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PubMed1990

Transient intestinal colonization by multiple phenotypes of Aeromonas species during the first week of life.

The intestinal colonization rate of Aeromonas spp. was determined for 52 cesarean-born Peruvian neonates. Rectal swabs were obtained daily from newborns during their postdelivery hospitalization (mean = 5.5 days), and the gross appearances of their feces (blind determinations) were recorded. Aeromonas spp. were recovered from rectal swabs of 12 of 52 (23.1%) infants during their first week of life; the isolates were obtained from 5 of 9 (55.6%) infants with at least one stool with a watery consistency and from 7 of 43 (16.3%) neonates with no watery stools (P = 0.022). None of the infected infants became clinically ill. No other commonly recognized enteropathogens were detected in watery stools. An environmental survey indicated that hospital water was the probable source of infection. These and other data indicated that Aeromonas colonization occurs transiently at a very early age in Peruvian neonates and that in some instances, initial infection may be followed several days later by one or more watery stools of normal volume.

Aeromonas↗
PubMed1996

[Effect of orally administered polyene antimycotics on the intestinal colonization with yeasts: possibilities and limitations].

On the basis of intestinal yeast colonization different consequences for therapeutic and prophylactic administration of polyene antimycotics have to be drawn. Immunocompromised neutropenic patients should orally receive polyene antifungal drugs (nystatin or amphotericin B) for a long time during the period of increased risk for systemic candidosis. The level of daily dosing is dependent on age, physiological status of the gastrointestinal tract, and underlying disease of the patient. In immunocompetent persons the normal commensal yeast flora should not be suppressed by antifungal chemoprophylaxis if no clinical indications are present, because permanent eradication of yeast in the intestinal tract ist not attainable. About 5 to 15 days after finishing the administration of polyene antimycotics the fungi are detectable again in the faeces in low quantities. The influence of orally administered polyene drugs in the intestinal tract may be detected shortly after starting the application. Thus efficient concentrations of nystatin and amphotericin B are continuously present in the faeces 24 to 48 hours after beginning until 2 to 10 days after finishing the administration. During this time the quantity of yeast in the faeces is evidently reduced or not longer detectable by fungal culture. The oral administration of polyene antimycotics for a long time in persons without immunodepression and without heavy intestinal yeast colonization is not justified.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Maternal lactation. II. Intestinal colonization in breast fed newborn infants].

Twenty-three low birth weight infants were studied to establish the role that breast milk plays in the intestinal colonization of the preterm infant, and in the control of epidemic diarrhea due to enteropathogenic E. coli, in nurseries. Twelve of these case were fed breast milk in bottles, and eleven with "humanized" powder cow's milk (NAN M.R.). Bacteriologic studies of feces were performed daily during the first 18 days of life. In 5 cases given breast milk, and in 8 receiving cow's milk, Staphylococcus aureus was isolated. Enteropathogenic E. coli was found in 3 cases with breast milk and in 6 with cow's milk. The finding of other non-pathogenic strains, was similar for both groups, except in the case of Proteus, that was found in 10 cases with breast milk, and in only 3 cases with cow's milk. Breast milk was unable to avoid the colonization by E. coli and in one case, was unable to eradicate this germ. None of the cases fed breast milk had diarrhea, including the three cases with E. coli. In another group, 4 cases developed severe acute diarrhea, due to enteropathogenic E. coli followed by 2 deaths. The results seem to point out that although colonization by enteropathogenic strains of E. coli is not completely avoided, these strains do not cause disease when these infants are fed breast milk.

Asepsis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Intestinal colonization with Enterobacteriaceae in Pakistani and Swedish hospital-delivered infants.

Rectal cultures from Swedish and Pakistani hospital-delivered newborn infants were analysed regarding the early acquisition of enterobacteria. Swedish infants were delivered vaginally, Pakistani infants were delivered either vaginally or by caesarean section. The Swedish infants were all breast-fed, whereas breastfeeding was incomplete and often started late among the Pakistani infants. Both groups of Pakistani infants were more rapidly colonized with enterobacteria than were the Swedish infants. Cultures from Swedish infants seldom yielded more than one kind of enterobacteria; E. coli and Klebsiella were most frequently isolated. E. coli dominated in both Pakistani groups, but especially caesarean section delivered infants were in addition often colonized with Proteus, Klebsiella, Enterobacter or Citrobacter species. Breastfeeding from the first day of life reduced colonization with Klebsiella/Enterobacter/Citrobacter. The results suggest that environmental exposure, delivery mode and early feeding habits all influence the early intestinal colonization with enterobacteria.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1986

Immunocytochemical and enzyme histochemical localization of kallikrein-like enzymes in colon, intestine, and stomach of rat and cat.

Kallikrein was localized in goblet (or mucous) cells of rat colon and in rat and cat small intestine and stomach by two immunocytochemical techniques. A kallikrein-like enzyme was also localized by enzyme histochemistry in mast cells of colon, intestine, and stomach of the cat, where they appeared to be associated with blood vessels in the lamina propria. The mast cell enzyme, however, was not detected by immunocytochemistry using antibodies to kallikrein. Modification in the enzyme histochemical procedure (pH, fixation) yielded positive results for a kallikrein-like protease in goblet cells of the intestine and colon. The possible physiological and pathological significance of kallikrein-like enzyme in the gastrointestinal tract and elsewhere is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Intestinal colonization of rats following experimental infection with Campylobacter jejuni.

Oral infection of rats with 10(6)-10(8) colony forming units per ml of Campylobacter jejuni resulted in prompt intestinal colonization. Campylobacter jejuni was recovered from rat faecal samples for four months post infection. The colonized rats did not succumb to clinical diarrhoea or pyrexia. The resistance of rats to C. jejuni clinical infection and their ability to shed the organism for protracted periods, make rats potential source of zoonotic campylobacteriosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

In vivo effect of cadmium chloride on intestinal colonization of rats by Campylobacter jejuni.

Campylobacter jejuni (10(8) C.F.U) fed intragastrically unto 18 laboratory rats (white whiskers) resulted in colonization of the 18 rats intestines and their eventual excretion of the organism for four months post infection. When 10(8) CFU of C. jejuni was mixed with 10 mu/ml of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) and fed immediately to another set of 18 rats, colonization of rats intestines was greatly reduced and C. jejuni was recovered from two (11%) out of 18 rats and the faeces were positive for C. jejuni for a maximum of 29 days. Six control rats given 1 ml of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and a second set of another six control animals given 1 ml of PBS containing 10 micrograms/ml of CdCl2 gave negative result for C. jejuni throughout the experiment. This work depicts an in vivo effect of CdCl2 on C. jejuni and may be of importance in the control of C. jejuni colonization in experimental animals.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1978

[Inventory relating to roentgen diagnostics of the gastro-intestinal tract (especially of the small intestine, colon, and biliary tract) (author's transl)].

The article describes the authors' experience in their Department in Nijmegen (Holland) with the various types of x-ray equipment: in gastroenterology--especially in the examination of the small intestine, colon, and the bile ducts--and also within the framework of a general roentgenology diagnostics section. Problems of cost are also considered, relating on the one hand to the equipment required in an examination room, and on the other hand to gastroenterological examination. In conclusion, the authors suggest the most suitable type of apparatus to be acquired for a particular purpose.

Digestive System↗
PubMed1994

A 53 kDa protein of Vibrio cholerae classical strain 0395 involved in intestinal colonization.

Mutants of Vibrio cholerae 01 strain 0395 (classical) mutated in genes encoding secretory or cell surface proteins were induced by TnphoA mutagenesis and were selected as blue colonies on L-agar plates containing 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate. Southern analysis of the total DNA from blue colonies showed that all mutants had TnphoA insertion in genomic DNA. These mutants were analysed for adherence, colonization and protein profile. Adherence to freshly isolated rabbit intestinal discs was affected in some mutants. The less adhesive mutants were examined for colonization of the intestine of infant mice. One mutant, designated T-87, was extremely poor at colonization and less diarrhaegenic than the parent strain. Analysis of T-87 by SDS-PAGE revealed that two proteins of 53 and 38 kDa were lacking. The 38 kDa protein was identified as OmpU. The 53 kDa protein was extracellular and cells treated with anti-53-kDa antibodies could not colonize the gut of infant mice. The expression of the 53 and 38 kDa proteins in T-87 was dependent of the growth medium. The data suggest that T-87 is mutated in a regulatory gene which regulates the expression of proteins involved in intestinal colonization.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Competitive exclusion of intestinal colonization of Escherichia coli in chicks.

A native gut microflora of chickens that protected chicks against Salmonella was evaluated against six pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli using similar methodology. Nalidixic-acid-resistant forms of the E. coli strains were derived for use in seeder-bird and individual-bird challenge tests. A substantial degree of exclusion of intestinal colonization of each of the six pathogenic strains of E. coli was secured in chicks that had been treated with native gut microflora. E. coli appeared to colonize chiefly the crop and cecum. Native gut microflora limited to a much lesser degree the "normal" E. coli present in the intestinal tract of test chicks. The mechanism of protection appears to be similar to that for Salmonella: native gut microflora and E. coli competed for sites of attachment.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Use of a selective medium with potassium tellurite to follow intestinal colonization of hospitalized patients by drug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae.

Nosocomial infections are a relevant factor in complicating the recovery of patients interned for even minor causes. In a attempt to determine their origin it is crucial to consider that their origin is of an endogenous nature. Looking for an accessible expression of intestinal colonization we analyzed fecal samples from 3 separate groups of hospital patients collected after different lengths of time. For practical reasons one group was studied prospectively and two other groups (patients hospitalized for up to 7 days and patients hospitalized for more than 7 days) were compared to one another. We looked for the emergence of tellurite resistance among Enterobacteriaceae using a selective medium, MacConkey potassium tellurite (MCPT). The frequency of prospectively studied patients with tellurite resistant strains was significantly greater after 7 days of hospitalization. For the two other groups, patients with more than 7 days of hospitalization showed a significant increase of bacterial species and of strains with new antimicrobial resistance markers. High molecular weight plasmids were detected in some of these strains. These data show that the MCPT medium is a useful tool for the investigation of bowel colonization in hospitalized patients by drug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Lyophilized airborne Clostridium botulinum spores as inocula that intestinally colonize antimicrobially pretreated adult mice.

Adult mice, made susceptible to Clostridium botulinum by feedings of metronidazole, were immobilized with an anesthetic and held for 30 min in isolators in which a fine powder of lyophilized pathogen spores was made airborne. Exposed mice were surface decontaminated before being kept for 2 days in holding isolators. Mice were intestinally colonized by the pathogen. Colonization rates were related to spore numbers (10(4) to 10(7) type A or B) seeded into isolators.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1989

Genotyping of Pseudomonas aeruginosa sputum and stool isolates from cystic fibrosis patients: evidence for intestinal colonization and spreading into toilets.

Three hundred and fifty-eight stool and 131 sputum specimens from 40 cystic fibrosis (CF) patients and 100 toilet sinks were investigated for occurrence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; 67% (21/31) of the patients with chronic P. aeruginosa lung infections carried the organism repeatedly in the stool but the organism was found only once in the stools of nine uninfected patients. P. aeruginosa stool carriage was correlated to high P. aeruginosa numbers in patients' sputa. Typing of P. aeruginosa with a DNA probe showed identity of sputum and stool strains. Seven patients repeatedly carried additional stool strains, not found in the sputum, suggesting intestinal colonization. No differences were seen in the clinical state of patients with P. aeruginosa-negative stool samples and patients with positive stool samples. Toilets in households of P. aeruginosa-infected CF patients were significantly more often contaminated with P. aeruginosa (42%) than toilets in households of non-infected CF patients (20%; P less than 0.03). The study shows that P. aeruginosa-infected CF patients may harbour the organisms also in the intestinal tract, and may spread the bacteria into toilets.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

CTX genetic element encodes a site-specific recombination system and an intestinal colonization factor.

In Vibrio cholerae, the genes encoding cholera toxin (ctxAB) are located on a segment of DNA (termed the "core" region) that is flanked by two or more copies of a repeated sequence called RS1. Together these DNA units comprise the CTX genetic element. Evidence presented here suggests that RS1 sequences encode a site-specific recombination system, which allows integration of a suicide plasmid carrying RS1 into an 18-base-pair sequence (attRS1) located on the chromosome of nontoxigenic V. cholerae strains. Strains of V. cholerae with large deletions removing attRS1 and the entire CTX genetic element no longer undergo site-specific recombination with the RS1 sequence. Additionally, these deletion strains show a defect in intestinal colonization. Recombination experiments localize the gene responsible for enhancing colonization to a portion of the core region of the CTX element. The identified gene encodes a peptide that is highly similar in amino acid sequence to the flexible pilin of Aeromonas hydrophila. These results have important implications in the construction of stable, live attenuated cholera vaccines.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1992

Antibodies to outer membrane proteins of Vibrio cholerae induce protection by inhibition of intestinal colonization of vibrios.

An antiserum was raised against the outer membrane (OM) preparation of a Vibrio cholerae 01 strain (Classical, Ogawa) and rendered specific for the outer membrane proteins (OMPs) by absorption with its lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The anti-OMP serum showed reactivity against OM preparations of other 01 and non-01 V. cholerae strains in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The antiserum also induced significant protection against V. cholerae challenge in the suckling mouse model. This protection was found to be independent of biotype, serotype as well as serovar of the challenge organism and was demonstrable even at subagglutinating dilutions of antiserum. The Fab (IgG) fragment, prepared from the anti-OMP serum, also induced passive protection in similar experiments. Further studies demonstrated that the anti-OMP serum as well as its Fab (IgG) fragment markedly inhibited the intestinal colonization of a highly colonizing V. cholerae 01 strain A17 (El Tor, Ogawa). These results highlight the importance of V. cholerae OMPs in immunoprophylaxis against cholera.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Intestinal colonization and antibody response.

Rapid bacterial colonization of the gastrointestinal tract takes place immediately after birth. Only a few of the Escherichia coli strains colonizing the gut of healthy full-term neonates expressed MS pili. On the other hand, most E. coli strains isolated carried MR pili resembling the P-fimbriae which are a known virulence factor for pyelonephritogenic E. coli. The presence of serum antibodies against pili and K antigens of E. coli after vaccination did not influence the capacity of E. coli to colonize and persist in the intestine of experimental animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Escherichia coli F-18 makes a streptomycin-treated mouse large intestine colonization factor when grown in nutrient broth containing glucose.

Escherichia coli F-18 FimA-, a type 1 fimbria-less derivative of a normal human fecal isolate, E. coli F-18, has previously been shown to be as good a colonizer of streptomycin-treated mouse large intestine as its parent, suggesting that type 1 fimbriae are not necessary in this process. In this study it was found that when E. coli F-18 FimA- was grown standing overnight at 37 degrees C in nutrient broth, it remained uniformly suspended; however, when grown in nutrient broth containing 1% (wt/wt) D-glucose, it settled to the bottom of culture tubes. Settling was associated with the formation of clumps (microcolonies) of more than 10 cells each. The effect of glucose could be partially reversed by growing E. coli F-18 FimA- in nutrient broth containing 1% D-glucose supplemented with cyclic AMP (greater than or equal to 1 mM). A reduced-settling mutant of E. coli F-18 FimA-, E. coli F-18 FimA- Set-, selected after Tn5 mutagenesis, was found to be a poor colonizer of streptomycin-treated mouse large intestine when fed to mice simultaneously with the parent strain. These results suggest that glucose-induced settling is, at least in part, regulated in a way related to catabolite repression and that the ability of E. coli F-18 FimA- to form microcolonies plays an important role in its ability to colonize streptomycin-treated mouse large intestine.

Animals↗