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At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Women's work stress and cortisol levels: a longitudinal study of the association between the psychosocial work environment and serum cortisol.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to investigate whether there is an association between serum cortisol and work-related stress, as defined by the demand-control model in a longitudinal design. METHODS: One hundred ten women aged 47-53 years completed a health questionnaire, including the Swedish version of the Job Content Scale, and participated in a psychological interview at baseline and in a follow-up session 2 years later. Morning blood samples were drawn for analyses of cortisol. RESULTS: Multiple stepwise regression analyses and logistic regression analyses showed that work demands and lack of social support were significantly associated with cortisol. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study showed that negative work characteristics in terms of high demands and low social support contributed significantly to the biological stress levels in middle-aged women. Participation in the study may have served as an intervention, increasing the women's awareness and thus improving their health profiles on follow-up.

Arousal↗
PubMed1976

Information in the early stages after spinal cord injury.

The information of the patient in the early stages after his spinal cord injury is often deficient. The opinion of 60 patients regarding some aspects of the information given to them during these early stages is discussed. The actual approach of patients with acute traumatic para- or tetraplegia, providing early detailed information and including a psychological interview, is presented.

Counseling↗
PubMed2004

Symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults with restless legs syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the occurrence of symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults with restless legs syndrome (RLS), normal controls, and controls with insomnia. SETTING: University-based hospital. METHODS: The occurrence and severity of current ADHD symptoms were determined in a prospective study of sequential adult patients with RLS (n = 62) or insomnia (n = 32) and adult controls (n = 77) using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) ADHD criteria, the Brown Attention-Deficit Disorder (ADD) Scale for adults, and a structured psychological interview. RLS severity was assessed using the International RLS Study Group Rating Scale (IRLS). RESULTS: Only 1 experimental subject had previously been diagnosed with ADHD. More RLS patients (26%) than insomnia patients (6%) or controls (5%) had ADHD symptoms using age-adjusted total DSM-IV ADHD scores (P < .01). The mean Brown ADD score was greater in RLS patients (37 +/- 28) than in patients with insomnia (24 +/- 18) or controls (21 +/- 18) (P < .01). The RLS symptom severity (0-40 scale) was greater in RLS patients with ADD symptoms (26 +/- 9) than in those without ADD (21 +/- 10) (P < .04). Of the subjects with a Brown ADD score > 40, all reported ADD symptoms in 2 settings, and the majority had had ADHD symptoms since childhood. For subjects with a Brown ADD score > 40, there were no differences between the RLS, insomnia control, and normal control groups in quality of life or the level of anxiety or depression. CONCLUSIONS: ADHD symptoms are more common in RLS patients than in patients with insomnia or controls. RLS leg discomfort or poor quality of sleep may theoretically lead to hyperactivity and lack of concentration. Alternatively, RLS and ADHD may be part of a single symptom complex, and dopaminergic deficiency may play a role in both disorders.

Anxiety↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Psychological aspects and essential arterial hypertension].

UNLABELLED: In addition to organic and hereditary factors, psychological variations among individuals are also known to play an important role in the etiology of essential arterial hypertension. OBJECTIVE: To investigate in detail the psychological processes possibly involved in the etiology of essential arterial hypertension. METHODS: A group of 20 subjects, all of whom where diagnosed as suffering from essential arterial hypertension, was studied using psychological interviews and the Rorschach Test. The results obtained were compared with those gathered from normal (non-hypertensive) individuals represented by the Rorschach Test for the Brazilian population. RESULTS: In terms of personality structure, the hypertensive group presented signs of subjective and immature mechanics which prevailed over more mature and adult traits. These characteristics lead the patients to emotional withdrawal as a defense inadequate affectivity. CONCLUSION: The blocking of emotional expression, as well as simultaneous anxiety, may affect the autonomic nervous system and lead to periodic transitory hypertensive crises which, with time assume a permanent nature.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Spousal homicide and the subsequent staging of a sexual homicide at a distant location.

The case of a 63-year-old man who killed his 52-year-old wife and then staged a sexual homicide at a distant location is reported. A review of all evidence, a forensic psychological interview, and psychological testing indicated that the murder was the result of a narcissistic rage reaction during which the subject beat his wife to death with a paint can, a clothing iron, and a rock. He then drove her body to a field 87.3 miles away, and positioned it in a manner that exposed her breasts and her underwear. He turned himself into the police two days later. There is no controlled empirical research on staging, although this single case supports the criminal investigative theory that staging exists, and is done to deliberately mislead homicide investigations (Douglas et al., 1992).

Craniocerebral Trauma↗
PubMed1987

[Assessment of the quality of life].

Increases in survival rates obtained in the years with cancer patients are offset by the aggressivity of the treatments and especially by those based on antitumor drugs. So far, oncologists have addressed themselves to the notions of survival (with or without evolution of the disease), and of indicators of tumor regression and toxicity. The global notion of quality of life may be an additional parameter for weighing the impact of anticancer therapies. The assessment of the quality of life of a patient is complicated by the issue of objective versus subjective judgements. The patient's self-appreciation of his status is of primary importance, but quality of life is only a relative assessment of the patient linked to the different stages of therapy. The quest for a suitable analytical tool endowed with sufficient sensitivity and reproducibility has not yet ended. Some authors regard to psychological contact as the only satisfactory means in terms of fruitfulness, although it raises questions of quantitative estimations. Others, especially anglo-saxon authors, have compiled questionnaires to be filled out by the patients and rated them using general or itemized scores. Similar to this type of questionnaires is the technique of the linear analogs which consists in asking the patient to express an appraisal of his state by indicated a position between two extreme situations on a linear scale graded in centimeters. Some authors have prepared general questionnaires suitable to all types of cancer. Others, instead, have perfected tools specific to certain types of tumors. Finally, methods of global assessment have also been proposed, notably by Bernheim. Thus, questions arise such as the evaluation (doctor's versus patient's judgement), and that of finding a tool for assessing the physical autonomy and the well-being (in the wide sense) of the patient. In addition, such a tool should be applicable to a large number of cancer patients in order to achieve an objective evaluation of the proposed treatments. Here we report preliminary results of a study aimed at answering these different questions. Our study intended to compare: the assessment of the general condition versus the toxicity of the therapy as evaluated by the patient and the doctor; the appreciation of quality of life as determined by questionnaires and linear analogues filled out by the patients and psychological interviews. Finally, a compliance study could be made on the assessment of the quality of life in a randomized chemotherapeutic trial concerning patients with metastatic breast cancers.

Female↗
PubMed2000

Criterion-validity-based assessment of four scale constructs.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to discuss, in general, selected crucial aspects of the appropriate methodology for the development and validation of scales indicating health status, and to illustrate this empirically by within-material comparison of the accuracy of four different scale constructs based on identical raw data. METHODS: The empirical example was based on information from the parents of 99 refugee children, aged 3-15 years, from the Middle East, who participated in a structured interview on their children's mental health. Following this, they were exposed to a blinded semi-structured psychological interview. Four anxiety scales were constructed based on answers to 12 anxiety symptom questions in the structured interview: Scale 1, by cumulation of original item scores, each ranging from 0 to 3; Scale 2, by counting the number of symptoms being present; Scale 3, by counting the number of frequent or intense anxiety symptoms; Scale 4, by estimation of the multivariate probability of the child being anxious, as assessed by the psychological interview. The scales were compared for their accuracy in the identification of children assessed as anxious by psychological interview. RESULTS: The four scales correlated mutually, and each of them was significantly associated with anxiety, as assessed by psychological interview. The weighted scale, however, performed significantly better than the unweighted scales for sensitivity but not for specificity. In the present data set the overall amount of misclassification was, however, significantly less than in the unweighted scales. CONCLUSION: As expected from theory, the weighted scale was found to be superior to the unweighted scales, in identifying the anxious children of the empirical example. In the presence of a blinded criterion measurement, empirical regression-based weighting of scale items thus constitutes an accessible and valid alternative to traditional methods of health and social scaling.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Psychiatric interviews and psychological tests as predictors of medical students' success.

Psychiatric interviews carried out during the first year of four medical school classes of the University of Chicago School of Medicine (now Pritzker School of Medicine) during 1946 through 1949 were found to be statistically significant in predicting the students' graduation. However, the number of "false negatives" was high; that is, a large number of students predicted not to graduate did graduate. Psychological tests--consisting of personality, interest, and intelligence tests--were not statistically significant in predicting graduation. Neither the interviews nor the tests correctly predicted the students' mental or physical health or their occupational or marital adjustment as of 1982, as measured by replies to a questionnaire from more than 90 percent of the students in the original study who could be located. There is some subjective evidence that moderate degrees of anxiety, immaturity, and compulsivity are not associated with failure to complete medical school but that passivity, withdrawal, and weak motivation are. Although psychiatric interviewing of applicants is not now feasible because of legal restrictions, some of the findings of the study reported here may be useful for admission interviewers and as a basis for further research.

Achievement↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Stiff-man syndrome. Results of interviews and psychologic testing.

Thirteen patients with stiff-man syndrome (SMS) were studied with the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), the Self-Administered Alcoholism Screening Test (SAAST), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) profiles, and by telephone interviews. The mean MMPI, SAAST, and STAI were within normal limits; however, several patients had abnormal profiles. The results of telephone interviews revealed that 8 patients (62%) had been given at least 1 psychiatric diagnosis and 4 (31%) abused alcohol or were dependent on it. Two patients had a psychiatric diagnosis that preceded the onset of symptoms of SMS. The authors hypothesize that SMS patients have a gamma-aminobutyric acid deficiency or GABAergic neuron dysfunction that leads to psychiatric symptoms, including depression and chemical abuse. Clinicians treating patients with SMS must be alert to the possible presence of comorbid psychiatric illnesses in this patient population.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[Study of psychological repercussions of 2 modes of treatment of adolescents with Crohn's disease].

UNLABELLED: No study has yet compared the respective psychological impact of corticotherapy and enteral nutrition in the treatment of Crohn's disease, and especially, the psychological problems linked to the wearing of a nasogastric tube 24 hours a day. The goal of this study was to collect comparative information regarding the real-life experience and the feeling of these two treatments. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From September 1997 to February 1998 at the clinic of inflammatory bowel diseases of the hospital Necker-Enfants malades, 51 patients aged 12 to 18 (average 15) participated in this study. Thirty [15 on corticotherapy (CT); 15 on enteral nutrition (EN)] answered a questionnaire inspired by a similar Canadian questionnaire (Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire), and 21 passed Spielberger's anxiety tests, Beck's depression tests and a psychological interview. RESULTS TREATMENT: According to the 30 questionnaires the appreciation of the therapeutic results was similar in the two treatments, the majority of patients respected their treatment (only one patient on EN ate secretly and two on CT stopped their corticotherapy). Of the 15 EN questionnaires: nine out of 15 patients responded well to the suspension of oral feeding, two were hungry, nine experienced cravings and ten avoided meals during their treatment. From a cosmetic point of view, six/14 (43%) found it difficult putting up with the nasogastric tube 24 hours a day, and eight/15 (53%) on CT found the facial swelling difficult to bear. According to the 21 psychological interviews, eight patients deemed EN efficient, while only four felt the same about CT. Of the 11 EN psychological interview, no adolescent patients were hungry, eight had cravings and nine avoided meals during their treatment, seven mentioned they felt different and seven described how EN had upset the family's routine. Nine (82%) talked about how difficult it was to put up with the nasogastric tube 24 hours a day from a cosmetic standpoint while eight/ten (80%) on CT found the facial swelling difficult to live with. Seven complained that they had been the victims of verbal abuse. Quality of life: According to the 30 questionnaires, eight/15 patients on EN missed an average of 15 days of school against five/15 patients on CT, ten patients judged that EN restricted their daily lives and nine mentioned the daily difficulties to wear a tube 24 hours a day. TESTS: Spielberger's test of anxiety revealed that on average, the 11 patients on EN who were interviewed suffered the first level of anxiety, while the ten patients on CT felt the second level. As for the Beck's depression test, the 11 patients on NE suffered the first level of depression on average, while those on CT were subject to the second level. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that EN was perceived as being more disruptive to patients daily lives than CT and defines the difficulties linked to the suspension of oral feeding and the wearing of a naso-gastric tube. The study also describes the difficulties involved in coping with the side effects of CT, one example being facial swelling which can be as unpleasant from a cosmetic point of view as wearing of a naso-gastric tube.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

The role of psychological factors in palmoplantar pustulosis.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to find out whether emotional stress is related to palmoplantar pustulosis (PPP). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Our 21 patients with palmoplantar pustulosis and 21 age- and sex-matched controls were studied with the help of a psychological interview and two psychological tests: Eysenk's Personality Questionnaire for Adults (EPQ-A) and Inventory of Situations and Response of Anxiety (ISRA). RESULTS: Anxiety, ranging from moderate to severe was higher in PPP patients than in controls (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Our findings seem to indicate that stress may be related to exacerbation of the palmoplantar pustulosis.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Psychological status of patients with seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis.

There has been a tendency among some clinicians to underestimate the psychological problems of patients with rhinitis. This study assesses the psychological status of allergic rhinitis patients and the influence of type, duration, and severity of rhinitis on the psychiatric evaluation. Forty-one patients with seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis and 36 healthy control subjects were enrolled in the study. All patients and control subjects were studied through psychological interviews and several psychological tests such as Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90), Courtauld Emotional Control Scale, the McMaster Family Assessment Device, and the Satisfaction with Life Scale. Statistically significant differences between patients and controls were observed in all subscales of the SCL-90, particularly in somatization, depression, and general symptom index subscales. Differences between groups were not significant for the other psychological tests. Additionally, differences between seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis patients were not significant in all questionnaires. Total symptom scores of rhinitis were positively correlated with general symptom index, somatization, interpersonal relationship difficulties subgroups of the SCL-90, whereas negatively correlated with the scores of satisfaction with the life scale. Patients with allergic rhinitis--regardless of type of rhinitis--may develop a group of psychological complaints related to symptom severity. Since the recognition of specific psychiatric disorders can have therapeutic importance, further studies focusing on the associations of these disorders and allergic rhinitis should be conducted.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Sex chromosome anomalies, hormones, and aggressivity.

This double-blind, controlled study of XYY and XXY men found in a birth cohort of 4,591 tall men born in Copenhagen assessed evidence of delinquent and aggressive behavior and explored the role of hormonal determinants in the behavioral and psychological differences noted among groups. Information from social records, a structured psychological interview, and projective tests did not support the notion that men with sex chromosome anomalies are particularly violent or aggressive. Hormonally, XYY men had significantly higher concentrations of testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) than matched control groups. In contrast, XXY men had higher levels of LH, FSH, and prolactin, but low concentrations of testosterone. There was a significantly positive relation among all subjects as well as XY controls alone between plasma testosterone level and evidence of criminal convictions. A proportionate increase in testosterone levels was noted when subjects were divided into nondelinquents, delinquents without violent convictions, and delinquents with violent convictions. The relation between testosterone level and criminal behavior was not reflected in measures of aggression derived from the psychological interview and projective tests. There was no specific evidence that testosterone is a mediating factor in the criminal behavior of XYY men.

Adult↗