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PubMed1995

Hair analysis for drugs of abuse. XI. Disposition of benzphetamine and its metabolites into hair and comparison of benzphetamine use and methamphetamine use by hair analysis.

In order to study the disposition of benzphetamine (BZP) and its metabolites, desmethyl benzphetamine (norBZP), p-hydroxy desmethyl benzphetamine (OHnorBZP), methamphetamine (MA) and amphetamine (AP), from plasma to hair in rats, an analytical method for identifying these drugs in plasma, urine and hair was developed with selected ion monitoring of gas chromatograph/mass spectrometry (GC/MS-SIM) results. After the intraperitoneal administration of BZP to rats (10 mg/kg/d, 10d, n = 3), concentrations of BZP and its metabolites in rat hair newly grown for 4 weeks were compared to the areas under the concentration versus time curve (AUCs) of these drugs in the rat plasma. The concentrations of BZP, norBZP, OHnorBZP, MA and AP in the rat hair were 14.8 +/- 1.4, 6.1 +/- 0.3, 2.6 +/- 0.5, 2.3 +/- 0.1 and 9.2 +/- 0.3 ng/mg, and the ratio of the concentrations in the hair to AUCs in the rat plasma was 3.0:0.1:0.1:0.6:0.2, respectively. This fact suggested that BZP tends to be readily incorporated into hair from blood. The method was applied to the determination of the metabolites in scalp hair and pubic hair of humans who orally ingested BZP (30 mg/d, 5d, n = 2). BZP, norBZP, MA and AP were detected at 0.14-0.56, 0.29-0.63, 0.10 and 1.06-1.66 ng/mg in the scalp hair and at 0.10-0.20, 0.13-0.18, trace-0.15 and 0.23 ng/mg in the pubic hair, respectively. It was shown that BZP use could be retrospectively distinguished from MA use by the detection of BZP and/or norBZP in hair.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Hair analysis for drugs of abuse. III. Movement and stability of methoxyphenamine (as a model compound of methamphetamine) along hair shaft with hair growth.

This paper describes the movement of methoxyphenamine (MOP, a model compound of methamphetamine) along the hair shaft at the rate of hair growth and the stability of drugs in hair for several months. Five healthy subjects (3 males and 2 females) took 50 mg of methoxyphenamine orally once a day for 7 days. Scalp hairs from the posterior vertex were collected every 2 weeks or every 8 weeks after the first dosage. The hairs were cut into 1-cm sections and extracted with methanol-5N HCl (20:1). MOP in the extract was determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) with tetradeuterium labeled MOP as an internal standard. The drug moved along hair shaft at the rate of 2.8-3.2 mm/week, according to hair growth, without diffusion. When drug bands were extrapolated according to the sections in which drug was detected, the bands were approximately 5 mm wide, equivalent to 1.7-2.4 periods of 7-day hair growth. In the case of identical doses, the drug level was highest in the root side and lowest in the distal side. In our data, we found that the drug level in hair had decreased approximately 50% five months later. The ratio of drug levels in corresponding sections correlated well to the ratio of doses, except where the hair shafts had been damaged or the drugs had decomposed.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Effect of hair care and hair cosmetics on the concentrations of fatty acid ethyl esters in hair as markers of chronically elevated alcohol consumption.

Fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) can be used as alcohol markers in hair. It was investigated in this study whether this diagnostic method is disturbed by hair care and hair cosmetics. Traces of ethyl myristate, ethyl palmitate, ethyl oleate and ethyl stearate were detected in all of 49 frequently applied hair care products by headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The highest concentration was 0.003% in a hair wax. From experiments with separated hair samples of alcoholics as well as from the evaluation of the FAEE concentrations and the data about hair care of 75 volunteers (alcoholics, social drinkers and teetotalers) follows that usual shampooing, permanent wave, dyeing, bleaching or shading are of minor importance as compared to the drinking amount and other individual features. However, false positive results were found after daily treatment with a hair lotion containing 62.5% ethanol, with a deodorant and with a hair spray. As an explanation, it is assumed that FAEE are formed in the sebum glands also after regular topical application of products with a higher ethanol content.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2005

Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflection analysis of human hair: comparison of hair from breast cancer patients with hair from healthy subjects.

A comparative study of Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR) spectra of 32 scalp and pubic hair samples from individuals diagnosed with breast cancer and those who were negative for breast cancer showed increases in the beta-sheet/disorder structures (relative to alpha-helix structures) and C-H lipid content of hair from breast cancer patients. Thus, the presence of breast cancer appears to alter the hair growth process, resulting in changes in the composition and conformation of cell membrane and matrix materials of hair fiber. These appear to be consistent with the changes observed in X-ray diffraction patterns for hair from breast cancer patients. A blind study of 12 additional hair samples using these FTIR-ATR spectral differences as markers correctly identified all four hair samples from cancer patients (100%). Two of these samples were from breast cancer patients. Of the remaining two samples analyzing positive for cancer, one was from a prostate cancer patient and one from a lung cancer patient. Thus, it appears that the mechanism that alters hair fiber synthesis in the three types of cancer may be similar. The blind study incorrectly identified as positive for cancer three hair samples from two apparently healthy individuals and one patient considered cured from prostate cancer.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Hair analysis for drugs of abuse. VII. The incorporation rates of cocaine, benzoylecgonine and ecgonine methyl ester into rat hair and hydrolysis of cocaine in rat hair.

We studied the incorporation rates of cocaine and its major metabolites, benzoylecgonine (BE) and ecgonine methylester (EME), into hair from blood. It was demonstrated in our previous report (Nakahara et al. 1992a) that the incorporation rate of cocaine from blood into hair was much higher than those of BE and EME following administration of cocaine. In this study, the incorporation rates of these drugs into rat hair were investigated following independent administration of BE and EME at 10 mg/kg per day for 5 days, and co-administration of cocaine, BE-d3 and EME-d3 at 3, 0.5 and 0.5 mg/kg per day for 10 days. When BE and EME were administered to rats independently, levels of both these drugs were hardly detectable or quite low in hair, though their AUCs in plasma were very high. On co-administration of cocaine, BE-d3 and EME-d3, the deuterium labeled metabolites in hair were negligibly lower in comparison with the unlabeled ones and in particular the concentration of BE in rat hair was significantly higher than that of BE-d3 although the AUC of BE-d3 was higher than that of BE. It was concluded that the incorporation rates of BE and EME into hair were very low in comparison with that of cocaine and most of the BE detected in hair would be a hydrolytic product derived from cocaine in hair matrix after incorporation.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Evidence that activation of protein kinase A inhibits human hair follicle growth and hair fibre production in organ culture and DNA synthesis in human and mouse hair follicle organ culture.

We have investigated the possibility that protein kinase A (PKA) may play a part in regulating the activity of human and mouse hair follicles in whole organ culture. Human hair follicles were isolated from facial skin by microdissection, and hair follicle and hair fibre length measurements were made daily during suspension culture. Incubation of human hair follicles with dibutyryl-cAMP (db-cAMP) resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of total cumulative follicle growth (IC50 = 100 mumol/L, 85% inhibition at 1 mmol/L). db-cAMP (0.5 mmol/L) also caused a rapid, partial inhibition of follicular DNA synthesis (20.3% inhibition at 6 h, 48.0% inhibition at 24 h). Human hair follicle growth was inhibited by the phosphodiesterase inhibitors 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine and Ro 20-1724, and by the adenylate cyclase activator, forskolin. In addition, db-cAMP inhibited DNA synthesis in organ cultures of whisker follicles isolated from neonatal mice by microdissection. Taken together, these findings indicate that agents which increase cAMP levels are potent inhibitors of human and mouse hair follicle growth, and suggest that PKA may play a part in the regulation of hair follicle activity in vivo.

1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine↗
PubMed2003

Plasticity and cytokinetic dynamics of the hair follicle mesenchyme during the hair growth cycle: implications for growth control and hair follicle transformations.

Hair fiber production is the macroscopic end-point of a highly complex set of interactions between the hair follicle's epithelial and mesenchymal components. The nature of this relationship is largely set during hair follicle morphogenesis, but is dramatically revisited in the adult during the unique tissue remodeling events required for hair follicle cycling. Whereas significant attention has focused on the fate of the hair follicle epithelium during these events, associated changes in hair follicle fibroblast subpopulations remain unclear. Here, we present a speculative review that represents a critical and innovative synthesis of the current literature and summarizes a recently submitted original study by the authors, on the nature of hair cycle-dependent fibroblast dynamics and on how perturbations thereof may lead to several clinical manifestations of altered human hair growth.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Scalp hair length. I. Hair length in Florida theme parks: an approximation of hair length in the United States of America.

Ten hair length studies were conducted (January through May of 2001) at theme parks in central Florida, by observing and counting people with different lengths of hair with reference to specific anatomical sites. We observed 13.20% of the 24,300 males and females with hair shoulder-length or longer and 2.43% with hair down to the bottom of the shoulder blades or longer. We observed only 77 persons or 0.32% with hair waist-length or longer. Only three of these 77 persons were men. We observed 22 men with hair shoulder-length or longer or about 0.18%, among men only. Only four women, representing 0.0165% of this population, had hair reaching to the bottom of the buttocks. Hairstyles such as buns, topknots, or other styles of wearing hair bound to the head did interfere with our estimate of shorter lengths but not the longer ones (waist-length or longer). Head covers, e.g., caps, hats, scarves, etc., did not interfere with these estimates.

Female↗
PubMed2004

The effect of hair bundle shape on hair bundle hydrodynamics of non-mammalian inner ear hair cells for the full frequency range.

The effect of the size and the shape of the hair bundle of a hair cell in the inner ear of non-mammals on its motion for the full range of frequencies is determined thereby extending the results of a previous analysis of hair bundle motion for high and low frequencies [Hear Res. 141 (2000) 39-50]. A hemispheroid is used to represent the hair bundle because it can represent a full range of shapes, from thin, pencil-like shapes to wide, flat, disk-like shapes. Boundary element methods are used to approximate the solution for the hydrodynamics. For physiologically relevant parameters, an excellent match is obtained between the model's predictions and measurements of hair bundle motion in the free-standing region of the basilar papilla of the alligator lizard [Aranyosi, Measuring sound-induced motions of the alligator lizard cochlea. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, PhD Thesis, 2002]. Neither in the model's predictions nor in experimental measurements is sharp tuning observed. The model predicted the low frequency region of neural tuning curves for the alligator lizard and bobtail lizard, but could not predict the sharp tuning or the high frequency region. An element that represents an active mechanism is added to the hair bundle model to predict neural tuning curves, which are sharply tuned, and an excellent match is obtained for all the characteristics of neural tuning curves for the alligator lizard, and for the low and high frequency regions for the bobtail lizard. The model does not predict well the sharp tuning of the shorter hair bundles of the bobtail lizard, possibly because it does not represent tectorial sallets.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Hair analysis for drug abuse. XV. Disposition of 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and its related compounds into rat hair and application to hair analysis for MDMA abuse.

In order to clarify the mechanism of drug incorporation into hair, disposition of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA), 3-methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MMDA) and metabolites of MDMA, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyamphetamine (HMAP) and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine (HMMA), into hair was investigated with an animal model. After the intraperitoneal administration of those six drugs to pigmented hairy rats (5 mg/kg/day, 10 days, n = 3), the parent compounds and their metabolites in the rat plasma (5, 15, 30, 60, 120, 360 min after administration) and in the newly grown rat hair for 4 weeks were determined by GC/MS-SIM. When the ratio of hair concentration to area under the concentration versus time curves (AUCs) in plasma was represented as an index of incorporation rate (ICR) of drugs into hair, the order of ICRs was HMAP < MDA < HMMA < MDMA < MDEA < MMDA. In the comparison between MDA, MDMA and MDEA, their ICRs increased according to the length of carbon branches from proton to ethyl at the N position. From the point of view that the ICRs of MMDA was 2.3 times as much as that of MDA, the methoxy group on the benzene ring seemed to serve as a positive factor for the ICR. However, the ICRs of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy compounds, HMAP and HMMA, were lower in comparison with those of MDA and MDMA, respectively. On the other hand, the ICRs of MDA, MDMA and MDEA were 5.5-6.1 times larger than those of amphetamine, methamphetamine and ethylamphetamine, suggesting that the methylenedioxy group on the benzene ring raises their ICRs very positively. Moreover, in order to apply the results from the animal experiments to human cases, the scalp hair samples of seven MDMA abusers were analyzed. MDMA and its metabolites, MDA; were simultaneously detected in all the samples by GC/MS. In the two samples, MDEA was found in addition to MDMA and MDA. It was shown that a hair sample is a good specimen for the confirmation of retrospective use of methylenedioxyamphetamines.

3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine↗
PubMed2000

The use of microscopic postmortem changes in anagen hair roots to associate questioned hairs with known hairs and reconstruct events in two murder cases.

In two cases investigated by the New Orleans Police Department Crime Lab, hairs recovered from crime scenes were found to exhibit microscopic postmortem changes in anagen hair roots. These microscopic characteristics were used to associate these hairs with various victims in the cases. In addition to associating questioned hairs with known hairs, the fact that the victims were dead when the hairs were pulled helped investigators reconstruct events in both crimes and corroborate statements made by the arrested subjects in each case.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Influence of internal structure of hair fiber on hair appearance. II. Consideration of the visual perception mechanism of hair appearance.

The optical properties of hair fibers were studied, focusing on the reflections (highlights) from both the front and the back surfaces of the fiber in consideration and on the effect these have on the perceptions of hair appearance. The two reflections are distinguished from each other by sight, because only the back surface reflection is colored by melanin granules and/or dyestuffs inside the fiber. When we observe a flat plate as a model for hair without a cuticle structure, the visual angle between the two light loci correlates with the thickness of the model plate and gives an impression of depth. In the case of hair with a cuticle angle, the visual angle is maintained even when the fiber thickness is reduced. This visual angle causes an overestimation of the thickness and enhances the impression of depth. The visual angle changes dramatically with a curl curvature change of the hair tress, meaning that the impression of depth is also dynamically changed by a small change in hairstyle. The dynamic change in the impression of depth probably causes a vibrant impression. The following are required for beautiful hair appearance along with an impression of depth and vibrancy: (a). Internal structure without light scattering origins is essential to observe vivid colored highlights from the back surface. (b). Well-ordered cuticles are essential to get intensive double highlights from the front and back surfaces. (c). A properly curved hairstyle is essential to obtaining a more vibrant impression.

Female↗
PubMed1986

Cell differentiation in human anagen hair and hair follicles studied with anti-hair keratin monoclonal antibodies.

By a hybridoma technique using BALB/c mice and Sp2/0-Ag14 mouse myeloma cells, monoclonal antibodies against hair fibrous proteins (HFP) were produced. Two monoclonal antibodies, designated as HKN-5 and HKN-7, were chosen. Either HFP or epidermal fibrous proteins (EFP) were electrophoretically separated on polyacrylamide gels with sodium dodecyl sulfate. By immunoblot analyses, HKN-5 and HKN-7 decorated the electrophoretic bands of HFP but not those of EFP. Immunohistochemically, these monoclonal antibodies stained the medulla, cortex, cuticle, and inner root sheath in the keratogenous zone of anagen hairs, but not hair matrix cells. HKN-5 further reacted with the innermost cells (IMC) of the outer root sheath; these cells formed a single cell layer located outside of the Henle's layer. HKN-7 did not react with the outer root sheath including the IMC. Neither monoclonal antibody reacted with any other skin components or any tissues of other organs examined. Ultrastructurally, the IMC of the outer root sheath showed a unique cell differentiation forming an independent cell layer. It is suggested that the cells in the medulla, cortex, cuticle, and inner root sheath of anagen hair and hair follicles possess a similar keratin expression and that the IMC of the outer root sheath display a unique keratin expression and their own cell differentiation, resulting in 2 types of keratinization of the outer root sheath; keratinization of IMC and trichilemmal keratinization.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Influence of internal structures of hair fiber on hair appearance. I. Light scattering from the porous structure of the medulla of human hair.

In this study the influence of the medulla structure on hair appearance was examined. Hair with a porous medulla gave a whitish and lusterless appearance because of light scattering from the fiber center, whereas in the cases without pores, a clear and brilliant appearance was observed. The optical influences of the medulla pores were measured by a spectral goniophotometer, and obtained data were analyzed in terms of the CIE L*a*b* color system. Both contrasts in lightness and apparent color (chroma and hue) decreased in the hair with medulla pores, and the decreases in contrast caused a whitish and lusterless appearance. The distribution of the amount of medulla pores was investigated for Japanese females. The histogram was further analyzed by hair care behavior of individual panelists, and it was found that the pores in the medulla can be generated in a heat-drying process.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Damage to sensory hairs of inner hair cells after exposure to noise in rabbits without outer hair cells.

We investigated if the noise-induced damage to the stereocilia of inner hair cells (IHCs) was dependent on the integrity of the outer hair cells (OHCs) in rabbit. Prior to the noise exposure a total loss of OHCs in the basal 1.5 to 2 turns was induced by administration of kanamycin (400 mg/kg for 10 days). This left the IHCs apparently normal as observed in the scanning electron microscope. These animals exhibited a 20-60 dB hearing loss before noise exposure. In spite of this pronounced hearing loss, the fusion and inclination of the IHC stereocilia were extensive in these noise-exposed ears. The stereocilia damage occurred at the same noise exposure and was as prominent or even more pronounced than has been noted in ears exposed to noise only. Under the assumption that kanamycin causes selective destruction of OHCs, the results can be interpreted as evidence that the OHCs facilitate the IHCs at low sound levels without being involved in the process which damages IHC stereocilia at high levels of noise.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

A genetic electrophoretic variant of high-sulfur hair proteins for forensic hair comparisons. I. Characterization of variant high-sulfur proteins of human hair.

In a survey of the proteins from human hair, a genetic electrophoretic variant has been observed in the high-sulfur protein region. S-carboxymethylated proteins were examined by 15% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 8.9. Out of 150 unrelated samples of Japanese head hairs analyzed, 107 showed 6 major high-sulfur protein bands (normal) and the remaining 43 samples showed an additional high-sulfur protein band (variant). Of 21 Caucasian samples analyzed only one variant sample was found. Characterization of the proteins by two-dimensional electrophoresis evidenced a variant protein spot which showed an apparent molecular weight of 30 k Da. Isoelectric points of the high-sulfur proteins ranged from 3.25-3.55 and that of variant protein band from 3.3-3.4. Family studies of 21 matings resulting in 49 children indicated that this variant was inherited in an autosomal fashion.

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel↗