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PubMed2006

Recommendations for the management of retarded ejaculation: BASHH Special Interest Group for Sexual Dysfunction.

We present the British Association of Sexual Health and HIV (BASHH) special interest group in sexual dysfunction recommendations for the management of retarded ejaculation. The recommendations outline the physiology, prevalence, definitions, aetiological factors and patient assessment for this sexual problem. We suggest treatment strategies, recommendations for management and an auditable outcome.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Recommendations for the management of vaginismus: BASHH Special Interest Group for Sexual Dysfunction.

We present the British Association for Sexual Health and HIV (BASHH) Special Interest Group for Sexual Dysfunction recommendations for the management of vaginismus. The recommendations outline the history, prevalence, aetiological factors, patient assessment and management for this sexual problem. Treatment strategies are discussed along with general recommendations and auditable outcomes.

Female↗
PubMed2006

Recommendations for the management of premature ejaculation: BASHH Special Interest Group for Sexual Dysfunction.

We present the British Association for Sexual Health and HIV (BASHH), Special Interest Group for Sexual Dysfunction updated recommendations for the management of premature ejaculation. The recommendations outline the physiology, prevalence, definitions, aetiological factors and patient assessment for this common sexual problem. Behavioural, local and systemic pharmacological treatments are discussed along with general recommendations and auditable outcomes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Interest groups' influence over drug pricing policy reform in South Korea.

In 1999, the Korean government made a drug pricing policy reform to improve the efficiency and transparency of the drug distribution system. Yet, its policy formation process was far from being rational. Facing harsh resistance from various interest groups, the government changed its details into something different from what was initially investigated and planned. So far, little evidence supports any improvement in Korea's drug distribution system. Instead, the new drug pricing policy has deteriorated Korea's national health insurance budget, indicating a heavier economic burden for the general public. From Korea's experience, we may draw some lessons for the future development of a better health care system. As a society becomes more pluralistic, the government should come out of authoritarianism and thoroughly prepare in advance for resistance to reform, by making greater efforts to persuade strong interest groups while informing the general public of potential benefits of the reform. Additionally, facing developing civic groups, the government should listen but not rely too much on them at the final stage of the policy formation. Many of the civic groups lack expertise to evaluate the details of policy and tend to act in a somewhat emotional way.

Drug Costs↗
PubMed1989

Health policy and ERISA: interest groups and semipreemption.

This paper is a history of the health policy results of the Employee Retirement and Income Security Act of 1974, particularly section 514, which preempts state laws "which relate to any employee benefit plan" but permits states to continue to regulate the business of insurance. This history exemplifies how health policy is often made outside conventional arenas. On the basis of published primary sources and interviews with a number of key participants, the paper describes how interest groups which rarely act together coalesced to create and sustain semipreemption and its effects on state and federal health policy. The paper concludes with an assessment of recent state legislative efforts to address the problems created by ERISA semipreemption. The ironical results of semipreemption occurred because of the absence of a coalition of interest groups that was sufficiently strong to resolve the fundamental questions raised by our commitment to linking health insurance to employment.

Health Benefit Plans, Employee↗
PubMed1982

Regulation and the paramedical professions: an interest group study.

This article examines the relationship between government regulation and interest group activity of two paramedical groups in Ontario: chiropractors and physioptherapists. These disciplines occupy positions vis-à-vis the provincial medical insurance plan opposite to those which their relationships with the medical profession would suggest. It will be argued that the employment of sophisticated pressure group tactics can be highly effective as a surrogate for medical recognition. This, in conjunction with the difficulties inherent in the exercise of lay judgment in the development of public policy toward the professions, can lead to controversial policy outputs. It will also become apparent that a close and legitimate association with the medical profession is not necessarily of benefit in the pursuit of professional recognition.

Chiropractic↗
PubMed2006

Alcohol and inflammation and immune responses: summary of the 2005 Alcohol and Immunology Research Interest Group (AIRIG) meeting.

The 10th annual meeting of the Alcohol and Immunology Research Interest Group (AIRIG) was held at Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois on November 18, 2005. The AIRIG meeting was held to exchange new findings and ideas regarding the profound suppressive effects of alcohol exposure on the immune system. The event consisted of five sessions, two of which featured plenary talks from invited speakers, two with oral presentations from selected abstracts, and a final poster session. Participants presented a range of novel information focused on ethanol-induced effects on innate and adaptive immunity after either acute or chronic exposure. In particular, participants offered insights into the negative effects of ethanol on the innate processes of adhesion, migration, inflammation, wound repair, and bone remodeling. Presentations also focused on the means by which ethanol disrupts activation of macrophages and dendritic cells (DC), especially stimulation mediated by Toll-like receptor ligands. Additional talks provided new data on the means by which ethanol suppresses adaptive immunity, with an emphasis on DC-mediated activation of T cells, effector T cell activity, and T cell-driven B cell responses.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

ASHP special interest group professional practice survey--1984.

Personal characteristics and professional practice patterns of enrollees in ASHP special interest groups (SIGs) were surveyed in early 1984. The mail questionnaire consisting of 23 items was sent to the entire universe of 3595 SIG enrollees, 514 of whom belonged to more than one SIG. The response rate was 64.7%. About two thirds of the respondents were between 25 and 39 years old; 73% were men. Nearly 36% had earned more than one academic degree, and 30% had completed an ASHP-accredited pharmacy residency. Most respondents spent a majority of their work time in a community nonprofit hospital (46%) or a university teaching hospital (22%). The following percentage of respondents spent some time in the functions indicated; the mean percentage of time those respondents spent in a function is given in parentheses: administration, 76% (52%); education, 69% (16%); drug distribution and control, 60% (17%); patient-oriented services, 47% (17%); drug information, 54% (12%); research, 28% (17%); pharmaceutical marketing/sales, 6% (25%); other, 12% (29%). The following percentage of respondents spent half or more of their practice time in the functions indicated: administration, 48%; drug distribution and control, 26%; education, 5%; and patient-oriented activities, 4%. By and large only a small percentage of SIG enrollees spent a majority of their practice time providing patient-specific services. This suggests that for most SIGs enrollment corresponds to an interest in a special practice area, not a heavy practice commitment to that area.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

How to form a research interest group.

Nursing's subject matter often requires a multifaceted perspective that calls for pooling skills and knowledge. Research interest groups provide a way for busy academic and clinical nurses to pool their knowledge and conduct meaningful research. They enable experienced and inexperienced individuals with common concerns to work together and accomplish what each might not be able to do alone.

Goals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Proceedings of the physical and occupational therapy special interest group meeting.

At the 1997 American Burn Association meeting in New York City the Physical Therapy/ Occupational Therapy (PT/OT) Special Interest Group met and discussed five pertinent topics that affect therapists. A summary of the information was received from the five discussion groups. This information is presented so that the entire PT/OT membership can be kept informed and updated about the information presented at this meeting. Moderators can be resources for more in-depth information regarding these topics.

Allied Health Personnel↗
PubMed1999

Regulating managed care: interest group competition for control and behavioral health care.

In this essay I identify how historic patterns of competition among health care interest groups have simultaneously retained their past contours and also changed significantly as a result of the jolt created by the rise of managed care. I explain why it is that I and other executives of for-profit managed behavioral health care organizations, traditionally advocates of market-based approaches to accountability, have begun to support some versions of regulation by the national government in order to restore consumer confidence in the credibility of managed health plans. Key concepts that are addressed include notions of public accountability, control of the purse strings, consumer protections, and provider privileges.

Behavioral Medicine↗
PubMed1991

A critical review of labor and birth care. Obstetrical Interest Group of the North American Primary Care Research Group.

A critical review of the literature regarding important aspects of labor and delivery was conducted by members of the Obstetrical Interest Group of the North American Primary Care Research Group using computerized searches, personal communication, and literature exchange between group members. Each written topic summary was carefully reviewed by a second group member, and a consensus was reached regarding conclusions and recommendations by the group. The topics include family involvement, comfort measures, fetal heart rate monitoring, labor augmentation, birth positions, and episiotomies. Each topic summary is preceded by conclusions and recommendations given in the order of least invasive to most invasive of the woman in labor. The strength of these conclusions and recommendations is based on the amount and type of supportive data in the literature and is indicated by one to three stars preceding that statement. One-star conclusions are not well supported in the literature but reflect a family practice style and were reached through consensus from the group. Three-star conclusions are supported by data from clinical trials.

Delivery, Obstetric↗
PubMed1997

Definition of agitation following traumatic brain injury: I. A survey of the Brain Injury Special Interest Group of the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.

OBJECTIVE: To determine national patterns of defining agitation after traumatic brain injury (TBI) by physiatrists with expressed interest in treating TBI survivors. DESIGN: A random sample of 70% of the members of the Brain Injury Special Interest Group (SIG) of the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (AAPM&R) were surveyed by telephone. RESULTS: The 129 members who responded yielded an 82% response rate. Respondents rated 18 characteristics from established rating scales on a 5-point scale according to each characteristic's relation to its clinical definition of agitation. Physical aggression, explosive anger, increased psychomotor activity, impulsivity, verbal aggression, disorganized thinking, perceptual disturbances, and reduced ability to maintain or appropriately shift attention were rated by at least 50% of the sample as very important or essential to agitation. Delirium, as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), has been proposed as a standard definition of agitation. The degree to which all characteristics from the 3rd revised edition of the DSM (DSM-IIIR), considered together, were perceived to relate to agitation predicted 24% of the degree to which the term "delirium" was perceived to relate to agitation (Canonical correlation r = .48, p = .0002). Physicians' ratings of individual delirium characteristics from the DSM-IIIR were examined to determine if a sufficient number were similarly ranked to fulfill the diagnostic criteria for delirium. A significant number of physicians rated diagnostic criteria for delirium in one direction, yet did not rank the term "delirium" accordingly (McNemar's p = .04). CONCLUSIONS: There is considerable variation among physiatrists in their rating of characteristics that define agitation. Many define agitation during the acute recovery phase as posttraumatic amnesia plus an excess of behavior such as aggression, disinhibition, and/or emotional lability. Less support was given to defining agitation by the DSM-IIIR or DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for delirium. Delirium appears related to, but is not sufficient for, a diagnosis of agitation.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Measurement and treatment of agitation following traumatic brain injury: II. A survey of the Brain Injury Special Interest Group of the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.

OBJECTIVE: Determine national patterns of measuring and treating agitation after traumatic brain injury (TBI) by physiatrists with expressed interest in treating TBI survivors. DESIGN: A 70% random sample of members of the Brain Injury Special Interest Group of the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation was surveyed by telephone. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The survey instrument was designed to determine the most common pharmacologic interventions for agitation and, where possible, match each drug with the target behavioral and cognitive characteristics for which it is prescribed. Data were also collected on the manner in which participants measured agitation and judged treatment efficacy. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-nine of 157 responded, yielding an 82% response rate. The majority of respondents were not measuring agitation in a standard fashion. The five most frequently prescribed drugs by the expert stratum were carbamazepine, tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), trazodone, amantadine, and beta-blockers. In comparison, the nonexperts most often reported prescribing carbamazepine, beta-blockers, haloperidol, TCAs, and benzodiazepines. Desyrel (p = .06) and amantadine (p = .001) were significantly more likely to be chosen by experts than by nonexperts. Experts chose haloperidol significantly less often than nonexperts (p = .01). Prescription of sedating drugs such as haloperidol or benzodiazepines was not found to be associated with the acuity of injury of TBI patients in the respondent's practice, practice setting, or years of practice since completing residency. Choice of haloperidol to treat agitation was not significantly associated with the degree to which explosive anger, verbal aggression, or physical aggression were considered important to the respondent's definition of agitation. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of physiatrists surveyed did not formally measure agitation. Treatment strategies differ significantly between general physiatrists and those who specialize in the treatment of patients with TBI. The breadth of pharmacologic agents and strategies identified in this survey probably reflects the lack of research specific to the pathophysiology of the disorder of posttraumatic agitation.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Media and agenda setting: effects on the public, interest group leaders, policy makers, and policy.

Using an experimental design built around a single media event, the authors explored the impact of the media upon the general public, policy makers, interest group leaders, and public policy. The results suggested that the media influenced views about issue importance among the general public and government policy makers. The study suggests, however, that it was not this change in public opinion which led to subsequent policy changes. Instead, policy change resulted from collaboration between journalists and government staff members.

Chicago↗
PubMed2002

Commentary on Skene and Parker: the role of a church (or other ideologically based interest group) in developing the law--a plea for ethereal intervention.

This paper discusses the provocative views of Skene and Parker as to the role of religious or other ideologically based interest groups in law and policy making. We draw distinctions between doctrine and prejudice and between argument and ideology which we trust take the debate further. Finally we recommend an ethereal, democratic, and populist partial solution.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed2003

Interest groups and state Medicaid drug programs.

A simultaneous equations model is estimated to analyze the interaction between state Medicaid pharmaceutical drug reimbursement rates, drug recipients per capita, and expenditures per drug recipient. Interest groups are shown to have a strong positive impact on pharmacy reimbursement rates, which, in turn, have an impact on pharmacy participation rates and drug utilization and expenditure patterns. Finally, a strong inverse relationship exists between expenditures per recipient and program size. The results verify the existence of substantial variation in state Medicaid programs and point to potentially growing disparities as a result of current policies.

Decision Making, Organizational↗
PubMed1991

American Association for Partial Hospitalization Child and Adolescent Special Interest Group: standards for child and adolescent partial hospitalization programs.

This article describes standards and guidelines for the treatment of children and/or adolescents in partial hospitalization programs. Developed through the Child and Adolescent Special Interest Group of the American Association of Partial Hospitalization, they are intended to aid in the establishment of quality treatment programs.

Adolescent↗