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PubMed1991

Hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition with Chuzan virus.

Chuzan virus agglutinated erythrocytes of several species of animals including bovine. The hemagglutinating (HA) activity against bovine erythrocytes was dependent on NaCl molarity and was expressed best at 0.6 M, but it was independent of pH and temperature. Three strains of Chuzan virus isolated from 2 cows and a pool of culicoides midges had indistinguishable HA antigenicity. All cattle infected with the virus developed high titers of hemagglutination inhibiting (HI) antibody which changed in parallel with neutralizing (NT) antibody titers. Correlation between HI and NT antibodies was very high and the antibodies persisted for one year or more. Therefore it was concluded that the HI test is applicable for survey of Chuzan virus infection among cattle in place of the NT test.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Removal of nonspecific hemagglutination inhibitors, immunoglobulin G, and immunoglobulin A with streptococcal cells and its application to the rubella hemagglutination inhibition test.

A streptococcus, AW 43 strain, was found to bind nonspecific serum inhibitors of rubella virus hemagglutination (HA). This was demonstrated by titration of nonspecific HA inhibitors and by immunoelectrophoresis. Absorption of sera with the mixture of AW 43 cells, which bind IgA in addition to nonspecific HA inhibitors, and AR 1 cells, another strain of streptococci which bind IgG, removed nonspecific HA inhibitors, IgG, and IgA simultaneously, leaving behind IgM and a trace of IgA. Pretreatment of sera with those streptococcal cells prior to the rubella hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test enabled to circumvent kaolin treatment of sera, which partially removes IgM antibodies, and to determine exclusively the early-appearing antibodies. The rise and fall of the HI antibodies thus determined correlated well with that of the IgM antibodies determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Thus, this modified rubella HI test may be useful for serodiagnosis of recent rubella virus infection.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1967

Use of formalinized Mycoplasma gallisepticum antigens and chicken erythrocytes in hemagglutination and hemagglutination-inhibition studies.

Antigens were prepared from Mycoplasma gallisepticum in the logarithmic phase of growth and were treated with 2, 5, and 10% Formalin by slow diffusion through a dialysis sac. Chicken erythrocytes were similarly treated with 20% Formalin. Formalin-treated antigens hemagglutinated fresh and formalinized chicken erythrocytes. The antigens retained this hemagglutinating ability over an extended period.

Animals↗
PubMed1968

An improved diluent for rubella hemagglutination and hemagglutination-inhibition tests.

Rubella hemagglutinating (HA) antigen was prepared in BHK-21 tissue as 5% cell suspensions and from unconcentrated and 20x concentrated infected supernatant fluids. In some instances, unconcentrated fluids were treated with Tween 80 and ether; cell suspensions were treated with ether alone. Preparations were tested for HA activity in dextrose-gelatin-Veronal (DGV) buffer solutions; 0.85% NaCl; Sorenson's phosphate-buffered saline, pH 7.2; and a diluent of 0.9% NaCl, 0.1% CaCl(2) (anhydrous), and 0.1% MgSO(4).7H(2)O. HA titers were consistently two- to fourfold higher in the saline with added Ca(++) and Mg(++) than in DGV. Hemagglutination-inhibition titers of paired human sera were the same in either diluent. It is suggested that the interaction between rubella HA antigen and the red cells of young (less than 1-day-old) chicks may be at least partially ion dependent and that titers are enhanced by increased quantities of divalent cations.

Animals↗
PubMed1969

Analysis of the diluents used for rubella virus hemagglutination and hemagglutination-inhibition tests.

A new diluent (ADGP) for the rubella virus hemagglutination (HA) and hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) tests is described. It was found that the HA and HI titers and the erythrocyte agglutination pattern were improved in ADGP compared to previously described diluents. The influence of the components of ADGP and of various test conditions on optimal HA and HI results were examined.

Animals↗
PubMed1969

Standardized viral hemagglutination and hemagglutination-inhibition tests. I. Standardization of erythrocyte suspensions.

A spectrophotometric procedure for standardizing red blood cell suspensions for use in viral hemagglutination tests is described. The procedure is based on highly reproducible cyanmethemoglobin absorbance readings at 540 nm on any suitable spectrophotometer. Target values for milligrams of cyanmethemoglobin per 100 ml are given for the red cell suspensions of all mammalian and avian species employed in viral hemagglutination tests. By use of these values and a cyanmethemoglobin standard curve for a particular photometer, approximate 4% erythrocyte suspensions can be diluted to any lesser concentration. Coefficients of variation for the various diluted suspensions range from 4 to 7%.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Antibody responses in patients with rubella infection determined by passive hemagglutination, hemagglutination inhibition, complement fixation, and solid-phase radioimmunoassay tests.

Antibody responses in serial serum specimens collected from 31 patients with an acute rubella infection were determined by passive hemagglutination (PHA), hemagglutination inhibition (HI), complement fixation (CF), radioimmunoassay (RIA) immunoglobulin G (IgG), and RIA immunoglobulin M (IgM) tests to evaluate the effectiveness of these tests in diagnosing a recent infection. The HI, RIA IgG, and RIA IgM antibodies appeared almost simultaneously and reached the maximum level about 1 week after the onset of rash. Compared to these, the CF antibodies developed only slightly later, whereas the development of the PHA antibodies was much more delayed. The RIA IgM response was shown to be transient, lasting approximately 1.5 to 2.5 months postinfection. The results of this study indicate that demonstration of specific IgM antibodies is the best method for diagnosing a recent infection, one within 2 months after the onset of the illness. If an IgM test is not available, a combination of the HI and PHA tests is recommended.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1986

Single-serum diagnosis of rubella by combined use of the hemagglutination inhibition and passive hemagglutination tests.

We explored the feasibility of using the passive hemagglutination (PHA) test in combination with the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test for the single-serum diagnosis of rubella. We found by sedimentation analysis of the serum that early 7S antibody produced within 1 month after the onset of the rash had high HI but much lower PHA titers, whereas the PHA titers of antibody produced later were slightly higher than the HI titers. (19S antibody in the early serum had some PHA activity.) This disparity between the HI and PHA activities of the early 7S antibody could be used for the routine diagnosis of rubella. A comparison of the HI titers of the test serum with the PHA titers of mercaptoethanol-treated serum constitutes a simple method for determining whether the serum sample was taken shortly or remotely after the infection.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1977

Application of freeze-dried monkey erythrocytes to measles viral hemagglutination and hemagglutination-inhibition tests.

Erthrocytes collected from monkey species including grivet, rhesus, and cynomolgus monkeys were stabilized by fixation with glutaraldehyde of a low concentration and were freeze-dried in vacuo. These freeze-dried erythrocytes were compared with fresh erythrocytes for measles viral hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition and could be used in both tests instead of fresh erythrocytes. They maintained their initial appearance and sensitivity to measles viral hemagglutinins after storage at 4 degrees C for 4 months more.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Improved hemagglutination and hemagglutination-inhibition tests for Akabane virus using formalinized goose erythrocytes.

When formalinized instead of fresh goose erythrocytes were used in the hemagglutination (HA) test system of the Akabane virus, the agglutinability of the erythrocytes increased and became less salt-dependent. The improved method based on these findings should facilitate the hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test and may be useful for epidemiological studies of the Akabane virus.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[A modification of the passive hemagglutination inhibition test to correct the results of the passive hemagglutination test in titrating tetanus antitoxin].

The aim of this work was to accelerate passive hemagglutination inhibition test, simplify it, perform it without an incubator and antibody diagnostic agent, and confirm the results of this test the characteristics permitting not only specific, but quantitative assessment of the results of passive hemagglutination test. To achieve this, the authors suggest the following modifications: the working dose of purified tetanus antitoxin is titered in relation to the standard serum; antibody erythrocytic diagnostic agent is modified by adding the working dose of purified tetanus antitoxin; the test is performed at room temperature.

Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests↗
PubMed1979

Solid phase immunosorbent technique (SPIT) for the demonstration of specific IGM antibodies by hemagglutination inhibition and passive hemagglutination.

The adsorption of protein to glass and plastic has been well documented. It has also been demonstrated that the absorbed antigen or antibodies retain their activity in as much as they are able to react with a specific antibody respective specific antigen(1). Furthermore the adsorbed antignene or antibody complex may also react with a later added antigen. Anti IgM is adsorbed to the solid phase and will retain IgM from the patient's serum. If the patient's serum contains specific IgM this will react with the specific antignene. If the antigen is a hemagglutinin it will combine with the specific IgM and therefore added erythrocytes will not hemagglutinate. If the antigen is coated on erythrocytes the coated erythrocytes will combine with the specific IgM and hemagglutination will take place. The reaction is schematically demonstrated in Fig. 1.

Erythrocytes↗
PubMed1972

Studies on the hemagglutination phenomenon of hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (HEV) of pigs.

Hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (HEV), unlike other Coronaviruses, readily agglutinates a variety of red blood cells. The reaction differs from that of the Myxovirus/Paramyxovirus groups in several respects. Unlike the Myxoviruses, HEV agglutinated red cells treated with receptor destroying enzyme. No neuraminidase activity was demonstrated with HEV and there was no apparent elution of the virus from agglutinated cells. Mucins and animal sera inhibited the agglutination reaction markedly. Ultra violet light exposure sufficient to destroy infectivity had no effect on hemagglutination. Density gradient studies showed that the hemagglutinin was closely associated with the virus particle.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Evaluation of a rapid passive hemagglutination assay for anti-rubella antibody: comparison to hemagglutination inhibition and a vaccine challenge study.

A rapid passive hemagglutination assay (Rubaquick) was developed that detects antibody to rubella virus in serum specimens. The test result is read visually after an incubation period of 15-30 minutes. When compared with a hemagglutination inhibition assay, the Rubaquick assay results obtained from 1,470 sera were greater than 99% specific, sensitive, and accurate. Studies of 179 paired serum specimens obtained before and 27 days after rubella vaccination showed that if antibody was detectable by the Rubaquick assay in the prevaccination specimens, the vaccine induced a secondary response consisting of increasing IgG antibody reactivity in the absence of a positive IgM response. In contrast to the positive prevaccination specimens, a negative prevaccination result was associated with IgM antibody in 98 of the 133 postvaccination specimens. Seroconversion was noted in all cases in which the prevaccination specimen was negative by the Rubaquick assay.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1979

Serology of Legionnaires disease: comparison of indirect fluorescent antibody, immune adherence hemagglutination, and indirect hemagglutination tests.

An immune adherence hemagglutination (IAHA) test for the measurement of antibodies to Legionella pneumophila was developed and evaluated for the diagnosis of Legionnaires disease. Its sensitivity was compared to that of the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test and a recently developed indirect hemagglutination (IHA) test. The sensitivity of the three tests appeared to be similar, with the IFA test giving slightly higher titers. Both the IHA and IAHA tests appear useful for the serodiagnosis of Legionnaires disease; the IAHA test has the advantage that it can be used with many other serological antigens.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1976

[Precipitation reaction and hemagglutination-hemolysis reaction in tuberculosis. II. Hemagglutination-hemolysis reaction by Middlebrook-Dubos (author's transl)].

Sera of patients with pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis, of blood donors and cattle sera were researched in hemagglutination reaction, using untreated and papain-treated sheep erythrocytes, and in hemolysis reaction. 58% of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and 23% of normal sera, reacted positive in at least one of the 3 reactions. 24 sera of 44 patients with extrapulmonary tuberculosis were found to be positive. The titer is important for diagnosis. In normal sera the highest titers were 1:64 in all reactions. Titers of 1:128 are to be considered as proof of tuberculosis. Considering the height of titers the hemagglutination-hemolysis reaction can also be used for diagnosis of tuberculosis in cattle.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with hemagglutination-inhibition and immunodiffusion tests for detection of antibodies to a hemagglutinating duck adenovirus in chickens.

An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of antibody to a hemagglutinating duck adenovirus is described. Optimum conditions for the test were determined, and the system was compared with procedures currently used. Experimentally infected chickens were assayed for specific antibody by ELISA, hemagglutination inhibition (HI), and immunodiffusion (ID). The ELISA was a sensitive and reliable method for detecting antibody, although positive titers were not always in agreement with HI and ID results at 1 week postinoculation, probably reflecting the different classes of antibody being detected.

Adenoviridae↗