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Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

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PubMed1996

Developing cancer pamphlets for economically disadvantaged African Americans.

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in African Americans. The relatively poor cancer survival prognosis in this population is a consequence of a group which is more likely to be less well educated and which composes one-fourth of the unemployed and one-third of the socioeconomically disadvantaged. While this paper describes the procedures used to create culturally appropriate cancer pamphlets specifically designed for low socioeconomic status African Americans, the same process could be used by health educators interested in developing pamphlets for less well educated populations on a myriad of other topics. Guidelines for collecting relevant educational information, deciding which information to include, formatting issues (e.g., readability and basic design principles), and distribution are discussed.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2006

An assessment of inter-rater agreement of the literature filtering process in the development of evidence-based dietary guidelines.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the literature filtering process, a vital initial component of a systematic literature review, could be successfully completed by nutrition professionals or non-professionals. DESIGN: Using a diet-disease relationship as the guideline topic, inter-rater agreement for the title and abstract filtering processes between and among professionals and non-professionals was assessed and compared with an expert reference standard. Predetermined eligibility criteria were applied by all raters to 185 titles and 90 abstracts. Filtering decisions were initially made independently and then revised after a within-pair consensus meeting. SUBJECTS: The raters were six dietitians (RD) and six nutrition graduate students (Grad). To assess inter-rater agreement (reliability), each group was divided into three pairs. RESULTS: Weighted and unweighted kappa statistics and percentage agreement were calculated to determine the inter-rater agreement within pairs. Sensitivity and specificity estimates were determined by comparing responses with those of an expert reference standard. Overall, Grad pairs demonstrated greater inter-rater agreement than RD pairs for title filtering (P<0.05); no differences were observed for abstract filtering. Compared with the expert reference standard, every rater and pair had false-negative responses for both title and abstract filtering. CONCLUSIONS: After consensus meetings, both RDs and Grads were comparable in their agreement on title and abstract filtering, although important differences remained compared with the expert reference standard. This study provides preliminary findings on the value of utilising a non-expert pair in developing guidelines, and suggests that the literature filtering process is complex and quite subjective.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

The psychology of briefing. A review and seven recommendations for improving performance.

In many operational settings, briefings take place at the beginning of a work period. Often, such briefings are made without much forethought and training. This article outlines some of the problems that are likely to be encountered in such situations and provides seven recommendations that should improve the memorability and comprehensibility of briefing sessions. It is recommended that briefings should begin with an outline of the critical points, be devoid of unnecessary detail and be confined to not more than six topics. Guidelines are provided for the use of pictures and graphs and combining these with verbal descriptions. The value of handouts and the use of summaries and prompts at the end of the briefing session are also considered.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Prophylaxis of postoperative nausea and vomiting: controversies in the use of serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine subtype 3 receptor antagonists.

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) continues to be a "big little problem" despite recent advances in anesthesia. Because of an increased interest in, and the abundant publications on this topic, guidelines for the management of PONV were published in 2003. Several key but controversial issues regarding PONV prophylaxis were left unaddressed, however. These included whether clinical differences exist between the 5-hydroxytryptamine subtype 3 (5-HT3) receptor antagonists, concern over optimal dosage and timing of administration, optimal 5-HT3 receptor antagonist combination therapy, and whether rescue therapy is effective after prior administration of the same or a different 5-HT3 receptor antagonist. The application of these antiemetics in clinical practice has raised questions regarding the role of the 5-HT3 receptor antagonists in the treatment of postdischarge nausea and vomiting and opioid-induced nausea and vomiting. A brief overview of the incidence, risk factors and current management recommendations for PONV and current controversies with special emphasis on the 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, is discussed.

Analgesics, Opioid↗
PubMed1999

Sleep disorders and the dental patient: an overview.

This article is intended to briefly describe common sleep disorders of interest to the dental profession and to render general management guidelines. Topics include sleep-related bruxism, xerostomia, hypersalivation, gastroesophageal reflux, apnea, and the effect of orofacial pain on sleep quality. The term sleep-related is used instead of the term nocturnal because some of the activities described can occur with daytime sleep.

Bruxism↗
PubMed1999

[Severe postpartum depression and psychosis--when is electroconvulsive therapy the treatment of choice?].

Numerous reports indicate that severe depression responds well to electroconvulsive therapy. Four cases of severe postpartum depression are presented, three of which had psychotic features. All patients were successfully treated with electro-convulsive therapy. This form of therapy might be the treatment of choice for severe postpartum depressions and for all cases of postpartum psychosis where pharmacological therapy does not give a rapid restoration of the patient's function. A limited number of studies are published on this topic. Guidelines for treatment of these disorders are lacking, resulting in variable treatment practice.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Guideline for use of topical antimicrobial agents.

This Guideline is based on published data available at the time of writing. The ideal means for comparing performance of various antimicrobial agents is through the conduct of carefully designed, large-scale clinical trials. Recommendations contained in this Guideline are subject to modification as additional data become available. It particularly should be noted that the implementation of universal precautions or body substance isolation has resulted in marked increase in the use of gloves for direct patient contact. Whether there is an additional cost-benefit rationale for handwashing with an antimicrobial agent remains to be studied.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed2004

[The German guideline clearing-project on bronchial asthma - part 2: recommendations and key topics for a national guideline on bronchial asthma].

BACKGROUND: In order to promote the quality of asthma management in Germany, a national asthma guidelines clearing project was initiated in 2000 by the German Guidelines Clearinghouse (Sponsors: German Medical Association (GMA), National Association of the Statutory Health Insurance Physicians (NASHIP), German Hospital Federation, Federal Association of the Statutory Sickness Funds. This Part shows the key topics which should be dealt with in a German guideline on bronchial asthma. SUMMARY POINTS: For quality promotion of bronchial asthma management in Germany, the development of a national evidence-based guideline, using the internationally accepted quality criteria for clinical practice guidelines, was recommended by an expert group of the German Guideline Clearinghouse. The experts identified and peer-reviewed 16 out of 54 guidelines, which might be useful as benchmarks and examples for a German asthma guideline. From the peer review results, the expert group identified 18 key topics for a national asthma guideline.

Asthma↗
PubMed1998

Neglected topics in eating disorders: guidelines for clinicians and researchers.

Over the past few decades, there has been significant progress in research on eating disorders that has informed the clinical management of these difficult, and sometimes refractory, disorders. Indeed, sufficient progress has been made such that practice guidelines have been offered to delineate standards of clinical care and guidance to clinicians in the treatment of bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa. Out of necessity, however, the practice guidelines are based on a combination of research-based recommendations and clinical consensus because of significant gaps in the extant research. Nonetheless, clinicians must confront these clinical issues. The purpose of this special series is to address areas of significant clinical importance that have a very modest research literature, and to briefly summarize the existing research. The authors of the individual papers, all noted experts in eating disorders treatment, then offer practical clinical management recommendations drawing both on the modest available research and their extensive clinical experience.

Feeding and Eating Disorders↗
PubMed2003

National Guideline Clearinghouse guideline syntheses and comparisons.

As the number of clinical practice guidelines relevant to clinical practice continues to grow, nurse practitioners may find it confusing to choose from two or more guidelines on the same or similar topics. The National Guideline Clearinghouse provides two resources to assist clinicians in comparing multiple guidelines on similar topics: guideline syntheses and guideline comparisons. This column describes the features of these two resources, using examples from guidelines on acute pharyngitis.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

Introductory to the ESPEN Guidelines on Enteral Nutrition: Terminology, definitions and general topics.

The ESPEN guidelines on enteral nutrition are the first evidence-based European recommendations for enteral nutrition. They were established by European experts for a variety of disease groups. During guideline development it became evident that terms and definitions in clinical nutrition have been used inconsistently depending on medical disciplines as well as regional and personal preferences. Therefore, to increase explanatory accuracy it was necessary to unify them. In this chapter terms and definitions used throughout all guidelines are explained. Additionally answers to more general questions, which might be important in most indications are dealt with, i.e. use of fibre containing and diabetes formulae.

Enteral Nutrition↗
PubMed2001

The role of boost irradiation in the conservative treatment of stage I-II breast cancer.

In this article, we review the current status, indication, technical aspects, controversies, and future prospects of boost irradiation after breast conserving surgery (BCS). BCS and radiotherapy (RT) of the conserved breast became widely accepted in the last decades for the treatment of early invasive breast cancer. The standard technique of RT after breast conservation is to treat the whole breast up to a total dose of 45 to 50 Gy. However, there is no consensus among radiation oncologists about the necessity of boost dose to the tumor bed. Generally accepted criteria for identification of high risk subgroups, in which boost is recommended, have not been established yet. Further controversy exists regarding the optimal boost technique (electron vs. brachytherapy), and their impact on local tumor control and cosmesis. Based on the results of numerous retrospective and recently published prospective trials, the European brachytherapy society (GEC-ESTRO), as well as the American Brachytherapy Society has issued their guidelines in these topics. These guidelines will help clinicians in their medical decisions. Some aspects of boost irradiation still remain somewhat controversial. The final results of prospective boost trials with longer follow-up, involving analyses based on pathologically defined subgroups, will clarify these controversies. Preliminary results with recently developed boost techniques (intraoperative RT, CT-image based 3D conformal brachytherapy, and 3D virtual brachytherapy) are promising. However, more experience and longer follow-up are required to define whether these methods might improve local tumor control for breast cancer patients treated with conservative surgery and RT.

Adult↗