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PubMedDate not supplied

Melioidosis: an emerging infectious disease.

Infectious diseases account for a third of all the deaths in the developing world. Achievements in understanding the basic microbiology, pathogenesis, host defenses and expanded epidemiology of infectious diseases have resulted in better management and reduced mortality. However, an emerging infectious disease, melioidosis, is becoming endemic in the tropical regions of the world and is spreading to non-endemic areas. This article highlights the current understanding of melioidosis including advances in diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Better understanding of melioidosis is essential, as it is life-threatening and if untreated, patients can succumb to it. Our sources include a literature review, information from international consensus meetings on melioidosis and ongoing discussions within the medical and scientific community.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1997

Use of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in the treatment of acute infectious diseases.

Infectious diseases continue to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Novel strategies directed at amplifying critical components of the host's immune system may be one potential adjuvant therapy. To date, studies with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) treatment have demonstrated favorable results, decreasing both morbidity and mortality in a variety of infectious disease models in non-neutropenic hosts. The recent completion of two clinical trials has also provided supportive data that G-CSF is effective in patients with serious infections. Most important, G-CSF does not produce any adverse consequences, which were of concern to some because of the capacity of G-CSF to enhance neutrophil production and function. This review focuses on current data suggesting that augmentation of the immune system with G-CSF is a promising new approach to adjuvant therapy in infectious diseases.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2005

[Genome and infectious diseases].

Infectious diseases are a leading cause of death worldwide. This century has seen a remarkable increase of new infectious diseases and the re-emergence of old ones. This paper gives an overview on the innovative strategies and new technology platforms needed to counteract the novel emerging diseases.

Genome, Human↗
PubMed2000

New and emerging therapies in infectious diseases.

Infectious diseases account for one-third of all deaths worldwide. The last decade has yielded significant advances in the treatment of infectious skin diseases. This article highlights emerging therapies for viral, fungal, bacterial, and parasitic skin cutaneous infections.

Anthelmintics↗
PubMed2004

Research and development of new vaccines against infectious diseases.

Infectious diseases are responsible for approximately 25% of global mortality, especially in children aged younger than 5 years. Much of the burden of infectious diseases could be alleviated if appropriate mechanisms could be put in place to ensure access for all children to basic vaccines, regardless of geographical location or economic status. In addition, new safe and effective vaccines should be developed for a variety of infections against which no effective preventive intervention measure is either available or practical. The public, private, and philanthropic sectors need to join forces to ensure that these new or improved vaccines are fully developed and become accessible to the populations in need as quickly as possible.

Biotechnology↗
PubMed2004

The challenge of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases.

Infectious diseases have for centuries ranked with wars and famine as major challenges to human progress and survival. They remain among the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Against a constant background of established infections, epidemics of new and old infectious diseases periodically emerge, greatly magnifying the global burden of infections. Studies of these emerging infections reveal the evolutionary properties of pathogenic microorganisms and the dynamic relationships between microorganisms, their hosts and the environment.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Immunosenescence and infectious diseases.

Infectious diseases are major causes, with malignancies, of morbidity and mortality in the elderly. Increased susceptibility to infections may result from underlying dysfunction of an aged immune system; moreover, inappropriate immunologic functions associated with aging can determine an insufficient response to vaccines. Impairments of cellular, humoral and innate immunity in the elderly, contributing to increased incidence of infectious diseases, are discussed in this review.

Aging↗
PubMed2004

Genetics of infectious diseases.

Infectious diseases represent a major health problem worldwide, both in terms of morbidity and mortality. A complex combination of environmental, pathogen and host genetic factors plays a role in determining both susceptibility to particular microbes and the course of infection. Numerous studies have now mapped and identified relevant genes using a variety of both family-based and population-based approaches. Much interest has been focused on susceptibility to malaria, HIV/AIDS and mycobacterial infection, but other bacterial, viral and parasitic diseases are receiving increasing attention. Some major genes have been identified by genome scans of multi-case families, and mouse genetics has contributed to mapping and identification of a few genes. However, the great majority of known susceptibility loci emerged from screening of likely candidate genes. The emerging picture is of highly polygenic diseases, with occasional major genes, along with significant inter-population heterogeneity. This genetic architecture likely reflects the role that evolutionary selection has played in generating and maintaining a diverse repertoire of susceptibility/resistance loci, most with individually small effects. Genome-wide association studies with large sample sizes will be required to define the majority of the relevant polygenes.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

[Trends in infectious diseases].

Infectious diseases can be comprehensively divided in 4 groups by means of the parameters morbidity and lethality. This enables us to describe the continuously changing epidemiologic situation till the present state in this country in a simple way. New essential trends in etiology and pathogenesis are outlined, followed by a few selected therapeutical and prophylactic aspects. Finally problems of intrauterine acquired and neonatal infections are discussed.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed2003

Estimating the global burden of thalassogenic diseases: human infectious diseases caused by wastewater pollution of the marine environment.

This paper presents a preliminary attempt at obtaining an order-of-magnitude estimate of the global burden of disease (GBD) of human infectious diseases associated with swimming/bathing in coastal waters polluted by wastewater, and eating raw or lightly steamed filter-feeding shellfish harvested from such waters. Such diseases will be termed thalassogenic--caused by the sea. Until recently these human health effects have been viewed primarily as local phenomena, not generally included in the world agenda of marine scientists dealing with global marine pollution problems. The massive global scale of the problem can be visualized when one considers that the wastewater and human body wastes of a significant portion of the world's population who reside along the coastline or in the vicinity of the sea are discharged daily, directly or indirectly, into the marine coastal waters, much of it with little or no treatment. Every cubic metre of raw domestic wastewater discharged into the sea can carry millions of infectious doses of pathogenic microorganisms. It is estimated that globally, foreign and local tourists together spend some 2 billion man-days annually at coastal recreational resorts and many are often exposed there to coastal waters polluted by wastewater. Annually some 800 million meals of potentially contaminated filter-feeding shellfish/bivalves and other sea foods, harvested in polluted waters are consumed, much of it raw or lightly steamed. A number of scientific studies have shown that swimmers swallow significant amounts of polluted seawater and can become ill with gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases from the pathogens they ingest. Based on risk assessments from the World Health Organization (WHO) and academic research sources the present study has made an estimate that globally, each year, there are in excess of 120 million cases of gastrointestinal disease and in excess of 50 million cases of more severe respiratory diseases caused by swimming and bathing in wastewater-polluted coastal waters. Filter-feeding shellfish/bivalves, which are often harvested from wastewater-polluted areas of the sea, can effectively filter out and concentrate the microbial pathogens in the seawater. It can be roughly estimated that annually there are some 4 million cases of infectious hepatitis A and E (HAV/HEV), with some 40 thousand deaths and 40 thousand cases of long-term disability, mainly chronic liver damage, from consuming raw or lightly steamed filter-feeding shellfish/molluscs harvested globally from polluted coastal waters. The total global health impact of the thalassogenic diseases--human infectious diseases associated with pathogenic microorganisms from land-based wastewater pollution of the seas--is estimated to be about 3 million 'disability-adjusted life years' (DALY)/year, with an estimated economic loss of some 12 billion dollars per year. Due to the preliminary nature of the estimates in this study it is appropriate to assume that all of the above figures are no more than first approximations and that the true figures may be 50% higher or lower. Nevertheless, it is the author's belief that this study indicates that wastewater pollution of the sea results in a multi-billion dollar per year health burden and that preventing wastewater pollution of the sea is worthy of inclusion on the global agenda of marine pollution prevention and control.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed2000

[Future direction of medical care system for patients with infectious disease and the new infectious diseases control law in Japan--centering around a category 1 hospital].

As of April 1, 1999, the new Infectious Diseases Control Law became effective in Japan. Under the new law, there are three types of category for medical care systems such as "Specified Infectious Disease Medical Hospital", "Category 1 Infectious Disease (Ebola virus hemorrhagic fever, Marburg disease, Lassa fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever and plague) Designated Hospital" and "Category 2 Infectious Disease (Cholera, Sigellosis, Typhoid fever, Paratyphoid fever, Poliomyelitis and Diphtheria) Designated Hospital". In these categories, "Category 1 Infectious Disease Designated Hospital" should be designated by prefectural governments, one hospital per prefecture. Recently some papers indicated that (1) whether each government should arrange a category 1 hospital, (2) whether strict isolation with precautions against airborne spread including negative air pressure with anterior-room should be required, (3) plague is not a dangerous disease and the patient with plague is not required of Category 1 hospital but Category 2 hospital for medical care and infection control. The purpose of this article is, including a counterargument for these opinion, to summarize the point of view for the new medical care system under the new law and to search for the future medical care system in Japan. First of all, medical care for patients with infectious diseases should not be a special one but the extension of the general one. Second, we understand that one of the purposes for Category 1 hospital is the core hospital concerning the therapy, pre/post education and research for infectious diseases in each prefectures. Third, the constructive standard for Category 1 hospital should be a strict one including negative air pressure rooms with an anterior-room and an outside hall, and the air should not be recirculated. Under the big chance of enforcement of this new Infectious Diseases Control Law in Japan, we should try to restruct about medical care system for patients with infectious diseases in a long-range plan.

Hospital Design and Construction↗
PubMed1994

Infectious arthropathies and other rheumatologic manifestations of infectious diseases.

Infectious agents have been implicated in the pathogenesis of many rheumatologic diseases. In most of these diseases, including those in which specific organisms are known to play a role, the details of pathogenesis remain incompletely defined. Recent studies have aimed to isolate bacterial and viral pathogens from patients with rheumatic diseases, efforts have been made to further define the host immune response to infection, and there have been attempts to develop improved methods of diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases affecting the musculoskeletal system. This review discusses recent studies on the association of infection with illnesses affecting the joints and musculoskeletal system, with an emphasis on the rheumatic diseases of childhood.

Arthritis, Infectious↗
PubMed1977

Where did our infectious diseases come from? The evolution of infectious disease.

Infectious diseases have been evolving from the earliest days of life on earth. Major factors influencing their developments include the splitting of continents (continental drift), the radiation of early primates into present-day forms, migrations of man around the world, the ending of the Ice Age, the invention of agriculture, the domestication of animals, the increase in populations, and the urbanization of societies. The impact of such basic changes on infectious diseases is reviewed.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1983

Multivalent inactivated virus oil emulsion vaccines in broiler breeder chickens. III. Trivalent Newcastle disease, infectious bursal disease, and arthritis/tenosynovitis viruses vaccine in primed breeders.

Inactivated Newcastle disease (NDV), infectious bursal disease (IBDV), and viral arthritis/tenosynovitis (VA) viruses were incorporated into water-in-oil emulsion vaccines, either alone, in bivalent combinations, or in a trivalent vaccine. Twenty-week-old broiler breeder chickens that had received previous live virus vaccination with NDV, IBDV, and VA were injected intramuscularly with the monovalent, bivalent, or trivalent vaccines. The antibody titers to the antigens contained in the monovalent, bivalent, or trivalent vaccines increased rapidly and peaked 4 to 8 weeks postvaccination. The titers declined during the next 3 months and increased to levels equal to or higher than the initial peak values. The titers remained high through 10 months postvaccination. Progeny hatched at intervals throughout the 40-week trial possessed detectable antibody titers to the appropriate antigens incorporated into the breeder vaccine through 21 days of age.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Multivalent inactivated virus oil emulsion vaccines in broiler breeder chickens. II. Trivalent vaccines in breeders not previously vaccinated with live Newcastle disease, infectious bursal disease, and tenosynovitis vaccines.

Inactivated Newcastle disease (NDV), infectious bursal disease (IBDV), and viral arthritis/tenosynovitis (VA) viruses were incorporated into water-in-oil emulsion vaccines either alone, in bivalent combinations, or in a trivalent vaccine. Twenty-week-old broiler breeder chickens with no previous exposure to NDV, IBDV, or VA live virus vaccines were injected intramuscularly with the monovalent, bivalent, or trivalent vaccines. The antibody responses to NDV in all three vaccines were poor, and NDV-hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) geometric mean titers (GMTs) never rose above 20 during the 40-week trial. The antibody response to IBDV showed a strong primary response 4 weeks after vaccination, but IBD-VN geometric mean titers declined steadily to less than 100 by 4 months after vaccination. The antibody GMTs to IBDV continued to decline for the remainder of the trial. The antibody response to VA virus was biphasic, with peak VA-virus neutralization (VN) geometric mean titers occurring at 3 months and 6 months postvaccination. The amplitude of the response to the monovalent, bivalent, and trivalent vaccines was inversely proportional to the number of antigens incorporated into each vaccine. Maternal antibody titers in the progeny against each of the three antigens reflected those of the parents. In no case were maternal antibody titers detectable beyond 14 days of age.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Is Hodgkin's disease an infectious disease?

Several lines of evidence question the concept of Hodgkin's disease (HD) starting as a true malignant disorder of the lymphatic system: (i) In early stages HD exerts pronounced clinical and biological features of an atypic immune response. (ii) Despite extensive investigations, the Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg (H/RS) cells have not been unequivocally determined as the definite malignant cell population in HD. (iii) The epidemiological pattern of HD strongly resembles that of an infectious disease. (iv) About 50% of HD cases can be linked to infection with Epstein-Barr virus. Hodgkin's disease in early stages might thus be understood as the unsuccessful attempt of the organism to eliminate a cell expressing a putative (cellular or viral) target antigen. A stepwise transformation of this antigen-carrying cell, possibly triggered by an inherent genetic instability, might then lead to outgrowth of a malignant cell clone in late stages of the disease.

Antibody Formation↗