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PubMed1974

Olfactory Basis of Homing Behavior in the Giant Garden Slug, Limax maximus.

Time lapse photography of slugs living in an experimental enclosure shows that these animals can return to a homesite from over 90 cm by a direct route. Slime trail following and vision are not involved in this behavior. In the presence of a low velocity wind, homing occurs upwind. Surgical disconnection of the presumptive olfactory apparatus (digitate ganglion) from the central nervous system eliminates homing. Neurophysiological recordings from the receptor surface associated with the digitate ganglion and the olfactory nerve demonstrate the olfactory function of the digitate ganglion. The olfactory acuity and capacity for directed locomotion via olfactory cues are also relevant to studies of slug feeding behavior, ecology, and learning ability.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Differential effects of prenatal protein malnutrition and prenatal cocaine on a test of homing behavior in rat pups.

The effects of prenatal cocaine exposure and protein malnutrition on orientation to home nest material was assessed in rat pups. Sprague-Dawley dams were fed a diet of low protein content (6% casein), and isocaloric diet of adequate protein content (25% casein, control), or a laboratory chow diet prior to mating and throughout pregnancy. Within each diet group, rats received either cocaine injections (30 mg/kg IP 2 times per week prior to mating and the 30 mg/kg SC daily from day 3 to 18 of pregnancy) or saline injections. All litters were fostered on the day of birth to control mothers fed an adequate diet. On postnatal days 7, 9, and 11, a single pup from each litter (n = 11-15 per treatment) was tested repeatedly in a clean test cage for the rapidity of approach, and level of attraction to their own home (nest) bedding compared with fresh bedding. Prenatal malnutrition and prenatal cocaine exposure each gave rise to independent effects on performance, based upon factor analysis. Prenatal malnutrition, but not prenatal cocaine increased the time taken for rat pups to approach their nest bedding, reduced the time spent on this bedding, decreased the number of entries into the sector containing the home bedding and reduced pup weight. Prenatal cocaine, but not prenatal malnutrition, produced a reduction in activity, but had no effect on pup weight. The lower activity level was most pronounced on postnatal day 7. Surprisingly, interactive effects of prenatal cocaine and prenatal malnutrition were not observed on any behavior examined. Nevertheless, the co-existence of drug addiction and malnutrition in human populations raises the possibility that some of the effects generally attributed to drug exposure may, in fact, be due to malnutrition.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Effects of unusually early visual stimulation on the development of homing behavior in the rat pup.

Two studies examined the theory that early limitations on sensory functioning contribute to the organization of a structure for perceptual development and intersensory functioning. Rat pups' eyelids were surgically opened on Day 7, following which the development of homing to their nest site was investigated, with each animal alone in its living cage. Control pups increased homing until Day 14, and then decreased. Experimental pups showed no such decline, with the highest rate of homing evident on the last day of testing. The importance of visual cues for this altered development of homing was examined. Visual cues for the home were reduced by removing all shavings during testing, while leaving an odorous substrate in place. Under these conditions, both groups showed the characteristic increase and decline in homing, suggesting that premature eyelid opening results in a modification of the distribution of attention to visual and olfactory characteristics of the nest.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Mother-toddler problem solving: antecedents in attachment, home behavior, and temperament.

In a widely cited study, Matas, Arend, and Sroufe showed that mother-toddler interaction during problem solving at age 2 years was related to the child's prior attachment security. The current study asked (1) whether an independent laboratory could replicate this attachment finding, and (2) whether problem-solving interactions relate to mother-child interactions observed at home and to child temperament measured at 6, 13, and 24 months. Replicating Matas et al., secure dyads worked more competently, and mothers showed better quality of assistance and supportive presence. Mother-child home interaction also predicted problem solving: positive involvement at home predicted effective, unconflicted problem solving. Negative control at home did not predict problem-solving interaction. Unadaptable temperament was generally related to dependency in problem solving. Several patterns of correlations appeared to be mediated by sex of child, e.g., difficult temperament in boys predicted more effective, unconflicted problem solving, while for girls it predicted more conflict.

Affect↗
PubMed1979

Effects of dopamine receptor blockade on alimentary behaviors: home cage food consumption, magazine training, operant acquisition, and performance.

Administration of the dopamine receptor blocker pimozide (1.0 mg/kg) disrupted the initiation, but not the maintenance, of home cage food consumption. Likewise, the number of pellets consumed during magazine training was decreased among pimozide-treated rats during the first, but not the second day of training. The acquisition of a bar-press response for food reinforcement (using a retractable bar) was severely retarded by pimozide. However, such an impairment was not evident if animals initially received 2 training days in the absence of the drug. Further, among rats trained to bar press to asymptote using a nonretractable bar, pimozide reduced the within and between days bar-press rate such that performance was indistinguishable from that of animals placed on extinction in the absence of the drug treatment. When transferred from the pimozide treatment to extinction in the absence of drug, the response rate increased to the level observed during the first session of either extinction or pimozide in the continuous reinforcement condition. The results are discussed in terms of sensory-motor and reinforcement consequences of dopamine receptor blockade.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Subacute care, Medicare benefits, and nursing home behavior.

Two policy changes in 1988, one administrative and one legislative, allowed greater Medicare coverage of subacute care in skilled nursing facilities (SNFs). The Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act (MCCA) of 1988, in conjunction with an administrative directive, or transmittal, from the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA), changed the Medicare SNF benefit structure substantially. In this study, we specified a simultaneous equation system to explain the effects of the benefit changes on Medicare use. The results suggest that the two policy changes increased Medicare use in Pennsylvania SNFs substantially; however, the increase was associated with facility and case mix characteristics, which suggest that the increase was largely attributable to reclassification of current patients from other payer categories, Medicaid and self-pay, rather than new admissions. The effects of the MCCA and the HCFA transmittal on increased Medicare use were unanticipated and have important implications for the way in which subacute care is defined and financed in future benefit discussions.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

Medications to modify at-home behavior of Alzheimer's patients.

Benzodiazepines are used often in elderly, anxious patients with or without dementia. Clearly efficacious and relatively safe, benzodiazepines should be considered the first-line drugs of choice to treat anxiety associated with Alzheimer's disease. "Second-generation" antidepressants, although considerably more expensive than the tricyclics, are of significant benefit in the elderly, primarily because of extremely low anticholinergic side effects.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

Dorsomedial forebrain ablations and home loft association behavior in homing pigeons.

In a series of experiments which involved only short distance experimental releases (800 m or less and within view of the home loft), it was demonstrated that dorsomedial forebrain ablated pigeons generally failed to reassociate with their home loft if the postablation experimental release took place soon postablation or if during the time between ablation and experimental release they were kept away from their home loft. In contrast, if dorsomedial forebrain ablated pigeons were allowed to recover at their home loft prior to experimental release, they succeeded in associating with their home loft in a manner similar to controls. However, only postablation exposure to a pigeon's own loft was sufficient to permit continued home loft association. Pigeons from one loft failed to associate with a foreign postablation recovery loft when released within sight of it. The results show that dorsomedial forebrain ablations result in pigeons which no longer succeed in associating with their home loft; recovery from failed home loft association behavior is possible with postablation exposure to the home loft, and a pigeon's previous association with a loft was a precondition if postablation association was to be affected. The results suggest that dorsomedial forebrain ablated pigeons retain something like a 'home loft trace' which they can use to mediate retrieval and reformation of the recognition properties needed for proper home loft association.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Impacts of children with troubles on working poor families: mixed-method and experimental evidence.

Mixed-method and experimental data on working poor families and children with troubles participating in the New Hope anti-poverty experimental initiative in Milwaukee are described. Sixty percent of these families had at least one child who had significant problems (learning, school achievement and/or behavior, home behavior, retardation, other disabilities). Control group families with children who had troubles had more difficulties in sustaining their family routine than did New Hope experimental families. In the context of the many other challenges these parents face, adaptation to children with troubles does not stand out as sharply compared to middle-class European American families. There is less family adaptation specifically due to, or in response to, the troubled child, and more adaptation to the struggles of making ends meet.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2001

Smoking-cessation counseling in the home. Attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of home healthcare nurses.

BACKGROUND: Despite advances in smoking treatment, cessation rates remain stagnant, possibly a function of the lack of new channels to reach heavily addicted smokers. This cross-sectional study examined home care nurses' attitudes, beliefs, and counseling behaviors regarding counseling their home care patients who smoke. METHODS: Home healthcare nurses (N=98) from the Visiting Nurse Association of Rhode Island were randomly selected to participate in a study helping home-bound medically ill smokers to quit. At baseline, nurses completed a questionnaire that assessed a constellation of cognitive factors (self-efficacy, outcome expectations, perceived effectiveness, risk perception, motivation, and perceived patient adherence) as correlates of self-reported nurse counseling behaviors. RESULTS: Nurses with higher outcome expectations spent more time counseling their patients about quitting (p<0.04). Nurses' self-efficacy was the only variable associated with consistent counseling (p<0.05). While the majority of nurses "asked and advised" their patients, a minority of nurses "assisted or arranged" follow-up. Perceived importance of counseling was associated with a greater likelihood of asking, advising and assisting (p<0.05). None of the nurses who currently smoked (n=13) provided follow-up to their patients. Nurses who reported higher levels of both risk perception (regarding the harmful effects of smoking) and perceived effectiveness were more likely to recommend the nicotine patch. CONCLUSIONS: Attitudes and beliefs about smoking are significantly associated with nurse counseling behaviors. Helping nurses to overcome their barriers to smoking counseling may open up new channels for smoking intervention.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

America's angriest home videos: behavioral contingencies observed in home reenactments of marital conflict.

Sequential analysis was used to compare the conflictual marital interactions of physically aggressive (PA, n = 17), verbally aggressive (VA, n = 15), withdrawing (WI, n = 18), and nondistressed, low-conflict (ND, n = 15) couples to describe behavior patterns characteristic of couples who report different marital conflict styles. Videotapes of couples enacting typical conflicts in their own homes were coded with a system designed to capture the affective aspects of communication. PA couples were characterized by the reciprocity of hostile affect and by rigid, highly contingent behavior patterns that were both stronger and longer lasting than those of other conflictual, but nonviolent, couples. In a limited way, ND couples demonstrated some of the same negative behavior patterns as the conflictual couples, but they were able to exit these negative interaction cycles quickly, which underscores the importance of further research into the de-escalation of conflict.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Cognitive impairment, disruptive behaviors, and home care utilization.

Disruptive behaviors by an elder with cognitive impairment, such as violence, abrupt mood swings, and overt inappropriate sexual behaviors have been known to create caregiver distress, but little is known about how these behaviors may influence the use of home care services by that elder or their informal caregiver. The purpose of this study is to explore the associations between type of cognitive impairment (cognitive impairment with no dementia, and dementia), selected disruptive behaviors, and the use of four home care services (homemaking/cleaning, personal care, in-home nursing, home-delivered meals). Secondary data analysis from the 1991-1992 Manitoba Study on Health and Aging data set was conducted, using a sample of 124 community-dwelling elders and their unpaid caregivers. Multivariate analysis revealed that disruptive behaviors were significantly associated with the use of two services: personal care and home-delivered meals. Being cognitively impaired with dementia was significant for only home-delivered meals. Overall functional status of the elder emerged as a consistent predictor.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Home cage behavior and lead treatment in rhesus monkeys: a comparison with open-field behavior.

Nursery-reared rhesus monkeys were treated with no (n = 4) or moderate levels of lead (n = 4) during the first postnatal year. Mean blood lead levels peaked at 55 micrograms/dl at 5 weeks of age, averaged 36 micrograms/dl for the remainder of the first year postpartum, and declined to < or = 5 micrograms/dl for the 4 monkeys by 2.3 years of age. Previously, the lead-treated monkeys exhibited increased environmental exploration and decreased inactivity in a nonhuman primate version of the open field when tested at 4, 5, and 6 years of age (5,6). The current study was designed to assess behavior in the home cage of these monkeys at 6 years of age to determine: (a) whether the increased exploration was specific to the open field, and (b) any lead-related behavioral alterations specific to the home cage. Each monkey was observed twice weekly for 10 weeks and the duration and frequency of 17 behaviors were recorded. Lead treatment did not result in significant alterations in any of the six behaviors which occurred with enough frequency to warrant analysis. As a whole, all monkeys were either inactive or engaged in self-grooming for a large proportion of the test session. Less frequent were behaviors such as locomotion, environmental exploration, and self-directed behaviors. The distribution of behavioral activities in the home cage differed from that in the open field. Potential reasons for the expression of significant lead-related effects in the open field and not in the home cage are discussed as well as the differences in distribution of behavioral activities.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Home smoking restrictions: which smokers have them and how they are associated with smoking behavior.

Home smoking restrictions have primarily been promoted as a means of protecting non-smokers from secondhand tobacco smoke. However, research suggests that smokers who live in smoke-free homes may modify their smoking behavior. Population-based survey data from California (n = 8904) were used to confirm this association and to examine demographic and social characteristics of smokers who reported home smoking restrictions. Report of a recent quit attempt and intention to quit were associated with family preference that the smoker not smoke, with home smoking restrictions appearing to be a concrete expression of this social pressure. In contrast, light smoking (< 15 cigarettes/day) was negatively related to family preference (light smokers may not offend non-smokers) but very positively related to the level of home smoking restrictions. Additionally, smoke-free homes appear to prolong time to relapse following cessation. Male smokers were more likely than females to report smoke-free homes, and such reports decreased with age. While Hispanics and Asians were more likely to report smoke-free homes than Non-Hispanic whites, African Americans were less likely to report them. After adjusting for demographics, smokers were nearly 6 times more likely to report smoke-free homes if they lived with a non-smoking adult and child compared to when there was no child or adult non-smoker in the household, and over 5 times more likely to report a smoke-free home if they believed in the harmfulness of secondhand smoke. Tobacco Control efforts to promote smoke-free homes may give family members leverage to encourage smokers to quit, and to modify smokers' behavior in ways that would help them quit and stay quit.

Actuarial Analysis↗
PubMed1980

Home-orienting behavior in rat pups surviving postnatal or intergenerational malnutrition.

Growth and home-orienting behavior were studied during the 1st 12 days of life in 3 groups of rat pups: (1) those with intergenerational malnutrition; (2) those with postnatal malnutrition produced by cross-fostering pups born of well-nourished mothers to lactating females maintained on a low-protein diet; and (3) well-nourished control pups. Growth of pups was impaired in both malnourished groups, and eye-opening was similarly delayed. On tests of homing behavior, both malnourished groups were impaired to a similar extent and were less likely to find their way to the nest than were control pups. However, survival rates were significantly lower (50%) in the postnatally malnourished group but not in the intergenerationally malnourished group (73%), as compared with controls (100%). These findings suggest that adaptation occurs in long-term malnutrition with increased survival. However, physical characteristics and homing behavior in early life are not distinguishable in those surviving short- or long-term malnutrition. This is in contrast to the finding of more severe behavioral deficits in later life among rats subjected to many generations of malnutrition than among those malnourished for only 1 generation.

Animals↗