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PubMed1998

The effects of interviewer gender in mental health interviews.

Despite indications that gender can affect the disclosure of personal information, few studies examine the effects of interviewer gender in eliciting information pertaining to psychological functioning and mental health. Analysis of data collected at the Los Angeles site of the Epidemiological Catchment Area Study reveals that interviewer gender is significantly related to respondents' reports of psychiatric symptoms. Male and female respondents interviewed by women report more symptoms of depression, substance abuse, and conduct disorders than respondents interviewed by men. It is suggested that female interviewers may create conditions more conducive to disclosure and be perceived as more sympathetic than male interviewers. Although limitations of both data and analysis preclude a definitive conclusion, the findings suggest that interviewer gender may influence disclosure in mental health and related types of interviews.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Hypnotic interviewing: the best way to interview eyewitnesses?

It has been suggested that hypnosis techniques may have the potential to enhance eyewitness memory in forensic investigations. However, laboratory research shows that increases in recall with hypnosis techniques are often associated with decreases in accuracy, false confidence in incorrect information, and increased suggestibility to leading questions and misleading post-event information. These problems limit the usefulness of hypnosis as an interviewing procedure. However, in practical investigations, many factors associated with hypnosis, apart from the hypnotic induction itself, might lead to memory enhancement compared with standard police interviews. For example, hypnotic interviewers, because of their psychological, clinical, and interpersonal skills, may be better interviewers than police officers. They may use effective interviewing strategies such as those associated with the "cognitive interview"; a procedure which has the potential to enhance recall by approximately 35% without the problems of memory distortion associated with hypnosis. It is concluded, therefore, that a cognitive interview procedure should be used in preference to hypnosis.

Bias↗
PubMed2004

A missing link in suggestibility research: what is known about the behavior of field interviewers in unstructured interviews with young children?

Despite suggestibility researchers' focus on adult behaviors that distort children's reports, whether behaviors examined in experimental work are used in the field is unknown. The current study presents a mutually exclusive and exhaustive hierarchical coding system that reflects interview questioning behaviors of concern in experimental work. The study examined 80 unstructured interviews conducted by 41 field interviewers with 40 children ages 3 to 7 about known events. Data on the use of leading and neutral questions are presented and include distinctions between accurate and inaccurate suggested information. In addition, analyses show that interviewers are consistent in their style of questioning and that a preinterview measure of interviewers' preference for a qualitative versus a quantitative interviewing style predicted the introduction of novel information into the interview.

Child↗
PubMed2004

Audio-computerized self-interviewing versus face-to-face interviewing for research data collection at drug abuse treatment programs.

AIMS: To assess audio computer-assisted self-interviewing (A-CASI) as a mode of data collection with injecting drug users (IDUs) entering two drug treatment programs in New York City. A-CASI has been found to increase reporting of sensitive items among a variety of population subgroups. DESIGN: A field test of A-CASI data collection conducted within an ongoing cross-sectional study of drug use and HIV risk behaviors among IDUs entering drug treatment. Participants were assigned without bias to either a computer-assisted interviewer-administered personal interview (CAPI) or to a mixed CAPI/A-CASI interview. In the latter, 'sensitive' portions (dealing with stigmatized behavior) of the questionnaire were self-administered through A-CASI, while the remaining portions were interviewer-administered. SETTING: The Detoxification Program and the Methadone Maintenance Treatment Program (MMTP) at Beth Israel Medical Center in New York City. PARTICIPANTS: Seven hundred and eighty-three IDUs entering drug treatment. MEASUREMENTS: Odds ratios and adjusted odds ratios (controlling for demographic differences) for comparison of A-CASI versus CAPI responses on 111 sensitive questions. FINDINGS: Twenty-three statistically significant differences (each at P < 0.05), all in the direction of more reporting of the behaviors by the A-CASI group. Forty-one per cent of A-CASI participants said they would prefer any subsequent interviews to be fully A-CASI and 46% said they would prefer the mixed CAPI/A-CASI mode. CONCLUSIONS: A-CASI was associated with greater reporting of potentially stigmatized drug, sex and HIV risk behaviors on a moderate number of questions. Moreover, a large majority of participants who used A-CASI would like to be assigned to this method of data collection in future interviews.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Assessing personality disorders using a systematic clinical interview: evaluation of an alternative to structured interviews.

The aim of this study was to assess interrater reliability and provide initial data bearing on the validity of a method of assessing personality disorders (PDs) that does not presume that patients can accurately self-report personality pathology. In a sample of 24 outpatients, two clinician-judges independently applied the Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure-200 (SWAP-200; Westen & Shedler, 1999a, 2000), a 200-item Q-sort procedure for assessing personality pathology, to data from the Clinical Diagnostic Interview (Westen, 2002), a systematic clinical interview that mirrors and standardizes methods used by experienced clinicians to diagnose personality. In 16 of the 24 cases, the treating clinician also independently described the patient using the SWAP-200 Q-sort, based on longitudinal knowledge of the patient over the course of treatment, blind to the interview data. Interrater reliability was uniformly high, with median correlations between interviewers at r > .80. Interviewer-treating clinician correlations were also high, with median convergent validity coefficients at r > .80. Diagnostic overlap (discriminant validity) was moderate for dimensional DSM-IV diagnoses, reflecting extensive comorbidity among disorders, but minimal for empirically derived diagnoses identified in prior research. Treating clinicians' dimensional PD diagnoses using this method also strongly predicted interviewer-rated measures of adaptive functioning. The findings provide preliminary support for the reliability and validity of an alternative to structured interviews for diagnosing personality pathology, and suggest that the way to improve validity of personality diagnosis may not be to minimize clinical inference but to quantify it using psychometric instruments.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Borderline personality organization, structural diagnosis and the structural interview. A pilot study of interview analysis.

Kernberg has related the level of integration of the personality to the level of integration (and "structuring") of internalized object relations. He has designated three levels of personality organization: neurotic, borderline, and psychotic, and has developed a specially focused clinical interview designed to reveal intrapsychic structural characteristics--a "structural interview"--as a diagnostic instrument to differentiate the three types of personality organization. This study presents a method of analysis of the structural interview. Interviews of ten hospitalized psychiatric patients were studied to determine whether indicators could be retrieved from the typescripts of the interviews consonant with the diagnoses made by clinicians utilizing Kernberg's structural theory. Results indicate that scores generated from the typescripts are consistent with the hypothesis that the interviews did contain the indicators called for by structural theory and differentiate borderline from psychotic structures better than chance. In addition, this method of analysis of contingencies of interaction in the interview may have broader application to the study of psychotherapy and psychoanalysis.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Do UK Medical School Applicants Prefer Interviewing to Non-Interviewing Schools?

Medical schools select applicants; applicants who hold two or more offers also select medical schools. In this study we examine a large cohort of applicants applying for admission to UK medical schools in October 1991, and show that when presented with a choice, applicants are more likely to select an interviewing school over a non-interviewing school. Preferences for individual schools are examined in detail using the Bradley-Terry method for paired comparisons. The analysis shows that the preference for interviewing schools cannot be explained in terms of a preference for Oxford and Cambridge (which both interview), nor is it due to confounding by more non-interviewing schools being in the north of the UK. Nevertheless, interviewing status does not account for all the preferences expressed by applicants. The preference for interviewing schools is perhaps explained by applicants feeling closer and more involved with schools which they have visited, which have talked to them personally, and which have selected them individually, rather than on the basis of an impersonal application form.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10.

The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.) is a short structured diagnostic interview, developed jointly by psychiatrists and clinicians in the United States and Europe, for DSM-IV and ICD-10 psychiatric disorders. With an administration time of approximately 15 minutes, it was designed to meet the need for a short but accurate structured psychiatric interview for multicenter clinical trials and epidemiology studies and to be used as a first step in outcome tracking in nonresearch clinical settings. The authors describe the development of the M.I.N.I. and its family of interviews: the M.I.N.I.-Screen, the M.I.N.I.-Plus, and the M.I.N.I.-Kid. They report on validation of the M.I.N.I. in relation to the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R, Patient Version, the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, and expert professional opinion, and they comment on potential applications for this interview.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

A comparison of two interview schedules. The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Lifetime and the National Institute for Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule.

Two structured interviews, the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Lifetime (SADS-L) and the National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule (NIMH-DIS), were compared as methods of reducing information variance in the diagnostic process. Forty-two patients newly admitted to an alcohol treatment unit were randomly selected and were independently interviewed using the SADS-L and NIMH-DIS. The order of the interviews was random and they were separated by three to four days. Interrater reliability for each interview schedule was calculated using the kappa statistic and was found to be high. The degree of diagnostic concordance between the two interview schedules for several diagnostic categories was also found to be high.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Development of a structured psychiatric interview for children: agreement on diagnosis comparing child and parent interviews.

Similar structured diagnostic interviews about the child were given by different interviewers to a cohort of 307 mother-child pairs. A diagnosis was made by computer on each interview, using specified criteria. Diagnoses on mother-child interviews were compared using the kappa statistic. Kappas of .30 or higher were found for the diagnosis of antisocial personality, conduct disorder, enuresis, mixed behavior-neurotic disorder, and possible depression. Comparisons were made for sex and age. Possible depression and enuresis were diagnosed reliably at all age levels and for both sexes. The limitations of the interview and diagnostic system used are discussed. The findings support the need for further efforts to develop diagnostic research interviews for use with children and adolescents.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed1986

Sex of interviewer, place of interview, and responses of homosexual men to sensitive questions.

Effects of sex of interviewer and place of interview on the responses of 57 AIDS patients and 145 other homosexual men were studied. Data on sensitive topics were collected by five male and three female medical officers at places convenient to respondents. Male physicians recorded fellatio more frequently, but female physicians recorded younger ages of initiating homosexual activities and more frequent use of certain recreational drugs. These differences apparently were due to different patterns of sexual contact and drug use in four cities. Patients with AIDS tended to be interviewed in hospitals and doctors' offices, other men tended to be interviewed in hotel rooms, and patients tended to be different from other men. After adjustments were made for confounding, sex of interviewer and place of interview seemed to have little influence on the answers obtained.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2001

The relationship between within-interview contradictions and eliciting interviewer utterances.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether interview practices associated with inaccurate reporting in laboratory analog contexts were also associated with inaccurate information in actual forensic contexts. METHOD: The forensic interview of a 5-year-old girl, an alleged victim of sexual abuse, was analyzed to explore interview practices associated with the retrieval of contradictory information. Content analyses of the child's responses focused on: (1) new informative details about the reported incidents; (2) contradictory details; (3) "central" and "peripheral" details; and (4) the types of utterances used to elicit each detail. RESULTS: The results illustrate how risky option-posing and suggestive utterances can be, as most (90%) contradicting details were elicited using option-posing and suggestive utterances and almost all (98%) of the contradicted and contradicting details were central, containing crucial information concerning the investigated allegation. No contradictory details were elicited in response to open-ended invitations. CONCLUSION: The findings demonstrate that poor interviewing practices can be associated with high levels of internal contradiction and should be avoided by forensic interviewers. To avoid contaminating children's reports and increase the likely accuracy of the information retrieved, moreover, interviewers should elicit as much information as possible using open-ended utterances, which tap free-recall memory.

Child Abuse, Sexual↗
PubMed1996

Antenatal 'booking' interviews at midwifery clinics in Sweden: a qualitative analysis of five video-recorded interviews.

OBJECTIVE: To describe antenatal 'booking' interviews as regards content and illuminate the meaning of the ways midwives and expectant parents relate to each other. DESIGN: Content analysis and phenomenological hermeneutic analysis of transcribed texts from five video-recorded antenatal booking interviews. SETTING: Midwifery clinics at five health centres in the context of Swedish primary care. PARTICIPANTS: Five midwives, five pregnant women (less than 14 weeks pregnant) and two expectant fathers. FINDINGS: A variety of content themes and ways of relating were found. Combined themes of biomedical and obstetric content occurred as frequently as the sum of social, emotional, antenatal care and life-style themes. The midwives' ways of relating formed two main themes; considering and disregarding the uniqueness of the expectant parents. The midwives directed the interview through their choice of content themes and the way they related to the expectant parents. The expectant parents mainly shadowed the midwives' content themes and ways of relating. The expectant fathers seemed like strange visitors in the women's world. Two perspectives of antenatal midwifery care, obstetric and parental, operated alternately and in competition within the interviews. KEY CONCLUSIONS: The content and the ways of relating within the interviews seem to be connected and could be understood in the light of Buber's writings on dialogue. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The findings provide a basis for reflection on the education of midwives and the planning, training and implementation of midwifery care at antenatal 'booking' interviews.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Teaching the difficult interview in a required course on medical interviewing.

A module dealing with the difficult patient interview is part of a required medical interviewing course for second-year students. Using a classification of difficult doctor-patient interactions, students identify what goes wrong during interviews with simulated patients and then learn techniques to remedy these problems in order to obtain reliable medical histories. Skills taught to the students include identifying the specific problem within an interview and recognizing and using their own feelings as information about the patient. Attitudes encouraged in students include recognizing that the source of the problem may be the patient, the interviewer, or both; that the physician rather than the patient may be the so-called "poor historian"; and that the goal of managing a difficult patient interview is not counseling but rather the acquisition of accurate and precise information.

Education, Medical↗
PubMed1979

Interviewer effects in psychiatric epidemiology: a study of medical and lay interviewers and their impact on reported symptoms.

Utilizing data from a field study of psychiatric disorder, the study examined sex differences in patterns of response to interviewers in contrasting status positions. The dependent variables in the analysis were mean scores on nosological scales measuring three dimensions of symptomotology identified in a factor analysis. Independent variables were interviewer status and respondent sex. Three categories of interviewers were randomly assigned to administer a structured interview schedule. Strong interaction effects between interviewer status and respondent sex were noted. Women disclosed significantly fewer symptoms to the high status interviewers (identified physicians), whereas males reported most symptoms to this group. Theoretical explanations derived from the literature on sex roles were offered regarding the origins of women's response to high status figures.

Behavior↗
PubMed1999

Earwitness recall and identification: comparison of the cognitive interview and the structured interview.

77 undergraduates instructed to act as kidnap victims heard taped instructions given by a mock abductor. Two days later witnesses' recall of the culprit's monologue was tested using either a Cognitive Interview or a Structured Interview. Participants then rated the abductor's voice for nine speech characteristics and attempted to identify his voice from an audiotaped lineup. No significant differences were found between the two interview conditions for accuracy or error rates in free recall, for ratings of descriptive voice characteristics, or for performance in voice identification. These earwitness results are consistent with eyewitness investigations which have yielded no positive influence of the cognitive interview on identification. It is concluded that the success of the cognitive interview is best explained through its influence on social components of interviewing.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The delirium symptom interview: an interview for the detection of delirium symptoms in hospitalized patients.

To study delirium in hospitalized elderly, a delirium symptom interview (DSI) was developed by an interdisciplinary group of investigators. This interview was administered in an acute care hospital to 50 patients who were over the age of 65 years. Results from the interview were compared to assessments of major symptoms of delirium made independently by a neurologist and a psychiatrist. This interview had good validity and reliability. The sensitivity of the DSI was .90 and the specificity was .80, when compared with the clinical judgment of a psychiatrist and neurologist. Interrater reliability, using lay interviewers, was .90 for the detection of major symptoms of delirium. These results indicate that the DSI could be used by lay interviewers to assess reliably the symptoms of delirium.

Aged↗