Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Intellectual disability”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Hepatitis B and C in institutions for individuals with intellectual disability.

People with intellectual disability are a well-known high-risk group for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Hepatitis B virus is a major public health problem, but it is often neglected because of its largely asymptomatic course with long-term complications. Safe and effective vaccines have been available for over 15 years. However, universal vaccination strategies have not or have not completely been implemented to date, even though epidemiological data have indicated the effectiveness and efficacy of vaccination, and economic evaluations have shown that it is cost effective. Hepatitis C virus (HCV), which was discovered in 1989, has similar risk factors and is also a cause of chronic hepatitis. The prevalence of HCV amongst individuals with intellectual disability has not been clearly established. An overview of the literature on the prevalence of HBV and HCV in this population, as well as risk factors, transmission and prevention is presented in the present review. The literature cited in the present article was obtained by searches in MedLine using the following keywords and keyword combinations: hepatitis, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, mentally retarded, mentally handicapped, developmentally retarded, intellectual disability, institutionalization, Down's syndrome and hepatitis B vaccination. The search was done from 1980 to 1998. Beside this, the older articles found in the references were included if these were considered necessary for completeness.

Global Health↗
PubMed2025

"All doctors should be trained in that": The coproduction and mixed-methods evaluation of an educational toolkit to enable safe, high-quality genetic health care for people with intellectual disability.

PURPOSE: People with intellectual disability inequitably access high-quality genetic health care. However, they are keen to understand genetic health care and recommend that clinicians need education on delivering more inclusive care and that multimodal genetic health literacy resources should be coproduced. METHODS: Our inclusive research team applied best-practice coproduction principles to deliver a suite of resources, the GeneEQUAL Toolkit. Mixed-methods evaluation, including surveys and focus group/interviews, assessed (1) clinicians' perceived capabilities, motivation, and opportunities for providing inclusive health care for people with intellectual disability before and after exploring the Toolkit; (2) the perceptions and opinions of people with intellectual disability about the Toolkit; (3) the reach of the Toolkit components; and (4) the reflections of people with intellectual disability and clinicians on the coproduction process. RESULTS: The Toolkit met the expectations and preferences of people with intellectual disability and clinicians, and had a global reach. Coproduction was feasible and judged as critical for the high value of the Toolkit, in motivating clinicians to change their clinical practice and empowering people with intellectual disability. CONCLUSION: Coproduction can be successfully applied to improve the engagement of people with intellectual disability, potentially reducing health inequity and improving the safety and quality of genetic health care.

Humans↗
PubMed1996

Practice guidelines for the clinical assessment and care management of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias among adults with intellectual disability. AAMR-IASSID Workgroup on Practice Guidelines for Care Management of Alzheimer's Disease among Adults with Intellectual Disability.

The AAMR/IASSID practice guidelines, developed by an international workgroup, provide guidance for stage-related care management of Alzheimer's disease, and suggestions for the training and education of carers, peers, clinicians and programme staff. The guidelines suggest a three-step intervention activity process, that includes: (1) recognizing changes; (2) conducting assessments and evaluations; and (3) instituting medical and care management. They also provide guidance for public policies that reflect a commitment for aggressive care of people with Alzheimers's disease and intellectual disability, and avoidance of institutionalization solely because of a diagnosis of dementia.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1999

The relationship between psychiatric and physical health in elderly people with intellectual disability.

Elderly people with intellectual disability have high rates of both psychiatric and physical disorders. In the elderly general population, these disorders are known to be associated. Whether such an association exists amongst elderly people with intellectual disability is unclear, but the resolution of this question is of clinical as well as academic importance. Psychiatric and physical assessments were completed on 134 people with intellectual disability aged 65 years and over (93.7% of the ascertained population living in Leicestershire, UK). The relationship between the two disorders was statistically examined. The number of physical disorders, age, level of intellectual disability and smoking status were retained in the logistic regression equation which predicted caseness for dementia in 79.9%. Similar statistical modelling for psychiatric disorders (other than dementia) retained the level of intellectual disability as the only explanatory variable in the equation. These results differ from the elderly general population, but are in keeping with the one previous intellectual disability study. In view of the poor use of general medical services by elderly people with intellectual disability, knowledge of such comorbidity should alert psychiatrists to the need for physical assessments in order to optimize health.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

A randomized control trial of an opportunistic health screening tool in primary care for people with intellectual disability.

People with intellectual disability have an increased variety of health care problems compared with the general population. The transition of care for such people from institutions into the community places them in a primary care system already facing increasing demands for their services. There is a consensus that health screening is at its most useful in identifying functional disabilities. Therefore, an intervention which helps the general practitioner (GP) towards opportunistically checking those areas of health most often deficient in people with intellectual disability would appear of considerable benefit (especially if information directing the GP towards appropriate secondary care services is also provided). The present study was designed to evaluate the impact of such an intervention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Surgery for acute abdominal conditions in intellectually-disabled adults.

BACKGROUND: Intellectually-disabled patients with acute abdominal conditions are susceptible to late diagnosis and adverse outcome due to impaired communication, altered behaviour, neurological impairment, associated congenital anomalies, variable reaction to pain and drugs and various difficulties in perioperative management. The present study aims to present the experience of surgery for acute abdominal conditions in intellectually-disabled patients. Various difficulties encountered during the management are highlighted and measures to overcome these problems are discussed. METHODS: A prospective descriptive population study was performed through the prospective collection of data on consecutive intellectually-disabled adults operated for acute abdominal conditions over a 5-year period. Study parameters included demographic details, clinical presentation, diagnostic modalities, operative findings and outcome in terms of morbidity and mortality. RESULTS: Of 19 men and three women with a mean age of 28.3 years, anorexia, vomiting, and increasing abdominal distension were the most common presenting features. History of pica was available in 36.4% of patients. Intestinal obstruction, acute appendicitis, volvulus and pseudo-obstruction of the colon were the most frequently encountered conditions. Postoperative morbidity and mortality were 33 and 23%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Intellectually-disabled patients demand particular clinical expertise owing to various difficulties inherent to their mental and physical disabilities. Short history, anorexia, vomiting and abdominal distension should make the clinician aware of the possibility of an acute abdominal condition. History of pica should be considered a serious clinical correlate. A high index of clinical suspicion, intensive perioperative care and low threshold for an early operation are recommended to reduce the higher morbidity and mortality figures.

Abdomen, Acute↗
PubMed2004

The assimilation of assistive technology in residential care centers for people with intellectual disabilities.

People with intellectual disability (ID) require special support in order to achieve independence in their daily life. Persons with ID are less exposed to assistive technology, although studies have shown that the availability of aids afford an opportunity to reach independence and cooperation. The aim of this study was to examine the nature of the relationship between involvement of the physiotherapy (PT) team and the degree to which assistive technology was used. A questionnaire was sent to all PTs employed at all 54 residential care centers for persons with ID of the Division for Mental Retardation at the Ministry of Social Affairs in Israel. A significantly positive correlation was found between the degree of involvement of the PT and the utilization of assistive technology. The study results may be summarized by stating that PTs demonstrated a great deal of involvement, particularly in relation to the extent of their work in the residential care centers. PT's awareness of the importance was indicated as the major reason to use assistive technology.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2005

Sex, consent and intellectual disability.

BACKGROUND: People with intellectual disability, as well as people with dementia or mental health disability, are vulnerable to sexual abuse and may lack the capacity to give valid consent to medical treatment. Their reproductive choices may be limited by their support needs, by social pressures or by sterilisation at a young age. OBJECTIVE: This article uses case vignettes to illustrate key areas in dealing with sexual and reproductive health, and consent issues for people with intellectual disability. It also provides brief guidelines for assessing capacity to consent, and procedures to follow when there is no, or uncertain, capacity. DISCUSSION: People with intellectual disability require education to help them resist abuse, and advocacy to ensure that their environment protects them. They require support and education when making reproductive choices and health care decisions. In cases where they do not have the capacity for informed consent, a substitute decision maker is required.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Generalized effects of a peer-delivered first aid program for students with moderate intellectual disabilities.

Peers with mild intellectual disabilities taught first aid skills to 4 students with moderate intellectual disabilities. A multiple probe design across participants was used to examine the effects of the peer teaching program during an acquisition and a partial sequential withdrawal phase. Generalization assessments were conducted in the participants' homes using novel, randomized simulated injuries. Results suggested that the peer teaching program resulted in acquisition of first aid skills, and the participants' skills generalized to the home, to novel simulated-injury locations, and to new trainers. Additionally, a more detailed analysis of the generalized responding suggested that when given a choice among first aid materials, participants treated burns using large adhesive bandages rather than the materials used in training. Participants also successfully treated injuries when novel instructional cues were used. The findings are discussed with respect to training issues, generalization and maintenance of the acquired skills, and the use of peer tutors with disabilities.

Child↗
PubMed1998

Gabapentin in the treatment of refractory partial epilepsy in children with intellectual disability.

Twenty-six children with intellectual disability and six normal children, all suffering from refractory partial seizures, received open-label gabapentin (range = 10-50 mg kg(-1) day(-1); mean = 26.7 mg kg(-1) day(-1) as an add-on medication to their antiepileptic drug regimen. Mean seizure frequency during baseline was 9.5 seizures per week. Both groups had a significant reduction in seizure frequency. Response scores and response ratios did not differ between the intellectually disabled and normal groups (1.67+/-0.67 and 1.25+/-0.69, P = 0.697, and -0.400+/-0.089 and -0.283+/-0.159, P = 0.961, respectively). Behavioural side-effects were more likely to occur in patients with intellectual disability in comparison with the mentally normal group (P = 0.0107). In the present patient population, patients younger than 10 years of age, all of whom had intellectual disability, were more likely to have side-effects than those older than 10 years of age. Observed adverse effects, which were generally mild, occurred in patients with baseline intellectual disability, attention deficit disorder and behavioural problems. Behavioural adverse effects warranted discontinuation of the medication in only three patients. The severity of intellectual disability (mild versus moderate or severe) did not affect the extent of the response or the occurrence of side-effects. It is concluded that gabapentin is equally effective as an add-on medication against partial seizures in patients with or without intellectual disability. However, children with intellectual disability who also are less than 10 years of age with baseline attention deficit appear to be at a higher risk of behavioural side-effects.

Acetates↗
PubMed2005

Off the map: a critical geography of intellectual disabilities.

A "critical geography of intellectual disabilities" is outlined. Drawing on personal experience and borrowing poetic inspiration, claims about the end of the institutional era for intellectual disabled people are disputed, and the continuing eugenic legacy, complete with its multiple stigmatizing effects, is emphasized. The extent of the social exclusion experienced by many people with intellectual disabilities in the wider community, linked to various poor quality of life indicators, is also given attention. Finally, speculations are raised about how to move beyond the "asylum" and the "ghetto", empowering intellectually disabled people in the process.

Deinstitutionalization↗
PubMed1997

Health gain through health checks: improving access to primary health care for people with intellectual disability.

People with intellectual disability were identified through the local register and through liaison with general practitioners (GPs). A consultation exercise was conducted with users and carers to ascertain their experiences and perspectives of primary health care (GP services). A comprehensive health check was devised and administered to about 120 people to detect physical disorders, especially cardiovascular risk factors. A standardized checklist was used to determine the population of people with psychological and psychiatric problems. Case notes were reviewed after nearly one year to determine physical and psychological health gain. Significant gains were noted with regard to physical disorders. In contrast, mental health problems were underreported and participants had achieved few gains on follow-up. The reasons and implications for future service planning are discussed.

Body Mass Index↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Tower of Hanoi and working memory in adult persons with intellectual disability.

Persons with intellectual disability (ID) have been found to perform more poorly than their mental age would suggest in the visuo-spatial problem solving task Tower of Hanoi (TOH). Inefficient performance has been assumed to be related to inability to use sophisticated problem solving strategies because of restricted working memory capacity. In the present study, the TOH performance of adult persons with ID was found to be equal to that of fluid-intelligence-matched general children. However, persons with ID violated the rules of the TOH more often, and needed more trials to solve the TOH problems than the children did. Visuo-spatial and executive working memory tasks were significantly connected to the TOH performance of persons with ID, whereas phonological working memory tasks were not. Poor inhibition ability was related to the poor performance of subjects with ID in the TOH. We suggest that for persons with ID, TOH performance is determined by individual differences in fluid intelligence, controlled attention, and inhibition ability.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Randomized trial of psychotropic medication information leaflets for people with intellectual disability.

People with intellectual disability (ID), like other patient groups, are known to have a limited knowledge of medication. Leaflets are seen as an appropriate means of providing patient information. To test the hypothesis that medication information leaflets would improve the knowledge and care of the target group, the present authors designed a randomized trial and planned to do subgroup analyses where appropriate. The participants were individually randomized to two groups. A control group was given verbal medication information by their nurse or psychiatrist, and a study group was given specifically designed leaflets in addition to verbal information. The present authors recruited 54 people with mild to moderate ID and mental illness, aged 18 years and older, who were taking psychiatric medications. Questionnaires administered by a blind interviewer recorded outcomes such as medication knowledge and satisfaction at two time points. The participants with mild ID in the leaflet group had significantly reduced medication knowledge and understanding. There were no significant differences in satisfaction with clinicians and medication. Patient information leaflets may confuse people with mild ID in the short term. Other patient groups with cognitive deficits may have similar outcomes. Evaluation of outcomes of health education initiatives is important.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Feasibility, reliability and validity of the Spanish version of Psychiatric Assessment Schedule for Adults with Developmental Disability: a structured psychiatric interview for intellectual disability.

BACKGROUND: Over 30% of people with intellectual disability (ID) have a comorbid psychiatric disorder. However, there are few assessment instruments available for international use and cross-cultural validation studies of these instruments are rare. The aim of the present study was to standardize the Spanish version of the Psychiatric Assessment Schedule for Adults with Developmental Disability (PAS-ADD-10), a semi-structured interview for people with ID. METHODS: After a conceptual translation, feasibility (i.e. applicability, acceptability and practicality) and reliability analyses were carried out. The predictive validity of the PAS-ADD-10 CATEGO-5 codings was also examined (i.e. positive and negative predictive values). Four independent raters with wide-ranging experience in quantitative evaluation and psychiatric assessment of ID evaluated a sample of 80 subjects with ID and borderline intellectual functioning at the AFANAS occupational centre in Jerez, Southern Spain. The ICD-10 codes were used for psychiatric diagnosis. RESULTS: The practicality of the PAS-ADD-10 is limited because of the need for previous standardization of SCAN interviews. Nevertheless, its overall feasibility was judged adequate by raters and the PAS-ADD-10 was considered extremely useful for training. Test-retest and inter-rater reliability kappa values were moderate to high. The CATEGO coding showed limited validity because of overdiagnosis of anxiety disorders and underdiagnosis of mood and psychotic disorders (positive predictive value = 74%, negative predictive value = 76%). CONCLUSIONS: The PAS-ADD-10 is a useful tool for standard psychiatric assessment of people with ID; however, CATEGO codings show low validity and a series of modifications should be considered before this instrument is used extensively in Spain. In this regard, a study on the clinical usefulness of the PAS-ADD-10 in patients with ID and severe mental disorders has been undertaken.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Eyewitness testimony and perceived credibility of youth with mild intellectual disability.

BACKGROUND: Individuals with intellectual disability (ID) are more vulnerable to abuse compared to individuals without disabilities yet have limited access to the legal system. This study examined perceived credibility of youth with mild intellectual disability (MID) who provide courtroom testimony. METHOD: Participants, 187 undergraduates, were asked general questions about credibility. They also read eyewitness testimony and answered questions about a particular witness's credibility. Half the participants were informed that the youth has MID [chronological age (CA) 15 years, mental age (MA) 10 years] and the others were informed that the youth is a typically developing 10-year-old. RESULTS: When participants were asked general questions about credibility they rated 15-year-olds with MID (MA 10 years) as less credible than typically developing 15-year-olds and as less credible than typically developing 10-year-olds. However, when participants read eyewitness testimony and answered questions about a particular witness's credibility, no statistically significant differences were found between participants who were informed that the witness was a 15-year-old with MID (MA 10 years) and those who were informed that the witness was a typically developing 10-year-old. CONCLUSIONS: The present study provided a preliminary investigation of perceived credibility of witnesses with MID and suggests directions for future research in this area.

Adolescent↗