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PubMed2003

Rice as the most influential source of cadmium intake among general Japanese population.

The objective of the present study is to examine whether rice is still a leading source of cadmium (Cd) burden among general populations in Japan. For this purpose, 10 prefectures were selected from all over Japan (including the northern- and southern-most Hokkaido and Okinawa prefecture, respectively). Cadmium levels in urine of never-smoking women (corrected for creatinine; Cd-Ucr) were compared with the rice- and wheat product-based Cd intake, which were estimated from Cd contents in rice and wheat (in the forms of bread, noodle and flour) consumed by residents in the areas, and per-capita daily consumption of rice and wheat. Stepwise multiple regression analysis taking Cd-Ucr as a dependent variable and rice- or wheat product-based Cd intakes as independent variables showed that rice was the most influential and almost exclusive variable with a partial correlation coefficient of 0.770-0.832, explaining 59-69% of total variation in Cd-Ucr. The effects of other sources including wheat were essentially negligible.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Influential papers in child abuse.

A survey was conducted among professionals expert in the field of child protection to determine which papers or book chapters they felt had been the most influential. From their responses, a list of the 50 most mentioned papers and chapters was compiled. This list was sent to a large group of child protection professionals with the request that they rank the 15 publications which they considered most important. To compare the views of child protection professionals with the number of times these publications had been cited in the literature, a citation search was carried out. Kempe, Silverman, Steele, Droegemuller, and Silver's (1962) paper "The Battered Child Syndrome" and Summit's (1983) paper "The Child Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome" received the highest ranking from the professionals. "The Battered Child Syndrome" also achieved the highest ranking in the citation search. Although there were a number of discrepancies between the professional rankings and the citation search, eight papers appeared in the top 15 rankings achieved by the professional survey and the citation search. Such a review of the influence of child abuse literature has limitations, although it does help to show which papers appear to have had an important and lasting influence.

Child↗
PubMed1999

Likelihood-based diagnostics for influential individuals in non-linear mixed effects model selection.

PURPOSE: Data from single individuals, or a small group of subjects may influence non-linear mixed effects model selection. Diagnostics routinely applied in model building may identify such individuals, but these methods are not specifically designed for that purpose and are, therefore, not optimal. We describe two likelihood-based diagnostics for identifying individuals that can influence the choice between two competing models. METHODS: One method is based on a jackknife of the raw data on the individual level and refitting the model to each new data set. The second method is a calculation which utilises the contribution each individual make to the objective function values under each of the two models. The two methods were applied to model selection during analysis of a real data set. RESULTS: The agreement between the methods was high. Individuals for whom there was a discrepancy between the methods tended to be those for which neither of the contending models described the data appropriately. Both methods identified individuals that influenced the model selection. CONCLUSIONS: Two objective, specific and quantitative methods for identifying influential individuals in nonlinear mixed effects model selection have been presented. One of the methods doesn't require additional model fitting and is therefore particularly attractive.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2000

How medical students and residents describe the roles and characteristics of their influential clinical teachers.

PURPOSE: This study sought to identify students' perceptions about characteristics of faculty who had positively influenced their clinical education and to determine whether the students' perceptions matched those published for residents. METHOD: On exit surveys in 1997 and 1998, students graduating from Baylor College of Medicine were asked to list clinical faculty who had "significantly and positively influenced their clinical education" and to describe that influence. Using codes derived from Ullian's earlier 1994 study regarding residents' perceptions, the authors classified 1,153 written descriptions that expressed a single characteristic or teacher attribute into five roles: person, physician, supervisor, teacher, and unspecified (global). For each role, categories expressing similar characteristics were grouped into clusters. Although one author coded all descriptions, interrater reliability (.93) was determined by having an assistant code a set of randomly selected descriptions. RESULTS: The medical students ranked characteristics of the teacher role highest. In contrast, Ullian's residents ranked characteristics of the supervisor role highest. CONCLUSION: Medical students and residents differ substantially in their perceptions of the roles and characteristics of their influential clinical teachers. The results in this study corroborate Stritter's learning vector theory. Thus, learners' perceptions of the value of their teachers' behaviors change during their professional development. These perceptual changes may explain why medical students and residents assess the same faculty's teaching very differently. These results also support the need to prepare clinical faculty differently for working with medical students as compared with residents.

Humans↗
PubMed1998

Nurse executives' leadership roles. Perceptions of incumbents and influential colleagues.

The authors present a leadership profile of employed nurse executives (NEs). Interviews and survey data show that the typical NE is a married, middle-aged woman who has a masters degree in clinical nursing and extensive clinical experience. When comparing NEs' and influential colleagues' perceptions of the effectiveness of NEs leadership skills, the former rate themselves higher than the latter, and both groups perceive that NEs' leadership styles are more "task motivated" than "relationship motivated." The authors apply these findings to the career planning of NEs, chief executive officers, and educators in healthcare fields.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Influential observations in the estimation of mean vector and covariance matrix.

Statistical procedures designed for analysing multivariate data sets often emphasize different sample statistics. While some procedures emphasize the estimates of both the mean vector mu and the covariance matrix Sigma, others may emphasize only one of these two sample quantities. In effect, while an unusual observation in a data set has a deleterious impact on the results from an analysis that depends heavily on the covariance matrix, its effect when dependence is on the mean vector may be minimal. The aim of this paper is to develop diagnostic measures for identifying influential observations of different kinds. Three diagnostic measures, based on the local influence approach, are constructed to identify observations that exercise undue influence on the estimate of mu of Sigma, and of both together. Real data sets are analysed and results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed measures.

Humans↗
PubMed1998

[Prevalence of premenstrual syndrome in reproductive women and its influential factors].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of premenstrual syndrome and its influential factors in reproductive women. METHOD: A questionnaire was used in 454 reproductive women aged 15-49 in Beijing. RESULTS: The prevalence of premenstrual syndrome in these women was 30.4%, among which 61.6% was mild, 34.1% moderate, and 4.3% severe. The order of frequency of the symptoms occurring in premenstrual syndrome was irritation, depression, anxiety, diarrhea, lack of concentration and hypersomnia. Women with higher cultural level, greater stress in life (work or study), dysmenorrhea, dislike menstruation and those with depression symptom had a higher incidence than those with lower cultural level, no stress in life, no dysmenorrhea, no dislike toward menstruation and no depression symptom (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Premenstrual syndrome is a common disease in reproductive women. Clinical doctors should pay attention and adopt comprehensive measures in order to reduce its incidence and improve the quality of life especially for women with high risk factors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Influential factors affecting prognosis of snakebite patients management: Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital experience.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to determine the most influential factors affecting the prognosis of snakebite patients in Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital. METHODS: A thorough review of the medical records of poisonous snakebite from June 1986 to November 1999 was carried out in this retrospective study. RESULTS: Of the identified snakes in 39 bite victims, 70% of these cases were hemorrhagic type: Trimeresurus stejnegeri 20/27, T. mucrosquamatus 6/27, and Agkistrodon acutus 1/27; 28% were neurotoxic type: Naja naja atra 6/11 and Bungarus multicinctus 5/11; and 2% was mixed type: Vipera russelli formosensis 1/39. Three of four acute renal failure victims were bitten by T. mucrosquamatus. Two of the 5 victims bitten by B. multicinctus required endotracheal intubation to maintain their respiration. Five patients received skin grafting, 3 of whom were bitten by Naja naja atra. Most of our patients (55%) received only a single dose of antivenin, and 83% (29/35) of the antivenin was given within 6 hours after the bite; the antivenin infusion was finished in less than 2 hours in most cases (33/36). CONCLUSION: Bites from Trimeresurus stejnegeri are the most common poisonous snakebite recorded in our emergency department. T. mucrosquamatus is prominent in causing bleeding tendency and acute renal failure. Bungarus multicinctus is more prominent than Naja naja atra in causing acute respiratory failure. The dosage of antivenin used to treat patient bitten by cobra was less than that recommended by the poison control center, and the complication of skin necrosis requiring skin grafting was more severe than that of the other species.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

A study of the variation in tuberculosis incidence and possible influential variables in Manchester, Liverpool, Birmingham and Cardiff in 1991-1995.

SETTING AND OBJECTIVE: The reversal of the decline in United Kingdom tuberculosis rates has sparked a resurgence of interest in the epidemiology and prevention of tuberculosis in the UK. In this paper we quantify the primary factors explaining the variability in the electoral ward level relative risk of tuberculosis in Manchester, Liverpool, Birmingham and Cardiff. DESIGN: Ecological analysis of the incidence of tuberculosis in 397 wards using hospital admissions data as a proxy for tuberculosis incidence. Admissions were evaluated from the financial years 1991/1992 to 1994/1995. Ward level covariates included measures of country of birth, ethnicity and various socio-economic measures. RESULTS: Separate analyses were carried out for pulmonary and non-pulmonary tuberculosis. For pulmonary tuberculosis the final model included measures of the ward population born in India and Pakistan, overcrowded housing and not-owner-occupied housing. For non-pulmonary tuberculosis the covariates were ward population born in India and Pakistan, overcrowded housing and the proportion of households with no car. CONCLUSIONS: The country of birth of the ward population is the single most influential explanatory factor in the variability of the ward rates for both pulmonary and non-pulmonary tuberculosis in these four cities. Measures of poverty are of secondary importance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[Studies of influential factors in determination of Ca2+ by combination of FAAS with micro-column enrichment].

It have been studied that the influential factors in determination of calcium by combination of FAAS with micro-cell preconcentration. In order to the preconcentration, the ions can be adsorbed by the self-made electrochemical preconcentration micro-cell. Then the adsorbed ions instantly return into solution which is small in size and directly into FAAS. This method can greatly improve determination sensitiveness. The characteristic concentration and detection limit for the determination of Ca2+ can be improved with 1-2 order of magnitude, the characteristic concentration about 163 times. The results are satisfactory.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1994

[Influential factors of water evaporation from burn wound].

To determine various influential factors of water evaporation from burn wound, we scalded 120 rats and divided them randomly into 12 groups. The rate of evaporation was studied under different temperatures and moistures. The experimental results showed that high temperature and low moisture were beneficial to the treatment of burn wound. Escharectomy, skin grafting and film forming agents could reduce evaporation. Azone could change the permeability of the skin and accelerate water evaporation.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[Bernhard von Gudden (1824-1886)--institutional psychiatrist, brain anatomist and influential university teacher].

Nowadays B. v. Gudden is primary known as psychiatrist of the dream-king Ludwig II.; nevertheless he was not only a doctor of the top people, but one of the great clinicians, neuropathologists and psychiatric teachers in the last third of the 19th century. Trained at Siegburg and Illenau, the leading institutions of german mental hospital psychiatry, he was formed by Conolly's "no-restraint"-movement as well as by Griesingers neuropathological concepts. So he became one of the most influential academic teachers of german psychiatry, who attracted important pupils like August Forel or Emil Kraepelin.

Germany↗
PubMed1993

[Influential factors on the therapeutic response in the conditioning treatment of enuresis with an original therapeutic machine].

The conditioning treatment of enuresis with our original therapeutic machine, that is to awake the patient before enuresis may occur, has been performed since 1987. Influential factors on the therapeutic response were investigated. Twenty two patients with enuresis Type I were admitted and were treated for 5 nights with the therapeutic machine. Seven patients were cured (the cured group) and a certain effectiveness (decrease of the frequency of enuresis of more than 50%) was observed in 8 patients (the effective group). No effectiveness was obtained in 7 patients (the no change group). The average age of the cured group was higher than that of the no change group, and the difference was significant. No significant differences were found among the three groups in sex, the frequency of enuresis or the past experience of awakening before enuresis. Significant differences among the three groups were found in the average awakening score (how easily the patient awoke when a nurse called the patient after the machine alarmed) and the change of awakening score during treatment. The average awakening score of the cured group was the highest and that of the no change group was the lowest. The change of awakening score during treatment of the no change group was significantly lower than that of the cured group or that of the effective group. The desire to cure, scored 0-2 points at the time of discharge, was significantly stronger in the cured group than in the no change group. No significant differences were noticed among the three groups in the sleeping condition and the remembrance of awakening at the next morning.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Analysis of data on delayed development from the 1971-72 outbreak of methylmercury poisoning in Iraq: assessment of influential points.

In this paper we report additional results from the analysis of dose-response data on delayed development from the outbreak of methylmercury poisoning in rural Iraq during the winter of 1971-72. The discussion is focused on the importance of four influential points for the estimation of the population threshold for the effects of methylmercury. The point is made that while this study was important for establishing a dose-response relationship in humans, the uncertainty in the parameters of this relationship is large, and further human studies are needed.

Child Development↗
PubMed1996

[The influential factors of formation and development of personality in children with congenital heart disease].

106 children with congenital heart disease (CHD) were tested by the Eysenck personality Questionaire (EPQ) and the Psychological Monitor Card in this study. The result showed that the personality of the CHD children is more introversive and moody than that of normal children. The influential factors including disease, family, and society were analysed. It suggested that it is important to provide psychological support to the CHD children and psychological knowledge to the parents.

Child↗