost-benefit analysis was undertaken varying cost, efficacy rates for the hypothetical vaccine and HIV seroprevalence rates in order to indicate at what price per individual dose of vaccine would it stop being cost-beneficial. Furthermore, the basic model was expanded to include vaccinating young adults and the added benefits associated with decreased HIV transmission especially in individuals with high risk behavior. The model was expanded to examine the effects of a changing discount rate. Because of the tremendous economic burden due to AIDS, the prospective vaccine costs at which there is no economic benefit were higher than expected.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1999

Predominance of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 subtype B in Abidjan, Ivory Coast.

We analyzed the genetic variability and phylogenetic relationships among 28 HIV-2 strains collected from patients enrolled in an HIV epidemiologic study in Abidjan, Ivory Coast, during 1995-1996. Although both subtype A (n = 8; 29%) and subtype B (n = 20; 71%) were present in this sampling, the majority of infections were caused by subtype B viruses. These findings contrasted with the reported predominance of HIV-2 subtype A in other African countries. The broad genetic diversity identified among protease gene sequences for HIV-2 subtype A (6%; range 3-15%) and subtype B (7%; range, 2-12%), and their presence in Abidjan during the 1980s, document a long coexistence of two viral subtypes in Ivory Coast. Our data indicate that viruses of subtypes A and B have contributed to the HIV-2 epidemic in Ivory Coast.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Prevalence and distribution of spotted fever and typhus infections in Sierra Leone and Ivory Coast.

A serosurvey for evidence of rickettsial infections was conducted in the rural populations of several tropical rain forest areas in Sierra Leone and Ivory Coast. Seropositivity rates were surprisingly high in both countries, with more than 7% of the individuals in some districts having antibodies to spotted fever-group rickettsiae. No significant difference was found in the overall prevalence of diagnostic antibody titers to spotted fever-group rickettsiae in Sierra Leone (5.3%) and Ivory Coast (6.2%). However, there was a significant difference (p less than 0.001) in the prevalence of diagnostic antibody titers to typhus rickettsiae in the two countries. There were no marked geographic differences within either country in overall prevalence of rickettsial infections, but there were possible area differences in specific seropositivity rates to typhus- and spotted fever-group rickettsiae in Sierra Leone. In both countries, age and sex differences were important in determining seropositivity, but there was no indication of an age-sex interaction. In Sierra Leone, 59 of the 80 positive sera (73.8%) were from persons age 15 or above (p less than 0.001), and 50 of the 80 (62.5%) were from males (p = 0.05). In Ivory Coast, 33 of the 37 positive sera (89.2%) were from the greater than or equal to 15-age group, and 28 of the 37 (75.7%) were from males (p less than 0.001 for both age and sex). The identification of specific areas endemic for these rickettsial diseases should facilitate the diagnosis and treatment of patients with rickettsial illnesses in West Africa.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

[Causes of late odontostomatologic consultations in Ivory Coast].

In Africa, particularly in Ivory-Coast, dental patients present late with life threatening complications. The authors designed a questionnaire to be filled by each patient who presented with serious dental pathology whose only remedy was tooth extraction. Causes of late consultation including financial deprivation, fear of dentist, self medication are some of the factors identified by the authors as the most frequent factors. Dental health education and a comprehensive, social policy are advanced as possible ways of prevention.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Appearance of human anthrax in Ivory Coast forests].

Eight cases of human anthrax were reported in 1983 from Ivory Coast Republic, all of them in the tropical forest belt (7 degrees 30' N). Clinical forms were: cephalic cutaneous (4 cases), intestinal (1 case) and very likely neurological (3 cases). Human disease was correlated to epizootic anthrax occuring in sheeps and goats within this area. Bacteriological cultures of animal material confirmed the diagnosis. This report of human anthrax is the second one coming from Ivory Coast Republic but the first one from the western Africa forest belt.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Risk factors for human African trypanosomiasis in the endemic foci of Ivory Coast].

A case-control study on risk factors of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense human african trypanosomiasis was carried out in 111 patients diagnosed in the three main foci of Ivory coast. Each case was age and sex matched with one seronegative control living in the same locality. Based upon previous epidemiological surveys conducted in similar areas, the potential risk factors were identified and assessed using a standard questionnaire. The study demonstrates that in the forest area of Ivory coast human trypanosomiasis in a behavioral disease affecting mainly coffee and cocoa farmers. The allogenous populations coming from sudano-sahelian savannah are more exposed to the disease than other ethnic groups. People sleeping at the farm (encampments) are more likely to become infected than those living at the village (ODDS-Ratio = 4.5). People fetching water in natural holes and pools have an increased risk (ODDS-Ratio = 3.6). Cases reported more often than controls that they are foodstuffs dealers from the farms to the villages (ODDS-Ratio = 13.0). These results are consistent with data from previous studies. We identified preventable risk factors, upon which interventions should be carried out to reduce the incidence of the disease. The possibility of using these findings to improve sleeping sickness control programme in the forest areas of Ivory Coast is discussed.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed2001

Nucleotide sequence comparison of the 3' terminal region of the genome of pepper vein mottle virus isolates from Tunisia and Ivory Coast.

Three Tunisian PVMV isolates identified in pepper and tomato fields and one isolate from Ivory Coast were submitted to biological and molecular analysis. Phenotypically, Tunisian isolates induced mild symptoms while the Ivory Coast one is more aggressive on tobacco. As no PVMV sequence data are available, detailed sequence comparisons of coat protein gene (CP) were made. No nucleotide or amino acid changes in this region could be related to the pathogenicity of the isolates analysed. With the aim to increase our molecular understanding of the biological properties, we have sequenced the 3'-non translated region (3'NTR). Results suggest that this region of the RNA genome may be involved in the modulation of disease symptoms.

3' Untranslated Regions↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Salmonellosis in children in Ivory Coast, (A study on 69 cases) (author's transl)].

Salmonellosis are still endemic in Ivory Coast. In 1975 they were responsible for 1,75 p. 100 of the admittances in the pediatric department of Treichville University Hospital. In children, the conventional distinction between major and minor salmonellosis is not always obvious. Interpretation of Widal sero-diagnosis is often difficult and awkward. Chloramphenicol generally leads to satisfactory evolution. Salmonellosis are still a problem for Public Health Service. Immunization, is the only effective prophylaxis, but is not carried out yet in Ivory Coast.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Wage rentals for reproducible human capital: evidence from Ghana and the Ivory Coast.

Education, child nutrition, adult health/nutrition, and labor mobility are critical factors in achieving recent sustained growth in factor productivity. To compare the contribution of these four human capital inputs, an expanded specification of the wage function is estimated from household (LSMS) surveys of the Ivory Coast and Ghana. Specification tests assess whether the human capital inputs are exogenous, and instrumental variable techniques are used to estimate the wage function. Smaller panels from the Ivory Coast imply the magnitude of measurement error in the human capital inputs and provide more efficient instruments to estimate the wage equation. The conclusion emerges that weight-for-height and height are endogenous, particularly prone to measurement error, and heterogeneous in their effects on wages. Overall returns to these four forms of human capital are similar within each country for men and women, but education and migration returns are higher in the more rapidly growing Ivory Coast, and the wage effects of child nutrition proxied by height are greater in poorer, more malnourished Ghana.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Sickle cell trait in Ivory Coast athletic throw and jump champions, 1956-1995.

In order to assess the performance of subjects with sickle cell trait (SCT) during brief and explosive exercise involving mainly alactic anaerobic metabolism, the percentage of athletes with SCT was determined in Ivory Coast track and field throw and jump champions, both men and women, for the period 1956-1995. Thirty-four (27.8%) sickle cell trait carriers (SCTC) were identified among the 122 national champions that we were able to contact. These 34 SCTC had won 78 national titles (24.5%) and established 37 national records (43.5%), distributed among the throw and jump events. These percentages were significantly higher than the prevalence of SCT in the general Ivory Coast population (12.0%). The women's high jump and men's shot put events had the highest percentages of SCTC record holders (90.9% and 87.5%, respectively). Moreover, the two top national record holders and title winners, one man and one woman, were SCTC athletes, and their hemoglobin S percentage (HbS: 39.1% and 39.4%, respectively) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) excluded an associated alpha-thalassemia. We conclude that the significantly higher percentage of SCTCs among Ivory Coast track and field champions, as compared to the percentage in the general population suggests that SCT may be a determinant factor for success in brief and explosive track and field events involving mainly alactic anaerobic metabolism.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Surveys on seroprevalence of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis among dogs living in the Ivory Coast and Gabon and evaluation of a quick commercial test kit dot-ELISA.

Canine monocytic ehlichiosis (CME), an enzootic disease in Africa, has been studied in canine blood samples (serum). These dogs, without any clinical sign of disease, were living in Abidjan (Ivory Coast) and in several small villages located in northeasst Gabon (Ogooué Ivindo). The results obtained by indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test, used as a point of reference, and by a quick test dot-Elisa were compared. Blood samples taken from 390 asymptomatic dogs in 2003 (137 in Ivory Coast and 253 in Gabon) were screened by IFA (antigen from Symbiotics Europe, Lyon) with a positive threshold set at 1/80. Afterwards, CME was detected by the commercial test kit Dot-Elisa in solid phase Snap 3Dx (Idexx, Westbrook, Maine, USA), using recombinant proteins which belong to Ehrlichia canis, p30 and p30-1. Using the IFA test, CME seroprevalence in the Ivory Coast is found to be 67.8%. Among 93 Ivorian seropositive blood samples, 76 samples show an antibody titer >1/2560. In Gabon, IFA showed that seroprevalence is only 3.1%. Among 8 seropositive Gabonese dogs, only one sample shows an antibody test titer> 1/2560. Results from the Snap 3Dx test used on 390 blood samples are 100 positive samples and 290 negative ones. Comparison between IFA and Snap test 3DX revealed that the Snap test shows 97.9% specificity, 93.1% sensitivity, a 94% positive predictive value, a 97.6%, negative predictive value, and 96.6% reliability. In conclusion, CME seroprevalence in Abidjan is very high. Dogs studied for CME were watchdogs, living in kennels, where infection transmitted by Rhipicephalus sanguineus seems to be higher in the Gabonese area called Ogooué Ivindo, where semi-stray dogs were subjected to the test. These dogs where carried ticks identified as Haemaphysalis leachi, but this kind of tick is not considered as bearing Ehrlichia canis. Finally, results of the Snap 3Dx show that it is a simple and reliablemeans for quickly detecting dogs suspected of asymptomatic canine ehrlichiosis.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Determinants of maternal deaths in induced abortion complications in Ivory Coast.

Persistently high levels of maternal mortality have been reported in Abidjan, the capital of Ivory Coast, with a high prevalence of deaths related to complications of induced abortion. In order to assess the determinants of maternal deaths in induced-abortion complications, this study investigated women admitted to the gynecological departments of four reference hospitals throughout Ivory Coast. Information concerning abortion events was collected by means of a questionnaire during a confidential, face-to-face interview. Medical records were used to collect clinical data and final vital status. In our series, 60% of women declared that they induced abortion themselves at their home; a large majority mentioned "insertion of objects into the vagina" or "ingestion of traditional plants" for this purpose. On the other hand, 40% declared that abortion had been performed by a health worker, mostly at a health facility and by using surgical methods (dilatation and curettage). Less-educated women were more likely to have chosen to induce abortion themselves at home, and more-educated women had undergone abortion through a health professional. Our findings highlight the role of both women and health professionals in responsibility for induced abortion complications.

Abortion, Induced↗