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At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for high-grade central osteosarcoma of the extremity. Histologic response to preoperative chemotherapy correlates with histologic subtype of the tumor.

BACKGROUND: In primary central high-grade osteosarcoma, a number of distinct subtypes have been identified, but little is known about the response to chemotherapy. METHODS: The authors investigated whether the subtypes correlated with histologic response to chemotherapy in 1058 patients with osteosarcoma of the extremities who were treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy over the last 20 years. The tumors were classified as osteoblastic (70%), chondroblastic (13%), fibroblastic (9%), and telangiectatic (6%). At diagnosis, 911 patients had localized disease and 147 had resectable lung metastases. RESULTS: The response to preoperative chemotherapy was good (90% or more tumor necrosis) in 59% of patients and poor (< 90% tumor necrosis) in 41% of patients. The rate of good responses was significantly higher (P = 0.0001) in the fibroblastic (83%) and telangiectatic (80%) tumors and significantly lower in chondroblastic tumors (43%). Prognosis was significantly correlated with the histologic subtypes. The 5-year overall survival rate was significantly higher (P = 0.0001) in fibroblastic (83%) and telangiectatic (75%) tumors than in osteoblastic (62%) and chondroblastic (60%) tumors. In all subtypes, except for the chondroblastic subtype, the 5-year overall survival rate was significantly higher (P = 0.0001) in good responders P = 0.0001 (68%) than in poor responders (52%). CONCLUSIONS: The authors concluded that the histologic subtype of primary central high-grade osteosarcoma of the extremity was strictly correlated with histologic response to chemotherapy and probably, as a consequence, also with prognosis. Further studies are needed to establish whether these results justify a specific therapeutic approach based on the histologic subtype of the tumor.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Mild abnormalities in liver histology associated with chronic hepatitis: distinction from normal liver histology.

BACKGROUND: Chronic hepatitis C virus infection associated with contaminated anti-D immunoglobulin has become an issue of recent concern. The clinical course of chronic hepatitis C infection is unpredictable and histological assessment is felt to be the most reliable means of assessing disease status. Semiquantitative scoring systems have been devised, which assess degree of necroinflammatory disease activity (grade) and extent of disease progression with fibrosis (stage) in chronic hepatitis. Often, using these systems, biopsies of anti-D associated chronic hepatitis C cases show mild changes only, with low scores. The significance of these low scores is uncertain. AIMS: To evaluate the significance of low scores in chronic hepatitis. METHODS: Liver biopsies were assessed from two groups of patients in whom liver histology would be expected to be normal: 30 cases of Gilbert's syndrome and 13 necropsy cases of young people (< 45 years) with no history or risk factors for liver disease. These biopsies were scored using the histological activity index of Knodell et al and its recent modification (separation of scores for grade and stage) by Ishak et al. RESULTS: Twenty of 30 cases of Gilbert's syndrome and 11 of the 13 necropsy cases had chronic hepatitis scores of 1 or 2, whereas only eight cases of Gilbert's and two necropsy cases had scores of 0. The remaining two Gilbert's cases had scores of 3 and 5. Similar results were found using both the histological activity index of Knodell et al and the method of Ishak et al. CONCLUSION: The finding of low but positive scores using these systems in people with normal liver histology questions the reliability and significance of finding such scores in patients with chronic hepatitis and is of particular concern in the evaluation of chronic hepatitis C infection.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Histological features of rheumatoid arthritis patients having antibodies to enterobacterial common antigens: correlation of antibody levels with semiquantitative histologic scores and laboratory markers.

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain whether clinically diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients having antibodies to enterobacterial common antigens (ECA) in synovial fluid (SF) have a histological appearance characteristic of RA synovitis. METHODS: Twenty-five RA patients for which synovial biopsy specimens were preserved, were selected from 58 patients with RA tested for antibodies to ECA in SF The synovial tissue specimens were examined histologically using a semiquantitative scoring system with quantitative counts. The correlation of anti-ECA antibody levels with total scores for synovitis and laboratory markers in three RA patient groups (markedly positive, moderately to slightly positive, and negative according to anti-ECA antibody levels) was analyzed statistically. RESULTS: Histologic examination in the markedly positive RA group (total score for synovitis, range 18-20 points) revealed typical histological features of rheumatoid synovitis. Total scores for synovitis were significantly higher in both the markedly positive and moderately to slightly positive RA groups than in the negative RA group. A comparison of anti-ECA antibody levels with total scores for synovitis revealed a strong and significant correlation. Furthermore, levels of anti-ECA antibodies were also correlated with rheumatoid factor and C-reactive protein. CONCLUSION: Clinically diagnosed RA patients having anti-ECA antibodies in SF showed typical or characteristic histological features of RA synovitis. Our data suggest that a group of RA patients with an entrobacterial etiology exists in larger groups of patients with RA which is thought to be a heterogeneous disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Measurement of serum immunoreactive beta-glucuronidase: a possible serological marker for histological hepatic cell necrosis and to predict the histological progression of hepatitis].

beta-Glucuronidase, a lysosomal hydrolase, was purified from human liver tissue, and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed using specific antibody against the enzyme. Using the assay procedure, the serum immunoreactive beta-glucuronidase (beta-glucuronidase) was determined in 190 patients with various liver diseases and in 53 healthy controls to examine whether or not the serum level of beta-glucuronidase would successfully reflect the degree of histological hepatic cell necrosis. beta-Glucuronidase was also determined at regular intervals in 28 patients with chronic hepatitis to investigate the clinical usefulness of serial measurement of the enzyme to predict the histological progression of hepatitis. These 28 patients could be subdivided into three groups, "continuously low type", "labile type" and "elevated type" according to the profiles of fluctuation of serum beta-glucuronidase values. Serum beta-glucuronidase was significantly increased in patients with hepatoma, liver cirrhosis and chronic active hepatitis compared with normal controls. There was significant positive correlation between the beta-glucuronidase and the degree of hepatic cell necrosis determined by histological observation, on the other hand, there was no statistical correlation between the transaminase activities and the degree of hepatic cell necrosis. It was confirmed in immunohistochemical study that the increased beta-glucuronidase in serum has been released from necrotic hepatic cells into blood stream. It was speculated that the elevation of serum transaminase activities had resulted from the alteration in the membrane permeability of hepatic cells rather than from hepatocellular necrosis. Histological progression of hepatitis was found in 8 of 10 patients (80%) of "labile" and "elevated type", while it was found only 3 of 18 patients (16.7%) of "continuously low type". These results suggested that the serial measurement of beta-glucuronidase could be used for an indicator to predict the histological progression of hepatitis.

Carcinoma, Hepatocellular↗
PubMed1989

[Clinical and histological features of acute post-transfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis: histological diagnosis in acute stage and clinical outcome].

We have retrospectively studied the clinical and histological features of 55 cases of acute post-transfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis. Histological findings in the liver biopsies taken in the acute stage covered the whole spectrum of acute and chronic hepatitis, the incidence of acute hepatitis or non-specific reactive hepatitis was 12.7% and 16/4%, respectively, while that of chronic active hepatitis was 56.4%. There was no correlation between histological features in acute stage and the mean peak levels in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Post-transfusion hepatitis, non-A, non-B with histological signs of chronic hepatitis in acute stage frequently results in biochemical evidence of chronic liver disease during long-term follow-up periods. Therefore, our results suggest that the histological features of chronic hepatitis in the acute stage are indicative of long-term elevation in serum ALT level.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1997

[Comparative histological analysis of needle biopsy specimens, prostatectomized specimens and metastatic lymph nodes in prostatic adenocarcinoma--on the basis of the WHO histological classification].

The histological characteristics were comparatively analyzed among biopsy specimens, surgically removed prostates and metastatic lymph nodes obtained from 60 patients with prostatic adenocarcinoma treated by radical prostatectomy. According to the WHO-Mostifi's classification, the proportion of the 6 histologic components, large and/or small simple glands (LSG), micro-glands (MIC), cribriorm (CRB), fused glands (FUS), medullary/solid (MED) and columns-cords/trabecular (C-C), was determined semiquantitatively. LSG, MIC, and CRB are androgen-sensitive components, while FUS, MED and C-C are androgen-refractory components. The proportions of 5 histologic components excluding MIC were similar in the biopsy and prostate specimens. In 78.3% of the patients, the presence (or absence) of androgen-refactory components in the biopsy specimens coincided with that in the prostate specimens. However, the histologic except for the C-C component. Metastatic lymph nodes contained androgen-refactory components in all cases and tended to have more CRB and FUS and fewer LSG. The histology of the needle biopsy specimens may reflect that of the prostate glands, and may serve as a valuable parameter for determining therapeutic modalities. In addition, androgen-refactory components are frequently present in lymph node metastasis.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2001

The role of histological investigation in prognostic evaluation of advanced gastric cancer. Analysis of histological structure and molecular changes compared with invasive pattern and stage.

The relative contribution of tumour histology or molecular changes, compared with invasion pattern or stage, to prognostic assessment of gastric cancer was investigated in a series of 185 advanced (T2 to T4, stage IB to IV) cancers that had undergone intentionally curative surgery at Varese General Hospital. Survival analysis of the histological types considered in commonly used classifications, such as Lauren, Kubo, the World Health Organization (WHO) and related classifications, allowed separation of a small high-grade (Hg, 12 cases) group of adenosquamous, anaplastic and small cell endocrine carcinomas from a large cohesive group (C, 86 glandular or solid cancers) and from another large (87 cases) group of tumours with dissociated cells [29 diffuse (D) and 58 mixed (M) tumours]. Univariate and multivariate analysis showed the independent prognostic value of this C/M+D/Hg classification approach, which proved superior to other classifications and to cell dissociation at the growing front or angio, lympho and neuro-invasion. Expression of sialyl Lewis(c), the DUPAN-2 antigen, proved to be an independent predictor of worse survival among tumours beyond stage I, showing an exclusively or predominantly cohesive structure. Microsatellite instability (MSI) predicted favourable survival in purely cohesive tumours of intermediate (II) stage, especially of solid/medullary and lymphoid stroma/lympho-epithelioma-like structure, among which two distinct tumour subsets were characterised, one MSI-positive and the other Epstein-Barr virus positive. T2NOM0 (stage IB) tumours showed mostly favourable survival independently from histological type, invasive pattern, DUPAN-2 or MSI status. It is concluded that an appropriate histological evaluation, coupled with sialylated glycoproteins histochemistry and, for stage-II tumours, MSI tests may contribute significantly to prognostic assessment of tumours beyond stage I. However, the stage itself, with special reference to lymph-node metastases and invasion level beyond subserosa, remains the most important prognostic clue for gastric cancer.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1997

Residual masses after chemotherapy for metastatic testicular cancer: the clinical implications of the association between retroperitoneal and pulmonary histology. Re-analysis of Histology in Testicular Cancer (ReHiT) Study Group.

PURPOSE: We determined the need and sequence of retroperitoneal lymph node dissection and thoracotomy in patients with nonseminomatous testicular cancer, and with residual retroperitoneal and pulmonary masses after chemotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied 159 patients undergoing retroperitoneal lymph node dissection and a thoracotomy following cisplatin based induction chemotherapy for metastatic testicular nonseminomatous germ cell tumor. Several well-known predictors for residual histology (necrosis, mature teratoma and cancer) were evaluated. RESULTS: As expected, necrosis was found more often at retroperitoneal lymph node dissection if the primary tumor was negative for teratoma, the residual mass was small or the decrease in size was great. Contrary, neither residual mass size nor the decrease in size was predictive of the histological status of the residual lung lesion. Histological findings in the retroperitoneum and lung were strongly correlated, such that necrosis at retroperitoneal lymph node dissection was associated with an 89% probability of necrosis in the lung. CONCLUSIONS: Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection should be performed before thoracotomy is considered, since the histological status at dissection is a strong predictor of that at thoracotomy.

Germinoma↗
PubMed2001

Changes of colonic mucosal microcirculation and histology in two colitis models: an experimental study using intravital microscopy and a new histological scoring system.

This study investigated capillary blood flow (CBF) and pathomorphological alterations in the mucosa of different bowel segments at different times after disease onset in rats with colitis induced by either trinitrobenzensulfonic acid (TNBS) or mitomycin-C. CBF was determined by intravital microscopy using fluorescein-labeled erythrocytes. The histological degree of inflammation was assessed by a new scoring system. Severe acute histological changes were found in the distal colon 24 hr after induction of TNBS colitis (score: 8.9+/-1.0). CBF was increased (2.9+/-0.05 vs. 2.6+/-0.04 nl/min in healthy controls). The histological alterations persisted until day 3 (8.5+/-0.9) when CBF significantly decreased (1.8+/-0.05 nl/min). After 15 days, moderate acute inflammation was still detectable histologically (5.4+/-1.3), but CBF had returned to normal values. In mitomycin-C colitis, changes developed mainly in the proximal colon: After three days, there was mild inflammation (2.8+/-1.2) with normal CBF (2.5+/-0.1 nl/min). After seven days, the inflammation had increased (4.8+/-1.1), while CBF had decreased (1.5+/-0.06 nl/min). These changes persisted for six weeks (5.3+/-0.7; 1.2+/-0.05 nl/min). These data suggest that disturbed colonic microcirculation may play an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease regardless of the histopathomorphological alterations.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Benign lichenoid keratoses with histologic features of mycosis fungoides: clinicopathologic description of a clinically significant histologic pattern.

BACKGROUND: Benign lichenoid keratosis (BLK) is a well-known clinicopathologic entity and several histopathologic patterns have been described. Features mimicking mycosis fungoides (MF) in clinically typical BLKs have not yet been emphasized. The aim of this study was to confirm the occurrence of an MF-like pattern of BLK. METHODS: A retrospective survey was conducted on cases diagnosed as BLK over a 9-month period in a regional dermatopathology service. Seven histologic parameters, previously confirmed as diagnostically suggestive of MF, were applied. Inclusion criteria were: three or more MF-related histologic features and a size less than 2 cm. The clinical features were reviewed. RESULTS: Fifteen cases of MF-pattern BLK were identified. The number of MF-like parameters present in individual cases exceeded the inclusion criteria by variable amounts. Pautrier microabscesses and alignment of lymphocytes along the basal layer were the most frequent (14/15). The age of the patients ranged from 28 to 83 years, with a mean of 50. The size of the lesions ranged from 0.2 to 1.8 cm, with a mean of 0.6 cm. The upper trunk was the favored site. Most of the lesions had been removed because of suspicion of cutaneous malignancy; basal cell carcinoma was the most frequent clinical diagnosis. CONCLUSION: We describe an MF-like histologic pattern of BLK. Pathologists and dermatopathologists should be aware of this novel histologic pattern to facilitate distinction between the two disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Combined use of magnetic resonance imaging, CA 125 assay, histologic type, and histologic grade in the prediction of lymph node metastasis in endometrial carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to predict retroperitoneal lymph node metastasis during the preoperative examination of patients with endometrial carcinoma and to determine whether lymphadenectomy must be performed. STUDY DESIGN: This study was carried out on 214 patients with endometrial carcinoma. Preoperative evaluators were volume index, depth of myometrial invasion (as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging), serum CA 125 level, histologic type, and histologic grade. With the use of receiver operating characteristic curves, cutoff values of volume index and serum CA 125 levels were determined. The relationships of these evaluators with pelvic lymph node metastasis were investigated by multivariate analysis with a logistic regression model. The relationships of these evaluators with para-aortic lymph node metastasis were investigated in the same way. RESULTS: Histologic type, volume index, histologic grade, and serum CA 125 level were found to be independent risk factors for pelvic lymph node metastasis; serum CA 125 level and volume index were found to be independent risk factors for para-aortic lymph node metastasis. Among 110 cases with no risk factors for pelvic lymph node metastasis, pelvic lymph node metastasis was observed in 4 cases (3.6%). On the other hand, only 1 case of 128 cases (0.7%) with no risk factors for para-aortic lymph node metastasis actually had metastasis. CONCLUSION: Careful consideration of the possibility of the elimination of the requirement of retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy is needed in cases with no risk factors for lymph node metastasis. However, our results suggest that para-aortic lymphadenectomy may not be necessary in cases with no risk factors for para-aortic lymph node metastasis.

Aorta↗
PubMed2006

The Follicular Lymphoma International Prognostic Index (FLIPI) and the histological subtype are the most important factors to predict histological transformation in follicular lymphoma.

BACKGROUND: Histological transformation (HT) is a well-known event in patients with follicular lymphoma (FL) conferring an unfavorable prognosis. The aim of the study was to analyze incidence and risk factors for HT in a large series of FL patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 276 patients (median age: 54 years; M139/F137) diagnosed with FL (42% grade 1, 51% 2, 7% 3) in a single institution were studied. Initial treatment consisted of combined chemotherapy in most cases. Median survival was 11.3 years. Main clinic and biological variables were assessed for HT and survival. RESULTS: 30 of 276 patients (11%) presented HT after a median follow-up of 6.5 years, with a risk of 15% and 22% at 10 and at 15 years, respectively. All HT corresponded to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Grade 3 histology, nodal areas >4, increased LDH and beta(2)-microglobulin, and high-risk IPI and FLIPI were associated with HT. In multivariate analysis, grade 3 histology and FLIPI retained prognostic significance. Only FLIPI predicted HT in grade 1-2 patients. 28 patients received salvage treatment for HT, with a CR rate of 52%. Median survival from transformation was 1.2 years, with 6/13 CR patients being alive >5 years after HT. CONCLUSION: FLIPI and histology were the most important variables predicting HT. Upon HT, only patients achieving CR reached prolonged survival, thus emphasizing the need for effective therapies once this event occurs.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Propagation of alloreactive lymphocytes from histologically negative endomyocardial biopsies from heart transplant patients. Association with subsequent histological evidence of allograft rejection.

Endomyocardial biopsies from heart transplant patients were cultured in vitro in the presence of Interleukin-2 and irradiated feeder cells to propagate graft-infiltrating lymphocytes. A correlation was seen between the frequency of lymphocyte growth and the degree of cellular infiltration of the biopsies. In this study, 43 of 113 (38%) histologically negative biopsies obtained from 55 patients during the first month post-transplant yielded lymphocyte cultures. The cumulative incidence of subsequent histological rejection was considerably higher in patients with such "grower" biopsies than in patients with "nongrower" biopsies. In the grower group, we were able to obtain data on alloreactivity of 32 lymphocyte cultures assayed by primed lymphocyte testing (PLT). The presence of donor-specific PLT reactivity in the cultured lymphocytes was associated with an additional risk for subsequent histological rejection. These findings suggest that the in vitro culturing of histologically negative endomyocardial biopsies will identify patients at increased risk for developing heart transplant rejection.

Biopsy↗
PubMed2003

Histologic changes on stapedial footplate in otosclerosis. Correlations between histologic activity and clinical findings.

OBJECTIVE: To quantify the relationship between the stage of histologic changes of the stapedial footplate in otosclerosis and the magnitude of preoperative hearing loss, tinnitus, vestibular disorder, and postoperative improvement of hearing. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case review. SETTING: Tertiary referral center. PATIENTS: The study included 97 patients (ears) (69 female and 28 male patients), with conductive or mixed hearing loss who were operated on for otosclerosis. The criterion for including a patient in the study was otosclerosis established by tympanoscopy and confirmed by histologic examination of a piece of the stapedial footplate. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: By the histologic features of the stapedial footplate fragments, the stage of the otosclerotic lesion was classified as spongiotic, fibrotic, or sclerotic. The patients were carefully matched for sex, age, duration of hearing impairment, presence of tinnitus, and vestibular symptoms. Preoperative and postoperative air-conduction and bone-conduction thresholds were calculated as an average of four frequencies (0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz). Analysis was subsequently carried out on the preoperative and postoperative air-bone gap and bone-conduction threshold improvement. RESULTS: With regard to the histologic stage of otosclerotic lesions, tinnitus and vestibular disorders were present more frequently in patients with the sclerotic type of lesion. The type of otosclerotic lesion had no significant influence on the mean preoperative air-conduction threshold, bone-conduction threshold, and air-bone gap or on postoperative air-conduction threshold and bone-conduction threshold, but the postoperative air-bone gap was higher in patients with the fibrotic type of otosclerotic lesion and was highest in patients with the spongiotic type of otosclerotic lesion (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Tinnitus, vestibular disorders, and better postoperative closure of the air-bone gap are present more frequently in patients with a sclerotic type of otosclerotic lesion on the stapedial footplate.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Histological grading of transitional cell tumours of the bladder. Value of histological grading (WHO) in prognosis.

Mortality among 139 patients with transitional cell tumour of the bladder was studied. Tumours were reevaluated according to the grading system recommended by WHO. The absolute 5-year survival of histologically benign papilloma cases was 68%, of grade I carcinoma cases 64%, of grade II carcinoma cases 42% and of grade III carcinoma patients 34%. Clinical staging (UICC), however, would have been more effective than histological grading (WHO) for prognostic purposes. 3 of the 14 patients with histologically benign papilloma in this study developed grade I carcinoma during follow-up periods of between 4.5 and 24 years. Following radical treatment all recurrences were papillomas. The study suggests that histological grading should be used to complement clinical staging in prognosis and that with half-yearly check-ups and elimination of any tumours thus detected, patients with papilloma rarely develop carcinomas of higher grade than grade I.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Is the remarkable contradiction between histology and 14C urea breath test in the detection of Helicobacter pylori due to false-negative histology or false-positive 14C urea breath test?

We assessed the diagnostic value of the 14C urea breath test (UBT) in the detection of Helicobacter pylori compared with histology and the rapid urease test (RUT). The study included 68 patients (22 men and 46 women) with dyspeptic symptoms. H. pylori status was evaluated by 14C UBT, RUT and histology. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and diagnostic accuracy were determined for 14C UBT and for RUT. Histology revealed dense yeast-like micro-organisms in the biopsy specimens in all patients with false-positive results by 14C UBT (n = 8), a significantly higher proportion than in patients with negative 14C UBT (five of 31). The low specificity of the H. pylori 14C UBT should not be neglected by accepting histology results as false-negative. Gastric mucosal colonization by yeast-like micro-organisms with urease activity can account for the high frequency of false-positive results for 14C UBT.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Histological and molecular mapping of adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus and gastroesophageal junction: loss of heterozygosity occurs in histologically normal epithelium in the oesophagus and stomach.

Seventy malignant, premalignant and histologically normal biopsies from 7 oesophagogastrectomy specimens of adenocarcinomas of the lower oesophagus and gastroesophageal junction were analysed for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at 9 known or putative gene loci. LOH was detected in 20 of 27 (74%) malignant biopsies, 4 of 7 (57%) biopsies of dysplasia, 2 of 12 (25%) biopsies of histologically normal oesophagus adjacent to adenocarcinoma, and in 2 of 14 (14%) biopsies of histologically normal stomach adjacent to adenocarcinoma. LOH at the VHL, APC, CDKN2 and DCC tumour suppressor and MSH3 mismatch repair gene loci can be detected in histologically normal tissue and in adjacent adenocarcinoma, and are potential markers of early neoplastic progression.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1976

[Cytodiagnosis of the uterine portio vaginalis according to WHO nomenclature. I. Correlative revision of cytological and histological diagnoses as quality control of selected materials. Frequency and possible reasons for the lack of correlation of cytological and histological diagnoses].

Smears from the uterine cervix have been evaluated for neoplastic changes on the basis of descriptive terms. The material was obtained by a single gynecologist using a standardized sampling technique and the results were compared with the respective histological diagnoses. Material which was found to be unsuitable for technical reasons was excluded from this study. A 98.7% agreement between cytological and histological findings was noted. Discrepancies between cytological and histological findings were essentially due to differing dysplastic changes in the deeper layers of the surface epithelium and the cervical glands, which were not sampled by the smears on the surface layer. In a few cases the discrepancies could not be explained but they disappeared after several years of observation. The practitioner should be acquainted with the nomenclature used by cytologists. In his turn, the cytologist should be familiar with the pathological anatomy of the organ in question.

Cell Biology↗