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PubMed2001

Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in infant nutrition: effects on infant development.

In the past year, two groups of investigators reported the effects of feeding n-3 and n-6 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on term-infant development. In general, these small randomised studies, along with two recent large randomised clinical trials, one with preterm and one with term infants, confirm and extend data on efficacy from smaller clinical studies reported in the past ten years. In addition, two independent systematic reviews published this year evaluated all but the most recent studies. Both systematic reviews concluded that there were benefits of feeding long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids to preterm infants in the short-term and acknowledged the absence of studies to address their effects on long-term visual development in infants. The continuing controversy as to the need for long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids by term infants is highlighted by the different conclusions reached in the systematic reviews. A middle view can also be supported by the data; that is, that fewer term infants than preterm infants can benefit from these fatty acids because of greater long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid accumulation in utero. Differences in intrauterine accumulation of these fatty acids may also play a role in inconsistent results among term studies.

Child Development↗
PubMed1998

Calibrated-orifice nipples for measurement of infant nutritive sucking.

To measure infant nutritive sucking reproducibly, nipple flow resistance must be controlled. Previous investigators have accomplished this with flow-limiting venturis, which has two limitations: flow resistance is highly dependent on fluid viscosity and older infants often reject the venturi nipple. This report describes the validation of calibrated-orifice nipples for the measurement of infant nutritive sucking. The flow characteristics of two infant formulas and water through these nipples were not different; those through venturi nipples were (analysis of variance; p < 0.0001). Flow characteristics did not differ among calibrated-orifice nipples constructed from three commercial nipple styles, indicating that the calibrated-orifice design is applicable to different types of baby bottle nipples. Among 3-month-old infants using calibrated-orifice nipples, acceptability was high, and sucking accounted for 85% of the variance in fluid intake during a feeding. We conclude that calibrated-orifice nipples are a valid and acceptable tool for the measurement of infant nutritive sucking.

Bottle Feeding↗
PubMed1986

[Physiologic nutritional evaluation of complete infant nutrition based on a soybean formula].

The purpose of this review is to evaluate the nutritional quality of soybean-based infant diets on the basis of results published in the scientific literature. Special consideration has been given to the use of soybean protein formulas for infants with reduced intestinal digestion and absorption capacity as well as in cases of cow's milk intolerance and allergic diseases.

Amino Acids↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A generally neglected threat in infant nutrition: incorrect preparation of infant formulae.

Breast milk is the most appropriate food for infants. At least 4-6 months of breast feeding is sufficient for all babies if appropriate growth is monitored monthly. However, for those infants unable to breast-feed sufficiently or at all, formula can be given as an alternative. However, serious health problems such as hypernatremic dehydration, malnutrition, and obesity may develop if powdered formula is not appropriately prepared. In the present study, our aim was to investigate whether or not mothers of formula-fed babies in Ozkanlar (Izmir, Turkey) district prepared powdered infant formula appropriately. For this purpose, we visited all (328) families with infants younger than 12 months of age. Forty-two (13%) of these 328 infants were still fed formula. The mothers of the infants were asked to prepare formula for two different meals, and duplicate samples from each prepared formula were taken for the measurement of dry matter. Fifty percent of the mothers diluted formula with 10% more or 10% less water for the second meal as compared with the first meal. Four (10%) mothers diluted formula with 10% or less of the required water, while 27 (64%) prepared formula with 10% or more of the required water. It is concluded that mothers must be informed about the preparation of formula when formula is prescribed for their babies.

Body Weight↗
PubMed1989

Breastmilk yield and infant nutrition in relation to early infant growth in Njoro, Kenya.

Breastmilk yields during the first six months of lactation were measured in 27 mothers from small-scale cooperative farms and 35 mothers from squatter villages in two commercial farms and one forest village. On average, mothers from small-scale farms produced 440g milk per 24 hours and the village mothers 510g per 24 hours. Mean birth weight and length for the whole group were all within 90% of the Harvard Standard. However between the 10th and 18th week when milk yield was high, mean child weight was parallel to the Harvard standard but then declined to 90% at 26 weeks. Male infants were heavier and longer at birth than female infants. Seasonal variations were not significant. However, this may have been affected by the failure of the long rains in 1984 which caused food shortages in that year and the following year.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1978

Influence of a nutrition education program (EFNEP) on infant nutrition in East Harlem.

An assessment of the effectiveness of aides working in the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) to improve the nutritional status of infants was conducted with a group of 118 infants attending a well-baby clinic in a low-income area of New York City. In addition to clinic care, the fifty-seven study infants received home visits from a nutrition aide whose role was to reinforce nutritional advice received at the clinic. The sixty-one control infants received only regular clinic care. The benefits of having an aide were suggested by three observations: Reduction in the practice of introducing whole cow's milk to young infants, familiarizing older infants with a variety of foods, and reducing the prevalence of iron-deficiency anemia. Few of the differences between study and control infants achieved statistical significance, although trends consistently indicated that the presence of aides was beneficial. The problems of assessing the effectiveness of nutrition education programs with healthy infants are discussed.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2002

Infant colic: empirical evidence of the absence of an association with source of early infant nutrition.

BACKGROUND: The etiology of infant colic remains unknown, despite an abundance of research on the topic. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether breastfeeding has a protective effect in colic's development. DESIGN: A prospective cohort study of 856 mother-infant dyads. Eligible participants included English-speaking adult residents of a region in Ontario, who gave birth, at term, to a live singleton whose birth weight was appropriate for gestational age. Self-administered questionnaires, mailed to mothers at 1 and 6 weeks post partum, requested information on several infant and maternal factors, including source of infant nutrition (exclusively breastfed, complementary fed, and exclusively formula fed). Cases of colic were identified by applying modified Wessel criteria to data recorded in the Barr Baby Day Diary or by interpreting responses to the Ames Cry Score. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence of colic among breastfed, formula-fed, and complementary-fed infants; and adjusted odds ratios (AORs) reflecting the prevalence of colic among formula- and complementary-fed infants relative to those who were breastfed. RESULTS: Of 856 mothers, 733 (86%) completed the first questionnaire and 617 (72%) completed the second questionnaire. Overall, the prevalence of colic at 6 weeks was 24%. No association was seen between the source of infant nutrition and colic's development. In multivariate analyses, higher levels of maternal trait anxiety (AOR, 1.22; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.96-1.54), maternal alcohol consumption at 6 weeks (AOR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.03-2.40), and shift work during pregnancy (AOR, 1.27; 95% CI, 0.73-2.21) were associated with an increased likelihood of colic, after controlling for feeding method, maternal age, and parity. In these same analyses, being married or having a common-law partner (AOR, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.10-0.87) and being employed full-time during pregnancy (AOR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.32-1.14) were associated with a reduced likelihood of colic. CONCLUSIONS: Breastfeeding did not have a protective effect on the development of colic. Although colic was statistically associated with several variables, including preexisting maternal anxiety, much of colic's etiology remains unexplained.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

The science of infant nutrition and the art of infant feeding.

Using the recommendations of the Committe on Nutrition of the American Academy of Pediatrics for infant formulas as a scientific base, practical guidelines for feeding infants are given. Breast feeding or the use of a prepared formula meets these recommendations while evaporated milk, fresh cow's milk, and skimmed milk, despite widespread use for many years, do not. The feeding of strained foods and infants cereals should be begun when the infant has reached the stage of development appropriate for feeding from a spoon and swallowing nonliquid foods, usually between 3 and 6 months of age. Lifelong eating patterns begin during this period. Adjusting caloric intake to needs and learning to enjoy a variety of foods are major objectives of feeding practices.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Current perspectives on vitamin E in infant nutrition.

The human infant is born with low body stores of vitamin E. Thus, the infant requires an adequate intake of vitamin E soon after birth. If adequate sources of tocopherol are not provided, a clearly defined deficiency state characterized by hemolytic anemia and, after a period of years, spinocerebellar degeneration results. However, the benefit of pharmacologic doses of vitamin E given as prophylaxis against diseases believed to be related to oxygen toxicity (bronchopulmonary dysplasia, retinopathy of prematurity, and periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage) is not clear. Possible benefits must be balanced against the potential for serious toxicity. Few data are available on the pharmacokinetics of tocopherols in infants, particularly with respect to esterified forms of tocopherol, and little is known about the toxicity associated with parenteral administration of the vitamin.

Ascorbic Acid↗