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PubMed1977

Interviewing skills: a comprehensive approach to teaching and evaluation.

Evaluation procedures utilizing standardized interviews scored by means of a formal objective rating system which make it possible to measure the interviewing skills of health professional students have been developed in recent years. These procedures have been used in the Child Health Associate Program at the University of Colorado Medical School to evaluate the ability of a group of students to achieve the objectives of a practice-oriented interviewing course. Results from the standardized interviews indicate that students taking the course gathered an average of 76 percent of all available data and used 86 percent of the process skills defined as necessary for positive interview interaction. A previous group of child health associate students who did not take the course gathered an average of 47 percent of all available data and used an average of 62 percent of the necessary process skills.

Curriculum↗

PubMed1979

The consultee-attended interview: an approach to liaison psychiatry.

The consultee-attended (C-A) interview, a format in which the liaison psychiatrist interviews the patient in the consultees' presence, is described. The background, strategy, concepts and methods, obstacles and resistances, and countertransference difficulties of C-A interview are discussed. The C-A interview is an experiential teaching instrument with which to facilitate consultees' "participant-observation," a clinical posture that complements other approaches to the care of sick people.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

Some nonverbal aspects of depression and schizophrenia occurring during the interview.

Using remote control videotape recording of interviews and subsequent analysis of the record, eight measures of nonverbal behavior (principally facial) have been made in 12 schizophrenic and 13 depressive subjects shortly after admission to the hospital and again prior to discharge. They were matched with controls who were interviewed in a similar way. Additional videotape observations were made prior to the interview, when the patient was alone and subsequently when he was shown pictures designed to evoke emotional responses. It appears that some nonverbal behaviors can be used in the interview to differentiate between psychiatric patients and normals. These may also be useful as an index of clinical change since they revert toward the normal with clinical improvement. The nonverbal behaviors studied were more prominent in the interpersonal setting than when alone or when the subject was looking at pictorial stimuli. This implies that they may be elicited in response to another individual, either as a distortion of the ordinary nonverbal signaling system, or as physiological responses to a changed state of arousal induced by the interpersonal setting rather than as static characteristics of the syndrome.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

The anatomy of a dietetic counseling interview.

Dietetic students in a course on interviewing skills were given an opportunity to practice interviewing, first with "coached," volunteer clients, then with real clients. Their interviews were taped and later analyzed as to content and approach. In trying to develop rapport during the "relationship-establishing" phase of the interview, the students asked questions which required mininal self-exploration by the client to answer (closed questions), five times as often as any other type of question. For effective counseling which results in changed behavior by clients, skills in counseling which develop an understanding of clients' feelings must be learned and implemented in counseling settings.

Behavior Therapy↗

PubMed1979

Interaction exchange structure and patient satisfaction with medical interviews.

The verbal interaction between patients and physicians in 52 initial interviews in a university hospital screening clinic was studied using a new discourse coding system. Factor analysis of category frequencies showed that each interview segment, medical history, physical examination, and conclusion, consisted mainly of two or three types of verbal exchange. Patient satisfaction with the interviews, assessed with a questionnaire that yields separate scores for satisfaction with cognitive and affective aspects, was found to be associated with exchanges involving the transmission of information in particular interview segments. Affective satisfaction was associated with transmission of information from patient to physician in "exposition" exchanges during the medical history, in which patients told their story in their own words. Cognitive satisfaction was associated with transmission of information from physician to patient in "feedback" exchanges during the conclusion segment, in which physicians gave patients information about illness and treatment.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

A two-wave interview study of frequency of dental visits and dental complaints.

A panel of 268 persons were interviewed twice at an interval of 2 years concerning their visits to dentists and their dental status. The answers they gave on the two occasions agreed well, except for the year of the last visit if it had taken place long ago. This was true both for the people who had gone to the dentist between the interviews and for those who had not. The panel was also asked whether they had any dental complaints. Sixteen percent of them reported complaints at one or both interviews. Complaints were more common among persons who did not often go to the dentist. The persons with complaints did not always get rid of them by going to a dentist. It is concluded that interview data be used for investigating the dental health and behavior of people who do not often go to the dentist, and that dentists are more successful in maintaining good dental health in people who have no dental complaints than in people who report having complaints.

Appointments and Schedules↗

PubMed1979

An admissions interview to measure "good" dentist attributes.

This study reports on the validity of a structured, standardized interview designed for selecting applicants for dental schools. The interview provides a score on nongrade attributes in 14 dimensions and was based on characteristics of successful dentists. A class of 86 fourth-year dental students at the University of Iowa was interviewed. Sufficient validity was found to justify the use of the interview for admissions purposes for the 1978 class.

Dentists↗

PubMed1979

A comparison of mail, telephone, and home interview strategies for household health surveys.

The method of data collection in household health surveys can be a major determinant of cost and data quality. A survey strategy can comprise mail, telephone, or home interview methods, individually or in combination to follow up non-respondents. The purpose of this study in Montreal was to compare cost and data quality of various strategies. Strategies which began with mail or telephone contact, followed by the two other methods, provided response rates as high as a home interview strategy (all between 80 and 90 per cent), for one-half the cost of home interviews when used as the sole method. The telephone response rate was higher than the mail response rate. Comparing different follow-up approaches to strategies beginning with mail or telephone, it proved less costly, and equally effective, to use home interviewing as a last resort for persistent non-respondents. Validity of response (comparing individual responses with records of a government health insurance data bank) and willingness to answer sensitive questions were greatest in mail strategy.

Canada↗

PubMed1979

An interview model for use in dietetic training.

Student dietitians commonly encounter difficulties with interviewing patients. These difficulties may arise through ignorance of either the function of the interview or the interview technique. Some major problems are described and an interview model is proposed as one method of helping the student to cope.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

Nutrition survey of Finnish rural children. VI. Methodological study comparing the 24-hour recall and the dietary history interview.

The aim of the study was to evaluate and to compare the 24-hr recall method with the dietary history method as used in a food consumption survey of children. Information on the dietary intkake was obtained by 24-hour recall from 158 children and by the history method from 134. The interviews are repeated 7 months later. In addition, 741 children were interviewed by both methods on the same occasion. The repeatability of the results was analyzed both at the individual and at the group level. The correlation coefficients between the first and second interview in terms of the individual intakes of energy and nutrients were fairly low for both methods. At the group level the results of repeated 24-hr recalls were in good agreement. The dietary history method, however, gave significantly different mean intakes when repeated. The correlation coefficients between the values obtained by the 24-hr recall and the history method varied from 0.20 (vitamin A) to 0.50 (energy). The history method gave consistently higher mean values than the 24-hr recall. Neither of the methods can be considered suitable for the measurement of an individual child's dietary intake. The 24-hr recall is preferable for food consumption surveys of groups of children.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

Microanalysis of the first interview with psychosomatic patients.

Microanalysis of the first interview is a technique developed by the author for the subtle translation of the verbal aspects of the doctor-patient contact. Every bit of information, derived from the patient, is translated in the traditional historical dimension, e.g., when did the complaint start, and in the here and now dimension, e.g., in how far does the information imply a cry for help and understanding. Psychosomatic patients, who are usually well adapted, suppress or repress their problems and emotions so much that they are hardly able to express these quite openly. Psychosomatic symptoms reflect the effort of the patient not to behave in a hysterical way. This means that the overt cry for help and attention, which is so characteristic for hysterical patients, is warded off. Especially the microanalytic translation of this hidden cry may be used by the interviewer to detect what the basic problems of the patient are and how the optimal climate for an efficient therapeutic contact can be established. In the Leyden Department of Psychiatry the technique is used to facilitate the training in interview technique. In the paper models will be given for the understanding of the interrelationship of psychiatric and psychosomatic symptoms.

Humans↗

PubMed1979

The admission interview: the validity question.

This study reports on the validity of a structured, standardized admission interview for dentistry. An entire class of 86 fourth-year dental students at The University of Iowa was studied, and the relationships between information from the interview, faculty ratings, and numerous dental and predental academic data were compared. Many correlations were found to be significant, which permitted technical description of three aspects of validity: concurrent, content, and construct. Reliability of both the instrument and the interview method were shown to affect validity.

Achievement↗

PubMed1979

[Re-interviews improve source-training in Gonorrhoea (author's transl)].

A sample should be given to improve the intensity of contact-tracing. Therefore three re-interviews were performed in two groups of patients suffering on gonorrhoea (Group A=1000;Group B=110 persons) with the aim to find out, how many persons could be traced more by re-interviews and could be found infected with gonorrhoea too. By re-interviews 12.0% more contacts could be traced, of whom 55.5% were infected.

Adult↗

PubMed1975

Supervision of the initial interview. A study of two methods.

Two methods of supervision of the initial evaluation of outpatients by psychiatric residents were compared. In condition 1, residents evaluated patients and then presented the case material to a supervisor in the traditional manner. In condition 2, the supervisor observed the interview directly. Supervisor and residents then independently completed ratings of psychopathology, motivation, insight, and prognosis of the patients. Significant differences in several variables between the two conditions were noted. Resident and supervisor ratings of patients were in clear agreement when both observed the interview.

Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale↗

PubMed1979

Factors associated with number of treatment interviews of patients from a barrio neighborhood mental health service: a cross-validation.

Demographic and treatment variables were, for a second time, found associated with number of treatment interviews completed by lower socioeconomic patients of a barrio area neighborhood mental health service. Of the eight variables that originally differentiated patients with respect to number of interviews, six remained significant on cross-validation. The longer staying patients were characterized by: young adult age range; disrupted marital status; self-referral; using psychotropic medication; major and secondary problems of anxiety and depression.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

The amobarbital interview.

In two apparently disoriented patients, the emergency physician's use of amobarbital quickly eliminated diagnoses of an organic etiology. Although thousands of amobarbital interviews have had no complications, the use of amobarbital should follow a thorough evaluation. The amobarbital interview is a safe and simple technique to discriminate functional from organic illness, thus avoiding unnecessary medical and surgical treatment, neglected illness, and inappropriate disposition.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

Assessment interviewing in clinical psychology.

The relative specificity of the structure of psychological traits has presented the clinical psychologist with a very difficult problem; it means that generalized test procedures are of limited use. This paper suggests: (1) that the interview presents one way of beginning to solve this problem, and (2) that the findings of psychological research may provide the means of arriving at a distinctive style of valid interviewing for assessment purposes. This style has two main features: (1) it facilitates self-exploration and self-disclosure and (2) it maximizes the accuracy of the information obtained. An outline of some of the research findings is presented; some of the methodological problems are discussed; and a brief example is given.

Communication↗

PubMed1979

The validity and reliability of self-reported data from heroin addicts: mailed questionnaires compared with face-to-face interviews.

Immediately following receipt of their 1-year follow-up mailed questionnaire, 55 former patients from an addiction treatment program were interviewed personally, and a urine sample was collected. Results indicate a high degree of correspondence of self-reported drug use with the urinalysis reports, and moderately high correspondence between the information on employment, school attendance, legal status,and length of heroin run given in the mailed questionnaire with that provided in the personal interview.

Heroin Dependence↗